Taxonomy of Pedicularis parryi (Scrophulariaceae)

The karyology and taxonomy ofPedicularis parryi A. Gray is discussed, and it is proposed that the species consists of three subspecies: ssp.parryi, ssp.purpurea, and ssp.mogollonica. A key to these taxa, and also a key to the Rocky Mountain species most likely to be confused with them are presented.     

三色马先蒿的化学成分研究

从玄参科三色马先蒿（Pedicularis tricolor）全草的乙醇提取物中分离得到17个化合物,采用波谱方法鉴定了它们的结构。其中化合物1（2,3,5-tirmethoxy-4-hydroxy-xanthone）是一个新的[口山]酮,命名为三色马先蒿酮A（pedicutricone A）;2（8α-hydroxyl-4-carboxyl-5βH,9βH-iridoid-1α-glycoside）是一个新的环烯醚萜苷,命名为三色马先蒿苷A（pedicutricoside A）;化合物3-17为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Penstemon debilis (Scrophulariaceae): A new species from Colorado endemic to oil shale

Penstemon debilis, collected near Parachute on Mount Callahan in western Colorado, is described and illustrated. The species is endemic to the Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation. Oil shale endemism is discussed and the species is compared morphologically to similar species in sectionsGlabri, Coerulei, andPenstemon.     

云南马先蒿属植物的生物地理及物种多样性

马先蒿属（Pedicularis)是被子植物中最大的属之一,在云南植物区系中占有重要地位。按照钟补求系统,该属植物在云南有151种分属于13个群72个系。马先蒿属在云南的地理分布体现了下列特点：（1）种类十分丰富,占整个属总种数的25％,占中国的42．6％。（2）包括了该属全部花冠类型,即无齿、有齿的原始类型各为24种、短管具喙的中间过渡类型87种,较进化的长管类型16种。（3）马先蒿属植物分布在云南的11个地理分布区域中,但该属植物在康藏高原区最为丰富,有108个种在本区有分布,占云南种数的71．5％;横断山植物区和东喜马拉雅植物区是本属的现代分布中心和多样性中心。（4）特有现象十分明显,其中8个系、52个种为云南特有,横断山和东喜马拉雅的特有种量为丰富,也是本属的特有中心。（5）民先蒿植物与邻近的四川（西南部）和西藏（东南部）在区系上联系密切,与缅甸和不丹有一定的联系。     

Pollination Ecology and Endemism of Pedicularis pulchella Pennell (Scrophulariaceae)

Abstract Pedicularis pulchella Pennell, endemic to sparsely vegetated areas of alpine tundra scree in southwestern Montana and northwestern Wyoming, was found to be roat-hemiparasitic and obligately dependent for its pollination upon bumblebees of three non-tundra species that forage primarily in an inverted position for pollen scraped from anthers concealed in the galea, This sternotribic pollination syndrome is considered related to the short (5–6mm) proboscides of pollinators on flowers with deep (12.4mm), nectariferous corolla tubes and favoring pollen as an insect attractant. Photographic and spectropholomelric analysis of the red-purple floral color included prominent blue corolla and ultraviolet calyx reflections corresponding to dominant colors of bumblebee visual spectra. Nectar analysis by thin-layer chromatography and refractomctry indicated, respectively, the presence of fructose and sucrose, and a sucrose-equivalent concentration of dissolved solids exceeding 50%; both coincide with the general pattern of the genus. Analysis of pollen from corbicular loads of P. pulchella pollinators indicated relatively low pollen-constancy of insects and substantial foraging association with Vaccinium in the montane-subalpine zone. By contrast, pollinators on P. cystopteridifolia and Phyllodoce glanduliflora in a diverse tundra plant community on rich alpine turf revealed broad pollinator spectra (7–8 species), high pollen-foraging constancy on Pedicularis, and high nectar-foraging frequency on Phyllodoce : The pollination ecology and endemism of Pedicularis pulchtella are interpreted in terms of resource sharing, spatial competition of plant species, and selective stress of the physical environment.     

