家蝇卵巢摄取卵黄蛋白的机理

在家蝇Musca domestica viaina 的卵黄发生过程中,卵母细胞摄取卵黄原蛋白与滤泡开放是相关的。观察不同发育时期的家蝇滤泡结果表明,在摄取活动最旺盛的时期也就是卵黄发生的顶盛时期,其滤泡开放程度最大,而在卵黄发生前期和后期基本上没有摄取活动,此时的滤泡上皮细胞间不开放。卵巢体外培养的激素处理表明,JH可以促进滤泡开放。家蝇卵巢微粒体制备物的Na⁺-K⁺ATP酶活力在卵巢发育过程中存在着动态变化。羽化后24小时时有一定的酶活性,随着卵黄发生的进行,酶活力逐渐增加,到羽化48小时时酶活力最高,然后又开始下降,到羽化72小时时已经很小。羽化32小时的家蝇点滴或注躬 JH之后,测得的卵巢微粒体制备物的Na⁺-K⁺ATP酶活力比正常羽化36小时的高,羽化44小时的家蝇点滴和注射JH之后,测得酶活力比正常羽化48小时的低。羽化36小时和48小时的家蝇卵巢微粒体制备物与JH共同作用后,其Na⁺-K⁺ATP酶的活力分别增加2.95倍和3.50倍,羽化48小时的家蝇卵巢在含有JH的培养液中培养启,其匀浆液的酶活性为对照组的1.26倍。 由此我们可以推测在家蝇的卵黄发生过程中,JH通过促进滤泡开放和增加卵巢微粒体制备物Na⁺-K⁺ATP酶的活力,从而调控卵母细胞对卵黄蛋白的摄取。     

TAD对大鼠肾缺血后肾组织Na~+、K~+-ATP酶活性的影响

选用大鼠右肾切除、左侧肾蒂夹闭６０ｍｉｎ继之再灌流不同时间动物模型,用光镜组化、电镜组化和计算机显微图像分析方法观察肾小管上皮Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶活性的变化及ＴＡＤ（还原型谷胱甘肽）对它们的影响。结果显示：正常肾组织光镜下Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶主要分布在髓质外带、髓袢升支粗段的肾小管上皮细胞;电镜下Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶分布在细胞基部质膜内褶的胞浆面。６０ｍｉｎ肾缺血后再灌流１５ｍｉｎ、２４ｈ可致肾小管上皮Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶活性呈进行性降低,给予自由基清除剂ＴＡＤ后,肾小管上皮Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶活性损伤有所减轻。结果提示：自由基可能损害肾上管上皮Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶活性,ＴＡＤ可能保护肾小管Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋┐ＡＴＰ酶活性     

竹红菌甲素（HA）光敏致实作用的研究

以中国苍鼠卵巢成纤维细胞（ＣＨＯ）为材料,通过ＨＡ光敏诱变,乌本甙（ｏｕａｂａｉｎ）筛选研究了竹红菌甲素光敏反应对细胞Ｎａ＋／Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶基因的诱变致灾作用。结果表明ＨＡ光敏反应可造成细胞Ｎａ＋／Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶基因点突变,并具有遗传稳定性。另外通过测定光敏反应细胞脂质过氧化程度及其产物与细胞ＤＮＡ形成的荧光产物表明脂质过氧化在细胞ＤＮＡ的损伤突变过程中,起着重要的作用。     

竹红菌甲素（HA）光敏致实作用的研究

以中国苍鼠卵巢成纤维细胞（ＣＨＯ）为材料,通过ＨＡ光敏诱变,乌本甙筛选研究了竹红菌甲素光敏反应对细胞Ｎａ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋ＡＴＰ酶基因的诱变致突作用。结果表明ＨＡ光敏反应可造成细胞Ｎａ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋ＡＴＰ酶基因点突变,并具有遗传稳定性。另外通过测定光敏反应细胞脂质过氧化程度衣其产物与细胞ＤＮＡ形成的荧光产物表明脂质过氧化在细胞ＤＮＡ的损伤突变过程中,起着重要的作用。     

