四种肖蛸卵袋特征及守卵习性观察

圆尾肖蛸(Tetragnathavermiformis)、鳞纹肖蛸(T.squamata)、锥腹肖蛸(T.maxillosa)和前齿肖蛸(T.praedenia)为我国农田、果园和森林内常见蜘蛛,能够捕食多种害虫,为某些植物害虫的重要天敌。作者通过田间和室内观察,将各种不同蜘蛛卵袋的形态和守卵状态作了观察和描述,以供野外调查时参考。一、圆尾肖蛸(图A)产卵地点稻、棉、旱地等作物上。卵袋多产于单子叶植株叶的正面。以向阳处为多。沟边、湿地较多见。卵袋特征圆形,多为黄白色或淡土黄色。卵粒团呈圆球形,最大直径达7毫米,一般为4—5毫米,随着日期的增长面色渐加深,以至呈灰褐色。…     

温度对圆尾肖蛸个体发育和繁殖力的影响

圆尾肖蛸(Tetragnotha vermiformis)在我国广泛分布于棉田、稻田、森林、果园。该蜘蛛具有捕食多种农作物害虫的能力,在湖堤、河岸、沟边更是蚊虫的有效天敌。本文仅就圆尾肖蛸的历期和繁殖力与温度的关系方面的试验结果进行了整理,并力图建立相应的数学模型,旨在为保护和利用工作提供科学依据。     

荧光物示踪法定量测定水稻-叶蝉-蜘蛛食物链的营养关系

首次采用稀土元素铕荧光物示踪法,对水稻－叶蝉－蜘蛛这一食物链营养关系进行了初步的定量测试,结果表明,所选用的稀土元素铕可以通过该食物链而传递,证明铕用于食物链营养关系定量分析是可行的,早稻孕穗期,晚稻分薛期施铕7d后,其含铕量均表现为叶片＞茎及叶鞘;根据叶蝉取食水稻后测定的含铕量和叶蝉体重的不同进行折算,每100头叶蝉每天可取食水稻0．71－1．13g;根据拟水狼蛛,锥腹肖蛸,食虫沟瘤蛛捕食叶蝉后含铕量计算,每头拟不狼蛛,锥腹肖蛸,食虫沟瘤蛛平均每天捕食叶蝉分别为4．63头,2．81头,1．0头,捕食能力,拟水狼蛛＞锥腹肖蛸＞食虫沟瘤蛛。     

白毫早茶园3种害虫与其捕食性天敌的数量、时间和空间关系

为了合理利用和保护天敌进行卵形短须螨、双斑长跗萤叶甲和假眼小绿叶蝉的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法和生态位分析法对合肥地区白毫早茶园3种主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间等方面关系进行分析,利用害虫与天敌关系密切指数之和综合评判9种天敌与3种害虫关系密切的前四位天敌。2015年卵形短须螨的前四位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸(5.3079)、三突花蟹蛛(5.1716)、锥腹肖蛸(4.8367)和草间小黑蛛(4.7869);2016年前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(5.3975)、鳞纹肖蛸(4.9414)、茶色新圆蛛(4.8757)、锥腹肖蛸(4.6815)。对两年结果综合分析,卵形短须螨的前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(10.5691)、鳞纹肖蛸(10.2493)、茶色新圆蛛(9.6353)和锥腹肖蛸(9.5182)。2015年双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.6926)、异色瓢虫(5.6976)、八斑球腹蛛(5.5101)和斜纹猫蛛(5.4552);2016年依次是茶色新圆蛛(5.2909)、锥腹肖蛸(5.2710)、鳞纹肖蛸(5.1063)和斜纹猫蛛(5.0703)。对两年结果综合评判,双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌是锥腹肖蛸(10.9636)、茶色新圆蛛(10.6578)、异色瓢虫(10.7580)和鳞纹肖蛸(10.5437)。2015年假眼小绿叶蝉的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.3614)、粽管巢蛛(5.2259)、斜纹猫蛛(5.1300)和茶色新圆蛛(4.7472);2016年是锥腹肖蛸(5.2666)、粽管巢蛛(5.2561)、草间小黑蛛(4.9376)和斜纹猫蛛(4.8335)。对两年结果综合评判,假眼小绿叶蝉的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(10.6280)、粽管巢蛛(10.4820)、斜纹猫蛛(9.9635)和茶色新圆蛛(8.6137)。该研究结果为白毫早茶园3种害虫防治时合理保护和利用自然界的天敌的种类提供了科学依据。     