Reproductive strategies in two arctic Pedicularis species (Scrophulariaceae)

A study of a number of reproductive traits in two sympatric species of Pedicularis in northern Swedish Lapland, the subarctic-alpine P lapponica and the artic P hursuta , revealed that the life-history strategies of the two species differ profoundly High fruit set and low seed abortion rate, as m P hursuta , is common in arctic plants in late-thawing habitats and represents a case of extreme adversity selection rather than an indication of a ruderal life-history strategy Pedicularis lapponica , on the other hand, is a typical K-strategist (or stress-tolerator) requiring a longer period of growth for optimal reproduction Occuring at both low and high altitudes in the area, P lapponica tends to increase in self-compatibility with altitude, which is interpreted as an adaptation to lower pollinator visitation frequency in arctic environments The variation in length of the protruding part of the style in P lapponica is shown to be correlated with exposure to light Predispersal seed predation is severe m P lapponica at low altitudes, where the capsules are attacked by fly and moth larvae At high altitudes, a minor proportion of the capsules of P lapponica experience predation and only from flies, while P hursuta is completely unpredated     

Pollination Ecology and Endemic Adaptation of Pedicularis howellii Gray (Scrophulariaceae)

Abstract Pedicularis howellii , endemic to the Siskiyou Mountains of California-Oregon, is a root hemiparasite obligately dependent upon bumblebee pollinators that remove pollen by vibration from its short-tubed, nectarless, rostrate flowers, which reflect visible and ultraviolet (360nm) light attractive to Bombus foragers. All six Bombus species in the study area pollinated the plant, but only on P. howellii and P. racemosa were B. mixtus workers the most abundant pollinators among the seven bumblebee-pollinated plants studied, including Delphinium decorum, Dodecatheon jeffreyi, Penstemon newberryi, P. shastensis, and Phacelia heterophylla. Analysis of corbicular pollen loads of Bombus pollinators indicated that pollen foragers on Pedicularis species were less pollen-constant than all other bumblebee pollinators. Although P. howellii and P. racemosa blooming periods overlapped slightly, phenological isolation of blooming periods of plants sharing the same pollinators was not evident. Chemical soil analysis of its habitat and quadrat analysis of the population structure of Pedicularis howellii indicated that the plant grows in a moderately fertile forest soil and is restricted to the edge of forest canopy openings where sunlight favors development of plants to the flowering stage. The endemism of P. howellii is related to a similar edge effect survival of P. furbishiae in a boreal forest riparian habitat previously studied.     

马先蒿属花冠形态的多样性与传粉式样的关系

马先蒿属(Pediculais)是有花植物中花冠形态多样化最为集中的属。该属主要的传粉者是熊蜂属(Bormbus)昆虫;在北美,熊蜂和蜂鸟是马先蒿植物一些种类有效的传粉者;也发现壁蜂(Osmia)为其传粉。不同的传粉机制要求某一特定的取食式样储藏和释放花粉。本文讨论了花冠类型的进化趋势与传粉式样和花粉形态的关系。传粉者的选择压力是决定花冠多样化的重要因素之一;花冠类型与传粉者和传粉行为紧密相关。马先蒿植物和传粉者的相互依赖与其花冠类型、功能和物候互相适应,但花冠类型与花粉形态两者之间似乎没有明显的一一对应关系。通过北美、日本和喜马拉雅不同地理分布马先蒿种类的比较研究表明,具有相同花冠类型的种类有着相同的传粉方式,花冠形态与传粉式样存在紧密的协同进化关系。     

温度对轮叶马先蒿种子发芽的影响

为遏止轮叶马先蒿（Pedicularis verticilata L．）对新疆巴音布鲁克草原畜牧业的发展的威胁。开展了恒温和变温条件下轮叶马先蒿种子发芽试验,共设计了6个处理。结果表明：1）变温条件下的种子发芽率优于恒温,各处理每日种子发芽数目的变化均表现为先升高后下降。2）较高和较低温度下,发芽率和发芽指数均较低。3）在5月下半月变温（14．76,20．9,6．31和4．01℃）条件下,种子发芽率和发芽指数最高,分别为76．9％和18．1。因此,5月下半月是遏止本地入侵种轮叶马先蒿扩散的关键时期。     

Validation of Scrophularia macrocarpa (Scrophulariaceae) endemic to southwestern China

Scrophularia macrocarpa P. C. Tsoong, originally described from Sichuan, China, was not validly published in 1979 because two type specimens (one fruiting, one in flower) were designated. To enable formal use of the name, the species name is validated here, with the fruiting specimen designated as the holotype.     