盐和干旱胁迫对燕子掌（Crassula agenten Thunb.）叶片液泡？…

专性ＣＡＭ植物燕子掌离体叶片的盐胁迫处理和失水干旱处理后,液泡膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶对低浓度（２００、４００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的盐胁迫（ＮａＣｌ胁迫４８ｈ）不敏感,而当盐浓度达到６００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,ＡＴＰ水解活性和Ｈ＾＋转运活性较对照上升５５％－６５％,而干旱胁迫（４８ｈ,失水１２％）使酶活上升约３０％,但是上述各种胁迫均不影响ＡＴＰ水解与Ｈ＾＋转运的耦联比率,仍旧维持在１２。用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ     

布氏田鼠冷暴露中的适应性产热机理

布氏田鼠急性冷暴露,在最初２小时内体温明显下降,冷驯化２８天后,体温相对稳定。冷暴露１天,动物的褐色脂肪组织蛋白量明显增加,ｃＡＭＰ含量及Ｎａ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力明显升高。２８天冷驯化动物的褐色脂肪组织重量明显增加,ｃＡＭＰ含量增加更高,蛋白量、Ｎａ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力以及Ｔ４５‘－脱碘酶活力均显著提高,揭示了褐色脂肪组织的产热机理。     

NaCl胁迫高粱根,叶鞘和叶片液泡膜ATP酶和焦磷酸酶活性的影响

ＮａＣｌ胁迫初期,Ｎａ＾＋主要在根和叶鞘中积上应地,根和叶鞘液泡膜ＡＴＰ酶和焦磷酸酶水解活性、依赖ＡＴＰ和ＰＰｉ的质子泵活性及Ｎａ＾＋／Ｈ＾＋逆向转运活性均明显增加,根和叶鞘的生长没有受到抑制。ＮａＣｌ胁迫后期,Ｎａ＾＋开始向地上部分运输并在叶片中积累,此时,叶片液泡膜质子泵和Ｎａ＾＋／Ｈ＾＋逆向转运活性开始增加,根和叶鞘的Ｎａ／Ｋ比增加,其液泡膜ＡＴＰ酶和焦磷酸水解活性、质子泵活性和Ｎａ＾＋／Ｈ     

小麦根质膜H^＋—ATPase的部分纯化

以小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）根为材料,采用不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心法制备高纯度质膜微囊。质膜经ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ１００和ＫＣｌ处理后,再用Ｚｗｉｔｅｒｇｅｎｔ３１４增溶Ｈ＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ,最后用硫酸铵沉淀得到部分纯化的质膜Ｈ＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ。ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ结果表明,经过上述步骤纯化,分子量为９４ｋＤ的膜蛋白组分得到富集;与质膜相比,其含量提高１５．７倍。部分纯化的质膜Ｈ＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ可以水解ＡＴＰ,受Ｋ＋刺激,并被Ｎ,Ｎ′ｄｉｃｙｃｌｏｈｅｘｙｌｃａｒｂｏｄｉｍｉｄｅ（ＤＣＣＤ）抑制;ＡＴＰ水解活力被Ｎａ３ＶＯ４抑制９５％,但不被ＮａＮ３、ＮａＮＯ３和Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４抑制。     

经渗透胁迫高梁根的质膜囊泡K~＋_－ATP酶及其运输特征

经ＰＥＧ－１０００处理的高粱根,用不连续蔗糖密度梯度制备获得反转密闭的纯化质膜囊泡,显示一种特殊的ＡＴＰ酶活力,它不同于Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶,其最适ＰＨ为７．５,具有高ＡＴＰ亲和力和较低的Ｋ＋转运能力。环己酰亚胺和钒酸钠能抑制其活力,表明它是新合成的Ｐ－型ＡＴＰ酶。     