中华蛸繁殖行为

为了解中华峭(Octopus sinensis)繁殖行为特征,通过肉眼观察及水下摄像对其行为进行研究.结果 表明,中华蛸在繁殖期有运动、捕食、求偶、交配、产卵和护卵行为.中华蛸运动依靠漏斗喷水的反作用力进行游泳和爬行;以突然袭击的方式捕食日本蟳(Charybdis japonica),繁殖后期不再进食;中华蛸具明显的求...     

中国云南肖蛸科肖蛸属2新种（蜘蛛目，肖蛸科）

描述了云南高黎贡山肖蛸科肖蛸属2新种：贡山肖蛸,新种Tetragnatha gongskansp．nov．和尹氏肖蛸,Tetragnatha yinae sp．nov．。提供了详细的描述和分布数据。模式标本保存在湖南师范大学生命科学学院和美国加州科学院。     

不同年份油桃园三种主要害虫与其天敌的关系

为了科学施药,合理保护和利用自然天敌进行油桃害虫的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法、生态位分析方法和空间格局聚集强度指数分析方法,对2008年及2009年春-夏季油桃园桃蚜、小绿叶蝉和山楂叶螨与其主要捕食性天敌在数量、时间和空间格局等方面关系进行分析,两年春-夏季综合排序的结果是,桃蚜主要捕食性天敌依次是黑带食蚜蝇、异色瓢虫、三突花蟹蛛;小绿叶蝉主要捕食性天敌依次为三突花蟹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和草间小黑蛛;山楂叶螨主要捕食性天敌依次为草间小黑蛛、八斑球腹蛛和三突花蟹蛛。2008年秋季桃蚜的主要天敌依次是八斑球腹蛛、中华草蛉和锥腹肖蛸;小绿叶蝉的主要天敌依次是草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸和黑带食蚜蝇;山楂叶螨的主要天敌依次为八斑球腹蛛、异色瓢虫和中华草蛉。两年春-夏季之间3种害虫及天敌数量差异均不显著。     

石榴园棉蚜及其天敌之间的关系

采用灰色系统分析方法,分析了对主要害虫棉蚜及其天敌日捕食总量之间关联度,结果表明,棉蚜群落中与其关联度较高的天敌种类依次为肖蛸蛛(0．8607)、中华草蛉(0．8058)、八斑球腹蛛(0．7989)、异色瓢虫(0．7881)和大草蛉(0．7758),与理想天敌日捕食总量间关联度较高的天敌种类为草间小黑蛛(0.8975)、智利小绥螨(0．8132)、龟纹瓢虫(0.7806)和大草蛉(0．7669);与天敌数量间关联度较高的天敌依次为草间小黑蛛(0．8482)、中华草蛉(0．7533)、肖蛸蛛(0．7532)、八斑球腹蛛(0．7411)和大草蛉(0．7116),与理想天敌数量间关联度较高的为草间小黑蛛(0．8461)、智利小绥螨(0．7325)、龟纹瓢虫(0．6983)、大草蛉(0．6815)和中华草蛉(0．6757)．棉蚜垂直生态位和水平生态位的重迭值均>0．9567的天敌有草间小黑蛛、大草蛉和肖蛸蛛;时间生态位重迭值>0．4020的天敌有草间小黑蛛、大草蛉和肖蛸蛛,表明草间小黑蛛、大草蛉、肖蛸蛛等为棉蚜主要天敌优势种。     

