Sustainable ecotourism in Costa Rica: the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve

The paper discusses the sustainability of the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve in the context of Costa Rican ecotourism. While the history of the Preserve is somewhat unique, the analysis of visitation, financial, ecological and economic factors provides a convincing case that tourism at the Preserve is sustainable. The experience of the Preserve is also put in the context of Costa Rican ecotourism, particularly to the national parks. The paper concludes that the Preserve has played a very important role in the development of Costa Rica as an ecotourism destination. Nonetheless, the failure of experience at the Preserve to inform recent changes in national park pricing policy reveal that Costa Rica has yet to fully capitalize on the experience gained and lessons learned at the Preserve.     

七姊妹山国家级自然保护区菊科植物区系及资源植物分析

湖北七姊妹山国家级自然保护区位于宣恩县东部,生物多样性丰富。据调查,该区共有菊科植物58属119种(含变种),具有我国种子植物属15个地理分布区类型中的12个。从起源来看,七姊妹山国家级自然保护区菊科植物以温带起源为主,温带属占73.59%(39属),热带属占20.75%(11属),有3个中国特有分布属,表明该地区菊科植物区系有以温带成分为主的多类成分共存的特点。七姊妹山国家级自然保护区菊科资源植物十分丰富,按其用途可分为野生蔬菜类、蜜源植物类、观赏植物类、药用植物类、香料植物类及特有植物类等,这些资源植物具有较大开发利用价值。     

Land use designation and vegetation community structure in the Adirondack uplands (New York,USA)

Question: Does forest vegetation community structure reflect legislative land use designations? Location: Adirondack Park, New York, USA. Methods: The Adirondack Park, located in northern New York State, is a mixture of public and private lands, with state‐owned Forest Preserve lands comprising ca. 42% of the 2.4 million ha, on which timber harvesting and many other forms of anthropogenic disturbance are prohibited. A survey of vegetation communities was conducted in eighteen upland catchments with differing land use history (managed and Forest Preserve), including overstory, understory, and dead wood (snags and downed woody debris) using randomly placed plots. Results: Mean overstory density and basal area were not significantly different between land uses, although mean overstory tree size was greater in Preserve catchments. Sapling densities were greater in managed catchments, while mean herb/shrub coverage was not affected by land use. Densities of 25% of common species were affected by land use, determined by GIS coverages constructed using an Inverse Distance Weighted estimation procedure. Discriminant Analysis of per‐plot plant community data correctly classified 89% of both managed and Preserve plots. Conclusion: The success of the Discriminant Analysis in classifying land uses based on vegetation communities indicates its potential utility of this method in comparing forest vegetation to a reference condition in this and other areas. The analysis suggests that at least 85 years is required for Adirondack up‐land catchments to recover following harvesting. Uncertainty in classification was related to heterogenous management and disturbance patterns within catchments.     

湖南省乌云界自然保护区鱼类资源研究

利用样点全采集法在湖南乌云界自然保护区共采集到鱼类标本238条,它们隶属于4目11科32种．该地鱼类多样性系数(H′)为1．068．鱼类均匀度指数(J′)为0．835．优势种为马口鱼和波氏栉虾虎鱼。     

Effects of sand bar openings on some limnological variables in a hypertrophic tropical coastal lagoon of Brazil

This study describes the spatial and temporal dynamics of several physical, chemical and biological variables in the Grussai lagoon, and their relationship to ephemeral sand bar openings and to a constant in natura waste water input. The spatial variation in pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity and nutrients (e.g. soluble reactive silicate, soluble reactive phosphate and ammonium) was associated to the anoxic and nutrient rich groundwater discharge, the development of aquatic macrophytes, the biological activities of phytoplanktonic community and the marine influence. During the period when the sand bar was closed (isolated), the lagoon water was supersaturated with dissolved oxygen and exhibited high values of pH (8–10), total alkalinity (3.000–5.000 μeq l^-1), and chlorophyll a contents (60-300 μg l^-1), and had low values of dissolved nutrients (nearly undetectable). These suggest a biological processes dominance. When the sand bar was opened, there was an enrichment with dissolved inorganic nutrients (e.g. ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus up to 120 and 5 μM, respectively) and a decrease in pH (below 8), total alkalinity (below 3.000 μeq l^-1) and dissolved oxygen during the initial second to eight days. Subsequently there was a period when the physical and chemical characteristics of seawater prevailed. The lagoon returned chemical to the pre-opening water conditions in a few days (∼ 10–20). This quick return implies highly efficient biological mechanisms. The high levels of chlorophyll a, total nitrogen and phosphorus in the water column indicate a high eutrophication stage in the Grussai lagoon during the sand bar closed periods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