心钠素前体分子内调控对心肌Na^＋—K^＋—ATP酶的作用

目的：研究利钾尿肽及心钠素前体分子内调控作用对心肌Ｎａ＋Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶的作用。方法：将大鼠心肌匀浆后,分别加入利钾尿肽、心钠素以及利钾尿肽＋心钠素,用比色法测定Ｎａ＋Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶活性。将大鼠心脏悬挂于Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆ灌流装置,分别以利钾尿肽、心钠素、利钾尿肽＋心钠素为灌流液,灌注心脏,用四道生理仪观测左心室内压、左心室收缩最大速率,左心室舒张最大速率,心率及冠脉流量。结果：心钠素虽然对Ｎａ＋Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶有抑制作用（抑制率２６．２％）,但是,与对照无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。利钾尿肽显著抑制酶的活性（抑制率４６．５％,Ｐ＜０．０１）这种抑制作用可被心钠素抵消（抑制率１７．６％,Ｐ＞０．０５）。利钾尿肽可以增加左心室收缩和舒张最大速率以及左室内压,而这种强心作用可因心钠素的加入而消失或减弱。结论：利钾尿肽可以抑制心肌Ｎａ＋Ｋ＋ＡＴＰ酶的活性,产生强心作用,心钠素可以抵消以上作用。     

Ecdysteroids regulate yolk protein uptake by Drosophila melanogaster oocytes

Juvenile hormones (JHs) are thought to drive the regulation of yolk protein uptake by ovaries in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the level of JH production in a mutant stock (ap(56f)) is depressed yet the flies are normally vitellogenic. The production of ecdysteroids by these ap(56f) ovaries in vitro is elevated above that of wild-type ovaries. The incubation of wild-type ovaries in the presence of 0.1mM JHB(3) increased ecdysteroid biosynthesis only during the first 18h following eclosion. Female Drosophila melanogaster undergo a pre-vitellogenic reproductive diapause when exposed to low temperature (11 degrees C) and a short-day photoperiod (L12:D12). The rate of ecdysteroid synthesis by the ovaries, but not JH production, increased within 12h of a temperature upshift to 25 degrees C from a basal level of 20+/-1pg/10 pair of ovaries/5h to a sustained level of 150+/-20pg/10 pair/5h. Vitellogenic oocytes were noted in all females within 12h of this temperature upshift. Diapause was also terminated by the injection of 1&mgr;g of 20-hydroxyecdysone into the abdomens of diapausing females as determined by an increase in ovary size, and the appearance of vitellogenic oocytes as compared to controls. These results are consistent with a revised model for the regulation of yolk protein uptake by ovaries in which ecdysteroids, and not JHs, play the prominent role.     

Regulation of vitellogenesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Studies were undertaken to investigate vitellogenesis and its regulation in female adults of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. A single female-specific protein, likely to be the S. frugiperda vitellogenin (Vg), appeared approximately 5 h after adult eclosion in the hemolymph of virgin females. The concentration of the protein increased with age as sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed. A protein with the same relative molecular mass was also present in egg extracts, but absent from hemolymph samples from male moths. The relative molecular mass of the designated S. frugiperda Vg was determined as 164.5+/-2.5 kDa. Vitellogenic oocytes became visible 36-48 h after emergence and egg deposition began on day 3 of adult life. Vg could not be detected in the hemolymph of females decapitated directly after eclosion. When decapitated virgin females were injected with the JH-mimic methoprene (MP), the level of Vg was comparable to that in non-decapitated moths, indicating that vitellogenesis in S. frugiperda depends on juvenile hormone (JH). However, the number of vitellogenic oocytes was somewhat lower than in non-decapitated virgin females. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) promoted Vg production to a similar extent in decapitated female moths, but in contrast to methoprene injection, treatment with 20E never resulted in the production of vitellogenic oocytes. In vitro cultivated ovaries of adult females dissected directly after eclosion produced lower amounts of ecdysteroids than those isolated on day 1 after emergence. Our results suggest a crucial role for 20E in the induction of vitellogenesis in the noctuid S. frugiperda, while JH seems to be essential for the continued uptake of Vg by developing oocytes and may trigger 20E biosynthesis in the ovary.     