稻田主要捕食性天敌的栖境生态位与捕食作用分析

本文进行了稻田捕食性天敌与稻飞虱的栖境生态位调查,并应用正交试验设计、添加试验法和排除试验法研究了?物种的栖境生态位与各天敌捕食作用的关系,结果表明：在5种灭敌与2种害虫共存系统中,天敌对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal捕食量的正主效应大小依次为： 粽管巢蛛 Clubiona aponicola、青翅蚁形隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes、前齿肖蛸Tetragnatha praedonia、食虫沟瘤蛛 Ummeliata insecticeps,拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus的负主效应值最大(随狼蛛密度增大捕食量下降);对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphlocrcis medinalis Guenee捕食量正主效应大小依次为： 粽管巢蛛、肖蛸、青翅蚁形隐翊虫。多物种共存系统中,狼蛛、微蛛、跳蛛主要捕食飞虱;肖蛸主要捕食稻纵卷叶螟;管巢蛛对两种害虫均具有较好的控制作用。这与各物种的生态位宽度值相一致。当飞虱密度在每穴10一30头时,多物种共存系统优良的生物序是拟水狼蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、青翅蚁形隐翅虫各为l头,棕管巢蛛2头,此时天敌的控制作用最大。添加法和排除法试验结果表明在具-定数量的多物种共存系统中,再增加天敌密度不一定能增加猎物的被捕食数,其直接的生物学原因是种间种内干扰(包括种间种内残杀)     

华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸不同龄期饥饿耐受性研究

【目的】测定华丽肖蛸Tetragnatha nitens和锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa在实验条件下的耐饥力,确定其龄期与耐饥力之间的关系,为稻田害虫综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】实验条件:不供食物、实验温度为25℃,在人工气候箱内饲养并饥饿华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸的幼蛛及成蛛。华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸根据龄期分别设置3个处理组以及与每个处理组对应的对照组,每3 d统计死亡率。【结果】饥饿状态下华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸的存活时间与体重之间相关性是极显著的;华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸各自3个不同龄期组的存活时间具有极显著差异;华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸对应的3个相同龄期组的存活时间无显著差异;不同龄期组幼蛛的阶段成活率与存活时间之间符合二次抛物线关系。用拟合曲线得出华丽肖蛸的饥饿半致死时间(t50)和致死时间(t95)分别为22 d和32 d;锥腹肖蛸的饥饿半致死时间(t50)和致死时间(t95)分别为20 d和28 d。【结论】华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸的幼蛛在没有食物的实验条件下,具有一定的耐饥饿能力,仍可存活一定的时间。     

葛洲坝下游江段中华鲟产卵场食卵鱼类资源量估算

为定量评估食卵鱼类对中华鲟资源的危害,1997－2001年间,对中华鲟产卵场所在的葛洲坝水利枢纽坝址至下游庙嘴之间长约5km的江段,进行了渔业捕捞样本抽样和解剖检测,运用体长股分析方法并结合淦获物中不同种类的相对数量比例估算出食卵鱼类资源量,研究结果表明,吞食中华鲟卵的主要有圆口铜鱼,铜鱼,瓦氏黄颡鱼等11种鱼类,其年度资源量为197487－744487尾,多年平均444822尾。     

淮河中游浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节动态

2007年1-12月对淮河中游浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节动态进行研究。共记录浮游甲壳动物24种, 其中枝角类8属13种、桡足类9属11种。枝角类在4月和9月形成两个峰值, 即(28.2±21.6) ind/L和(40.8±10.1) ind/L, 其优势种分别为僧帽溞 Daphnia cucullata和脆弱象鼻溞 Bosmina fatalis。捕食性桡足类-近邻剑水蚤Cyclops vicinus vicinus、广布中剑水蚤Mesocyclops leuckarti和台湾温剑水蚤Thermocyclops taihokuensis分别在4月、5月和6月形成较大的密度。汤匙华哲水蚤Sinocalanus dorrii和中华窄腹剑水蚤Limnoithona sinensis分别在5月和8月占优势。小型浮游植物(≤20 μm)生物量在4月达到最大值, 之后快速下降, 而较大型浮游植物(>20 μm)生物量从4月上升, 到7月达到最大值。典型冗余分析(RDA)显示, 溞属Daphnia的仲春下降与捕食性桡足类(尤其是近邻剑水蚤)的摄食压力、浮游植物生物量的季节变化密切相关。       