湖南壶瓶山自然保护区鸟类多样性分析

湖南壶瓶山自然保护区拥有鸟类１４３种,隶属１４目３４科,其中国家一级保护动物１种,二级保护动物１６种,湖南省级保护动物２９种。该地的夏候鸟４９种,冬候鸟１４种,留鸟８０种。东洋界鸟类８５种,古北界鸟类３２种,广布性鸟类２６种。壶瓶山鸟类的多样性指数为１．８４５５,均匀性指数为０．８５５０。     

贵州茂兰鹬虻科一新种：（双翅目：短角亚目）

双翅目短角亚目(Brachycera)的鹬虻科(Rhagionidae)多为中小型昆虫。足细长,翅常具斑纹,腹部较长;生活在水域附近,喜在阴湿的环境、甚至小雨中活动。成虫和幼虫多为捕食性,有些种类在国际上已用作生物防治。鹬虻科世界已知约600种,我国过去只有外国学者记载过10种,其中9种在台湾,另1种为记载于东北的日本种。近年来,我们开展此科分类研究,已陆续报道了浙江、湖北、广西、云南、西藏、内蒙及     

中国产Xeromphalina brunneola:交配系和生物种

从采于吉林省长白山自然保护区的三份Xeromphalina brunneola样本中分离得到单孢菌株。自交结果显示该种属双因子交配系。样本间杂交证明三份样本全部性亲和。宏观化学测试表明该种无漆酶和酪氨酸酶产生。文中讨论了此工作的系统学意义。     

漳河源自然保护区国家重点保护野生植物及保护对策

漳河源自然保护区位于南漳县西南部。在野外调查和文献资料查阅的基础上,对该区国家重点保护野生植物的分布情况进行了研究,结果表明:该区共有国家保护植物21种,其中I级保护植物3种,它们是银杏、红豆杉、南方红豆杉;II级保护植物18种,它们是篦子三尖杉、大果青扦、金荞麦、连香树、野大豆、红豆树、鹅掌楸、厚朴、凹叶厚朴、香果树、榉树、喜树、樟树、闽楠、桢楠、红椿、巴山榧树和黄皮树.分别占湖北省分布的45.65%,37.50%和47.37%。该区的这些国家保护植物具有分布集中、居群规模小、片段化严重、垂直分布明显的特点.并提出了相应的保护对策。     

Bark beetle and woodborer responses to stand thinning and prescribed fire in northeastern US coastal and inland pitch pine barrens

1. Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, has expanded its range further into the northeastern United States. This expansion threatens rare and ecologically valuable interior and coastal pitch pine barrens.
2. Pitch pine barrens restoration and southern pine beetle infestation suppression often involve leaving downed dead wood that saproxylic insects can exploit.
3. Semiochemical-baited traps were used to investigate the response of bark beetles and woodborers to restoration treatments at Rocky Point State Forest and the Albany Pine Bush Preserve, examples of coastal and interior pitch pine forests, respectively.
4. A total of 29,598 saproxylic insects from 116 species of bark beetles and woodborers were captured at Rocky Point State Forest, while 23,117 individuals from 67 species were captured at Albany Pine Bush Preserve.
5. Ips spp. were abundant at both sites with 28%–47% and 42%–74% of total collections at Rocky Point State Forest and Albany Pine Bush Preserve, respectively.
6. Ips grandicollis did not respond to treatments at either site. However, Ips pini was found in higher numbers in thinned blocks in Rocky Point State Forest.

     

Soil transfers from valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee) stands increase ectomycorrhizal diversity and alter root and shoot growth on valley oak seedlings

 Soils from valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee) riparian areas of the Cosumnes River Nature Conservancy Preserve near Sacramento, California were added to growth medium of valley oak seedlings grown in a greenhouse or in agricultural fields at Cosumnes which probably once supported valley oak trees and are now replanted with native riparian vegetation or allowed to revegetate naturally. Agricultural field soil from the Cosumnes River Preserve was presumed to be low or lacking in ectomycorrhizal inoculum. The study was designed to (1) determine whether valley oak stand soil transfer could cause mycorrhizal infection on valley oak seedlings in an agricultural field and in a greenhouse, (2) describe ectomycorrhizal morphological types formed on valley oak seedlings, and (3) determine whether seedling growth is enhanced more by transfer of natural valley oak stand soil than agricultural field soil. In the field study, transfer of forest soil increased average ectomycorrhizal diversity (2.4 types) more than transfer of agricultural field soil (1.2 types). Valley oak seedlings were responsive to ectomycorrhizal infection in the field study. With increase in mycorrhizal infection there was an increase in shoot growth at the expense of root growth. In the greenhouse study, both percent mycorrhizal infection and mycorrhizal diversity were increased more by transfer of oak forest and woodland soils than agricultural field soil. Eight morphotypes occurred on seedlings in forest and woodland soils but only three morphotypes in agricultural soil. This result strongly suggests that the agricultural field also harbors ectomycorrhizal propagules but forest and woodland soils support a more abundant and diverse ectomycorrhizal flora. Accepted: 17 August 1997     