早熟素II对家蝇卵黄发生的影响

本实验通过卵巢发育分级的解剖观察、可溶性蛋白质和核酸的定量测定、火箭免疫电泳定量测定卵黄原蛋白及激素处理等方法,研究了早熟素对家蝇(Muscadomestica vicina)卵黄发生的影响。试验结果表明用20ug早熟素处理每头刚羽化家蝇时,家蝇卵黄发生处于不完全抑制状态,其卵黄发生过程比对照组“延迟”约12小时。处理后48小时,血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白的滴度为lo.5ug/ul,接近对照组,而其卵巢鲜重和发育等级明显低于对照组,这种不完全抑制状态表明卵母细胞对卵黄原蛋白的吸收作用受到抑制。当用高剂量100ug早熟素11处理每头刚羽化家蝇时,血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白滴度、卵巢鲜重及其发育均受到明显的抑制,这种抑制效应能自然恢复。 当早熟素11和保幼激素(JH-III)、20-羟基蜕皮酮共同处理时,保幼激素具有明显的去抑制作用,可使血淋巴中卵黄蛋白浓度成倍增加,20-羟基蜕皮酮的去抑制效应不明显。本文还对早熟素作用于双翅目昆虫的方式作了讨论。     

抑卵激素对家蝇卵巢周期性发育的调控

抑卵激素是调控家蝇Musca dorncstica vicina卵巢周期性发育的关键因子之一。在家蝇中,当第一个周期的卵母细胞处于卵黄发生期或卵黄发生后期时,其第二个周期的卵母细胞的发育不进入卵黄发生期。本文建立了家蝇抑卵激素的生物测定方法,即用一对卵巢提取物注射1头羽化后12h家蝇,并在羽化后60h观察卵母细胞的发育及卵黄蛋白的沉积情况。抑卵激素的作用首先是延缓了卵母细胞在卵黄发生前期的发育;其次,抑卵激素抑制脂肪体中卵黄蛋白的合成,导致血淋巴中卵黄蛋白含量的下降,从而抑制了卵母细胞的发育。抑卵激素并不抑制卵母细胞对卵黄原蛋白的摄取。卵发育神经激素可以颉抗抑卵激素的抑制作用。抑卵激素无种属特异性。     

INDUCTION OF OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN AUTOGENOUS AEDES ATROPALPUS BY JUVENILE HORMONE AND 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE

Aedes atropalpus is an autogenous mosquito characterized by a first gonadotropic cycle which results in approximately 200 mature oocytes without a bloodmeal. Ovarian development is completely inhibited if these animals are decapitated or ligated between the thorax and abdomen shortly after adult emergence. Injection of 4.8 ng of 20-hydro- xyecdysone into decapitated females 12 h after eclosion restores ovarian development in all females so treated. However, the same amount of 20-hydroxyecdysone injected into isolated abdomens obtained shortly after adult emergence had no discernible effect on vitellogenesis. In contrast, all abdomens which received 0.5 ng of topically applied JH I followed by the injection of 4.8 ng 20-hydroxyecdysone produced mature oocytes. Isolated abdomens were also capable of oocyte maturation when treated with excess amounts of JH alone; JH I was the most effective followed by JH II and then JH III.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of vitellin extracted from the ovaries of hormonally-treated animals did not reveal any qualitative differences compared to intact normal controls. However, less yolk protein was present in the former. This was verified by counting the number and measuring the size of ovarian follicles in individual females.     

A correlation between juvenile hormone deficiency and vitellogenic oocyte degeneration inDrosophila melanogaster

Summary It is known from previous work that juvenile hormone (JH) is required to initiate vitellogenin uptake into maturing oocytes ofDrosophila melanogaster, but additional requirements for this hormone during oocyte maturation have not been fully understood. To determine if early vitellogenic oocytes (stages 8 and 9) require JH for continued development, these oocytes were transplanted toDrosophila female and male hosts which were rendered deficient in JH by three methods. Implanted stage 9 and usually stage 8 oocytes were found to degenerate in JH-deficient hosts unless ZR-515, a JH analogue, was applied to the host shortly after implantation.These results were confirmed during in situ ovary development. JH deficiency was produced in gravid females, and ovaries examined at subsequent time intervals were found to be deficient in stage 8–10 oocytes as early as 6 h after treatment. Degenerating oocytes corresponding to these stages were commonly found. ZR-515 prevented oocyte degeneration during at least the first 8 h and continued to support stage 8–10 oocyte development 24 h after application to these females. The results suggest that JH is required not only for initiation but also for continuation of vitellogenin uptake and oocyte development.     