CAPABILITIES OF THE GOELENTERATE BEHAVIOR MACHINE

Animals are essentially predatory behavior machines. So alsoare insectivorous plants which have developed raptorial feedingdevices. Diploblastic and triploblastic animals meet the specificationof such machines in different ways. In the Cnidaria both muscleand nerve-net seem organised on the basis of two-dimensionalcontinuous sheets with local specialization. The condition issimplest in Anthozoa: in Scyphozoa, and still more in Hydrozoa,there are further complications. This simple picture of the Anthozoan nerve-net meets difficulties.Quick and slow contractions of the same muscle sheet are infact operated by the same nerve-net. The slow contraction involvesmuscle-conduction and recruitment. A method of directly observingthis is described. No complete explanation is yet forthcomingfor reciprocal inhibition. The preservation of functionallysignificant shape seems to require proprioceptive machinerynot yet discovered. It now seems well-established that both through-conduction andthe original notion of interneural facilitation are valid elementsin simple reflex responses. Knowledge of the importance of rhythmicphasic activity has, however, greatly increased in coelenteratesgenerally. Many of these sequences of rhythmic activity seemto be based on modifications of the similar pattern sequencesto meet different functional needs. Particularly in connection with these phasic activities, multipleaction potentials both in response to stimuli and by spontaneousoccurrence have been demonstrated. In Calliactis, 30% of recordsto threshold stimuli show evidence of multiple impulses. Thereis reason to associate such repetitive discharges with multipolarganglion cells. The relation of these multiple discharges tothe functional behavior is not always apparent. Complication of behavior in coelenterates is charactically onthe motor side. Contrasted with triploblastic animals with probablythe same order of number of nervecells (roughly 10⁵), thereis a striking difference in the sensory equipment: exteroceptiveinformation about the objects of the real world is lacking.A hunting-wasp with about that number of cells acts as thoughit had abstracted a world-model of objects, analogous to ourown model, from the information received. But an anthozoan showsno evidence of that power. The importance of key-stimuli inanthozoan behavior is significant in connection with this. Thesedeficiencies in complex behavior may be related to the topographicaldifficulty of complex correlation of sensory input in a two-dimensionalnet. The difficulty is easily overcome in the three-dimensionalnets of triploblasts. Nevertheless, recent studies of conductionin the two-dimensional coelenterate net show striking ‘pre-adaptive’features analogous to those of triploblast central nervous networksupon which sensory abstraction of information in these depends.     

七星瓢虫成虫觅食行为的观察

本文研究了七星瓢虫成虫捕食麦长管蚜、洋槐蚜和绣线菊蚜的行为 ,发现其觅食行为包括 7个明显动作 ,即搜寻、捕捉、嚼食、梳理、静止、展翅和排泄。     

New record of predatory behavior by the mandrill in Cameroon

The predatory behavior of the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx,Linnaeus 1758), a forestliving baboon, on the bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis,Gray 1864) was observed under natural conditions. In the predatory episode, at least two mandrills (one adult female and one adult male) attacked a bay duiker, but no overt aggressive interactions between the attackers occurred during consumption. The estimated predation pattern based on scars—intensive attacking of the head and pulling of the hind legs to eat the thigh muscles first—resembled the predation patterns of captive mandrills observed experimentally. The findings suggest that the predatory behavior is established in mandrills as a feeding behavior pattern as in savanna-living baboons. New data are thus presented which are relevant to the discussion of the origins of hunting behavior in early hominids.     