A new variety of galium arkansanum (Rubiaceae) endemic to the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas

A linear-leaved, unicostate phase ofGalium arkansanum Gray with pubescent corollas and the abaxial midvein of the leaves glabrous is segregated from the species as var.pubiflorum. It is presently known in the pure form only from the Ouachita Mountains in Montgomery County, Arkansas     

大王马先蒿云南五个居群遗传变异研究

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法,对大王马先蒿(PedicularisrexL.)分布在云南中甸、丽江、大理、武定和昆明的5个居群(其中中甸居群有3个亚居群)的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了研究。结果表明,大王马先蒿居群具有较高的遗传多样性,多态位点百分率P、Shannon表型多样性指数I和Nei的基因多样性指数h分别为82.0%、0.361和0.240,遗传多样性水平与居群的地理分布范围相关;大王马先蒿居群间的遗传变异较高,遗传变异主要发生在居群之间,而不是居群内部;居群间遗传分化系数Gst为0.747,遗传分化明显,居群间基因交流较少。居群间的遗传距离与居群间的相对地理距离具有一定的相关性。对云南西北部中甸居群的3个亚居群的遗传多样性分析表明,居群的遗传多样性水平与海拔高度有一定的相关性。居群间遗传变异较高可能是由于大王马先蒿为短命多年生植物,繁育系统为混交型,且自交占较大比例等原因造成的。     

A new synonym of Pedicularis cyathophylla (Orobanchaceae)

Pedicularis cyathophylla Franchet in Bull.Soc.Bot.France 47:25.1900.Type:China.Sichuan:Kangding,Zheduoshan Mountains (Ta-tsien-kou & Tche-to-chan),J.A.Soulié 218 (holotype,P00160827,P!).Pedicularis xiangchengensis H.P.Yang in Acta Phytotax.Sin.28:137.f.3:3.1990,syn.nov.Type:China.Sichuan:Xiangcheng,Rewu,on mountain slopes,alt.4100-4300 m,1981-08-06,Qing-Zang Exped.3829(holotype,00032964,PE!;isotypes,KUN!,CDBI!).     

A new Douglasia (Primulaceae) from Idaho

Douglasia idahoensis, a new species endemic to Idaho and Valley counties, Idaho, a close relative of D. montana, is characterized by its succulent foliage, several-flowered umbels, 5–9 lanceolate bracts, short peduncles, and allopatric distribution. Chromosome number is reported as n = 18. Previous taxonomic works have included this species either with D. montana or with D. laevigata.     

Pollen morphology and infra-generic evolutionary relationships in some Chinese species of Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae)

 The pollen grains of 32 Chinese species of Pedicularis representing 13 groups within the genus were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The genus is eurypalynous, the apertures may be tricolpate, trisyncolpate, or bisyncolpate and five types of surface ornamentation (microscabrate, microrugulate, retipilate, microreticulate and microfoveolate) were observed. Comparison of the different aperture types using light microscopy allows three pollen types to be distinguished. Examination of exine ornamentation with scanning electron microscopy enabled each pollen type to be divided into two or three sub-types (giving a total of seven sub-types). Pollen morphology within the genus is discussed in relation to infrageneric relationships, evolutionary and pollination biology. There is little correlation with the existing infrageneric taxonomy (some taxonomic groups have more than one pollen type, while the same pollen type may be found in several different species-groups), but greater correlation with the corolla morphology. Received January 10, 2002; accepted March 5, 2002 Published online: March 10, 2003     

A new endemic Diascia (Scrophulariaceae) threatened by proposed tungsten mining in the Western Cape

Diascia caitliniae K.E.Steiner is a new species of Diascia sect. Diascia from the northern end of the Piketberg, Western Cape. It resembles D. elongata in floral and seed morphology but is distinguished by having pedicels that are flattened and ribbon-like throughout their length and stamens and stigmas that are longer, more exerted, and strongly curved forwards. D. caitliniae is known from two localized populations on adjacent farms and is restricted to lower slopes in areas transitional between fynbos and renosterveld vegetation. It is strongly dependent on fire for germination and flowering. The largest population is threatened by the development of an open-pit tungsten mine and both populations are threatened by potential agricultural expansion up the slopes of the Piketberg.     

A new Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) from northwestern Arizona

Penstemon distans, belonging to sect.Cristati (Rydb.) Pennell and known only from the southeastern edge of the Shivwits Plateau, Mohave Co., Arizona, is described, illustrated and discussed.