蒙古野驴的警戒防御行为

2004 年6 ～12 月和2005 年3 ～7 月,在内蒙古自治区包头市达尔罕茂明安联合旗中蒙边境地区和巴彦淖尔市乌拉特梭梭林—蒙古野驴国家级自然保护区,采用瞬时扫描取样法,观察了蒙古野驴的警戒防御行为,共观察到蒙古野驴132 群次。蒙古野驴的防御行为可分为警觉和发现、预警、矛盾(犹豫)、示威、逃跑、护幼、诱发和争斗8 种方式,观察记录到16 种体姿。用独立样本t-test 检验,对成体蒙古野驴雌雄个体昼间预警行为时间分配进行差异显著性检验,结果发现雄性昼间用于预警的时间明显高于雌性。群体中所有个体均能通过体姿、动作和声音发出示警信号,逃跑是蒙古野驴躲避敌害的主要方式。野外观察记录到94 次警戒防御行为。统计结果表明,蒙古野驴的安全距离与调查者所使用交通工具有关,并与交通工具的运动速度呈正相关,因此提出了一个描述蒙古野驴安全距离与威胁源运动速度之间关系的模型。蒙古野驴具有激烈的种内争斗和攻击行为,激烈的争斗甚至导致被攻击个体死亡。      

Energetic implications of floodplain wetland restoration strategies for waterfowl

Modifications of the Illinois River and associated tributaries have resulted in altered hydrologic cycles and persistent river‐floodplain connections during the growing season that frequently impede the establishment of hydrophytic vegetation and have reduced value for migratory waterfowl and other waterbirds. To help guide floodplain restoration, we compared energetic carrying capacity for waterfowl in two wetland complexes along the Illinois River under different management regimes during 2012–2015. The south pool of Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge (CNWR) was seasonally flooded due to a partial river connection and managed for moist‐soil vegetation. Emiquon Preserve was hydrologically isolated from the Illinois River by a high‐elevation levee and managed as a semipermanently flooded emergent marsh. Semipermanent emergent marsh management at Emiquon Preserve produced 5,495 energetic use‐days (EUD)/ha for waterfowl and other waterbirds across wetland cover types and years, and seasonal moist‐soil management at CNWR produced 6,199 EUD/ha in one of 4 years. At Emiquon Preserve, the aquatic bed cover type produced 9,660 EUD/ha, followed by 5,261 EUD/ha in moist‐soil, 1,398 EUD/ha in persistent emergent, 1,185 EUD/ha in hemi‐marsh, and 12 EUD/ha in open water cover types. At CNWR, the annual grass and sedge cover type produced 7,031 EUD/ha, followed by 5,618 EUD/ha in annual broadleaf and 1,305 EUD/ha in perennial grass cover types. Restoration of floodplain wetlands in isolation from frequent flood pulses during the growing season can produce hemi‐marsh and aquatic bed vegetation communities that provide high‐quality habitat for waterfowl and which have been mostly eliminated from large river systems in the Midwest, U.S.A.     

宽阔水自然保护区的虫草及其相关真菌Ⅱ．

采自贵州省宽阔水自然保护区的另6种虫草,它们是娄山虫草新种（CordycepsloushanensisLiang&Liusp.nov.）,绿核虫草新种（CordycepsaeruginosclerotaLiang&Liusp.nov.）,拟暗绿虫草（cordycepspseudoatrovirensKob.&Shim.）,布氏虫草（CordycepsbrongniartiiShimazu）,金针虫虫草（CordycepsagriotaKawam）,和幼虫虫草［Cordycepslarvarum（Westwood）Olliff］。还报道了多颈被毛孢（HirsutellapolycollutaLiang）,云南被毛孢丝梗新变种（HirsutellayunnanensisvartenuisynnemiLiangetLiuvar.nov.）,巨人被毛孢（HirsutellgiganteaPetch）和枝多头霉［Polycephalomycesramosum（Peck）Mains］等几种束梗孢科的虫生真菌,及娄山拟青霉新种（PaecilomycesloushanensisLiang&Liusp.nov.）。     

Effects of Treefall Gap Disturbances on Ant Assemblages in a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest

The study of gap dynamics and the effects of gaps on diversity has been at the center of tropical ecology for decades. While most studies have focused on the responses of plant species and communities to gap formation, in this study, we consider the effects of treefall gap disturbances on leaf litter ant assemblages in a Neotropical montane cloud forest. We sampled leaf litter ant assemblages and estimated a suite of abiotic parameters in 12 large (>80‐m²) treefall gaps across a chronosequence and in 12 paired adjacent intact forest sites in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve in Costa Rica. No species were more common in gaps than in intact forests, and in fact, species that were common in gaps were also among the most common in forests. The Chao2 estimate of species richness, however, was higher in gap sites than in intact forest sites. In addition, ant assemblages in gap sites did not become more similar to those in adjacent intact sites as gaps aged. In contrast to other studies, our work demonstrates that ant assemblages in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve are weakly affected by the formation of treefall gaps. Together, these results indicate that treefall gap dynamics probably play little role in promoting ant diversity at more regional scales, or coexistence among species at more local scales.     

Demography of Black Bears in Hunted and Unhunted Areas of the Boreal Forest of Ontario

Abstract: We estimated relative density, survival, and reproduction of American black bears (Ursus americanus) from capture-recapture and telemetry data collected from 1989 to 1999 in the unhunted Chapleau Crown Game Preserve (CCGP) and nearby hunted areas in the boreal forest of Ontario, Canada. We tested for combinations of effects of age class, sex, year, years of food shortage, encumbrance status, and residency (on or off the Game Preserve) on vital rates. Results from live captures, remote captures, and bait-station hit rates indicated that density was highest inside CCGP. Total survival of adult females, subadults, and cubs were similar among residents and nonresidents of CCGP, but yearling survival was lower among CCGP residents. Adult females were approximately twice as likely to die and nearly 10 times as likely to be cannibalized (risk ratio [RR] = 9.62, 95% CI = 2.088–44.29) while encumbered with cubs of the year. Nonresidents of CCGP had greater risk of being harvested (RR = 4.00, 95% CI = 1.19–13.46) but similar risk of being cannibalized (RR = 0.875, 95% CI = 0.300–2.55) relative to CCGP residents, suggesting that harvest mortality was additive to other forms of mortality. Residents of CCGP had older ages at primiparity and lower litter-production rates than bears resident in hunted areas. Few litters were produced in years following food shortages, but litter size was unaffected. We recommend that managers allow for additive harvest mortality and reduced survival of bears encumbered with cubs of the year, and we caution that assuming density-compensatory increases in cub production could optimistically bias estimates of population growth.     

Dermacentor albipictus on moose (Alces alces) in Ontario.

Fifty-five moose (Alces alces) collected from 1963 to 1965 in the Chapleau Crown Game Preserve of northern Ontario were examined for ectoparasites. Dermacentor albipictus was the only parasite recovered. D. albipictus was absent from 15 moose examined during June, July and August; first observed on 1 or 2 moose examined in September; and present on all 38 moose collected from October to May. Ticks were not evenly distributed on the body. Infestations varied from 32 to 13,490 ticks/moose for 14 individuals. Levels of infestation observed did not have an obvious adverse effect on the health of the moose.     

中国厚厉螨科二新种(蜱螨亚纲,中气门亚目)(英文)

记述厚厉螨科2新种:长白厚厉螨Pachylaelaps changbaiensis sp.nov.和桓仁厚绥螨Pachyseius huanrenensis sp.nov.,模式标本保存于辽宁省沈阳农业大学植物保护学院.     

莲状虫草及其刺束梗孢无性型

报道采自安徽省万佛山自然保护区的一种寄生在蜘蛛上的虫草标本,经鉴定为莲状虫草Cordycepsnelumboides。经多批次利用子囊孢子分离得到其刺束梗孢无性型Akanthomyces,属首次报道,并在人工固体培养基上得到了与野生标本一致的子实体,从丽确证了有性型与元性型之间的对应关系。经研究发现,KOBAYASI和SHIMIZU对莲状虫草次生子囊孢子的原始描述可能有误。     

宽阔水自然保护区的虫草及其相关真菌Ⅰ.

本文报道采自贵州省宽阔水自然保护区的9种虫草,它们是多壳虫草新种(Cordyceps polycarpica Liang & Liu Sp.nov.),鼠尾虫草新种(Cordyceps musicaudata Liang et Liu sp.nov.),针孢虫草(Cordyceps acicularis Rev.ex Berk.),罗伯茨虫草(Cordyceps robertsii(Hook.)Gray),下垂虫草(Cordyceps nutans Pat.),沫蝉虫草(Cordyceps tricentri Yasuda),丝虫草(Cordyceps filiformis Moureau),泽地虫草(Cordyceps paludosa Mains)和球头虫草[Cordyceps sphecocephala(K1.)Sacc.]。