广义捕食系统无闭轨的几组充分条件

本文对一类广义捕食系统生物种群生态常微模型建立几组无闭轨的充分条件,为开拓涉及该类模型制作参考类作全局制图定性的研究．     

DURATION AND CONSISTENCY OF HISTORICAL SELECTION ARE CORRELATED WITH ADAPTIVE TRAIT EVOLUTION IN THE STREAMSIDE SALAMANDER, AMBYSTOMA BARBOURI

A fundamental challenge in evolutionary biology concerns estimating the extent to which ecological trade-offs may impose constraints on adaptive evolution. Novel ecological stressors may limit adaptive evolution of naive lineages that have experienced historically different selective regimes. Regarded as recently derived from a pond-breeding ancestor, streamside salamanders face the novel and strong selection pressure of breeding in streams with fish predators. A statistical phylogenetic approach was used to test whether adaptive evolution of antipredator performance phenotypes in streamside salamanders was positively associated with: (1) estimated per-lineage duration of coexistence with predatory fish; and (2) consistency of this predator selective-regime within lineages. Average durations of fish contact were computed for each salamander lineage on a set of chronograms. Selection consistency was determined by estimating the number of ecological transitions between fish and fishless states using stochastic character mapping. Historical selection in streamside salamanders can be generally characterized as unstable, apparently punctuated by the stochastic loss and recolonization of predatory fish in most lineages. We found that the efficacy of antipredator phenotypes in salamanders is strongly related to historical duration, as well as consistency, of selection imposed by predatory fish.     

农药对捕食性天敌的影响研究进展

捕食性天敌在害虫的自然控制方面起着重要作用。当害虫大发生时,需使用化学农药来进行有效控害,但化学农药会对捕食性天敌的生存造成影响。因此,了解农药对捕食性天敌的影响有利于协调化学防治和生物防治的关系。大部分农药对捕食性天敌的生长发育和繁殖表现为抑制作用,但有的为促进作用。在农药的干扰下,多数捕食性天敌的信息识别能力会降低,少部分会通过提高雄虫接收性信息素的能力或增加雌虫性信息素的释放来诱导求偶行为、增加交配频率。有的杀虫剂会影响捕食性天敌的捕食行为及捕食功能,部分杀虫剂会直接使其捕食功能模型由Holling-Ⅱ型转变为Holling-Ⅰ型。在农药胁迫下,捕食性天敌会产生抗药性,其解毒酶活性升高、保护酶活性改变及靶标部位敏感性下降可能是抗药性产生的机理。农药对捕食性天敌的影响研究在协调害虫化学防治和生物防治中有着重要的理论和现实意义,可以有效地推进捕食性天敌在害虫综合治理中的应用。     

The relationship between different types of genetically defined aggressive behavior

Aggressive behavior is not a unitary trait, and different stimuli/situations elicit different kinds of aggressive behavior. According to numerous data the genotype plays a significant role in the expression of aggressive behavior. However, it remains unclear how genetic predisposition to one kind of aggression is linked with other kinds of aggressive behavior, especially pathological aggression (infanticide). Here, we report on our investigation of the expression of defensive, offensive, predatory and asocial aggression in wild rats selectively bred for 85 generations for either a high level or a lack of aggression towards humans. We found that those rats genetically predisposed to a high level of defensive aggression showed decreased social behavior and increased pathological aggressive behavior towards juvenile males. The highly aggressive rates showed a reduced latency time of attack and an increased latency time of the first social contact. Rats genetically predisposed to defensive aggression demonstrated increased predatory aggression—latency time of muricide was shorter in highly aggressive than in tame animals. At the same time, both lines of rats did not differ significantly in intermale aggression. We conclude that the data indicate a close relation between defensive, predatory and pathological aggressive behavior that allows us to suggest that similar genetic mechanisms underlie these types of aggressive behavior.     

麦双尾蚜自然种群的特定时间生命表

根据新疆伊犁、塔城两地小麦田调查资料,组建了麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 自然种群特定时间生命表。由生命表分析得知,小麦早期生长发育阶段,麦双尾蚜迁移造成的种群数量损失很小,反映了麦双尾蚜在早期种群密度较低,个体对食物和空间资源的竞争压力较小。寄生性天敌在小麦田出现较晚,在两地小麦早期生长阶段,由寄生造成的种群损失也极低。整个麦类作物生长阶段,捕食天敌对麦双尾蚜种群的控制作用非常重要,是麦双尾蚜种群损失的关键因子之一。迁移造成的种群损失比寄生性天敌的还要大,说明迁移是麦双尾蚜种群自我调节的重要手段。