The effects of pH and weak bases on the in vitro endocytosis of vitellogenin by oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster

Summary The endocytosis of labeled vitellogenin by the developing oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster is pH dependent and inhibited in the presence of primary amines as determined by culturing whole ovaries in vitro. When the pH of the culture medium is adjusted to 6.8 or above, the vitellogenic oocytes sequester labeled vitellogenin synthesized by the follicle cells. The endocytosis of vitellogenin is shown autoradiographically by the accumulation of labeled yolk spheres within the oocytes. When the pH of the medium is reduced to 6.6 or below, the oocytes fail to sequester labeled vitellogenin, as demonstrated by an increase in immunoprecipitable vitellogenin in the culture medium and a concomitant reduction in the number of labeled yolk spheres within the oocytes. Vitellogenin endocytosis is also impaired by the addition of the primary amines methylamine or chloroquine to the culture medium. Monensin, a carboxylic ionophore, is shown to inhibit completely the secretion of labeled vitellogenin from the follicle cells.     

Juvenile Hormone titre and vitellogenin gene expression related to ovarian development in primary reproductives compared with nymphs and nymphoid reproductives of the termite Reticulitermes speratus

To elucidate the reproductive cycle of termite queens, incipient colonies of Reticulitemes speratus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) are established under laboratory conditions, and the transition of colony development is observed at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 7.5 months (stages I–V, respectively) after colony foundation. Ovarian development, vitellogenin gene expression and Juvenile Hormone (JH) titres are examined in the queens and in nonphysogastric nymphoids collected from natural colonies. A reproductive cycle in queens is observed, in which the oviposition rate is relatively higher during stages I and II, and then decreases during stages III and IV. Vitellogenic oocytes are not observed in the ovaries during stages III and IV, and the expression level of the vitellogenin gene is low, suggesting that egg production in queens is repressed during these stages. However, vitellogenin gene expression and egg deposition in queens resumes during stage V. Juvenile Hormone levels rise during the transition from nymphs to stage I queens, and elevated JH titres are observed also during stages III and IV. The decrease in JH titre in queens at stage II precedes the decline in vitellogenesis at stages III and IV. Thus, JH titre and vitellogenesis are correlated in an offset pattern. However, nonphysogastric nymphoid reproductives do not have vitellogenic oocytes in their ovaries, and their JH titre is two‐fold higher than that of queens, suggesting that elevated JH titre precedes vitellogenesis, as in queens.     

Comparative study of liver vitellogenin gene expression and oocyte yolk accumulation in wild and captive Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.)

The sequence of vitellogenin A (VgA) and vitellogenin B (VgB) cDNAs in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) were determined, and vitellogenin expression levels in the liver and oocyte yolk accumulation were compared in wild and captive-reared individuals. Liver and ovary samples were taken from 31 individuals reared experimentally in three commercial Atlantic bluefin tuna fattening sites in the Mediterranean Sea and from 33 wild individuals caught by commercial traps during the fish's migration towards their Mediterranean spawning grounds. The total length of VgA cDNA was 5585 nucleotides and that of VgB was 5267 nucleotides. The identity and similarity between deduced amino acid sequences of VgA and VgB were 60% and 78%, respectively. The Atlantic bluefin tuna VgA and VgB amino acid sequences have high similarities with those of other teleost fishes. Relative levels of VgA and VgB mRNAs were low in April, increased significantly during the reproductive period in May and June, and declined in July. There was a trend towards higher relative levels of VgA and VgB mRNAs in captive fish compared to wild individuals during the reproductive period. The surface occupied by eosinophilic yolk granules in fully vitellogenic oocytes, as well as the frequency of oocytes in late vitellogenesis, was significantly higher in captive compared to wild individuals. The study suggests that the experimental conditions under which Atlantic bluefin tuna individuals were reared allowed the occurrence of normal vitellogenesis, based on gene expression of VgA and VgB in the liver and yolk accumulation in the oocytes. The higher yolk accumulation and frequency of vitellogenic oocytes observed in the ovaries of captive fish suggest that improvements in feeding practices may result in an improved vitellogenic process.