交配和温度对小地老虎雌蛾性信息素产生的影响

研究了交配和温度对小地老虎雌蛾性信息素产生的影响,结果表明,交配对性信息素各组分的滴度无显著影响,因此不影响小地老虎在下一暗期的再次求偶和交配.但环境温度对小地老虎性信息素的含量则有显著的影响,20～25℃最有利于小地老虎性信息素的生物合成,而低温和高温则均不利于小地老虎性信息素的正常产生与释放.     

小地老虎雄蛾对雌蛾性信息的EAG反应

利用触角电位记录（EAG）技术,测定了小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg) 雄蛾对性信息素标准化合物Z7-12：Ac（A）、Z9-14：Ac（B）、Z11-16：Ac（C）、Z5-10：Ac（D）和Z8-12：Ac（E）的EAG反应。结果表明：这些标准化合物均能引起EAG反应,其中组分A（Z7-12：Ac）引起的反应最强,为5.65 mV,组分B（Z9-14：Ac）和C（Z11-16：Ac）居中; 组分D（Z5-10：Ac）的EAG反应值最小,为2.50 mV。二元混合物、三元混合物、四元混合物和全组分的EAG反应较高,其EAG反应值均显著高于单组分的反应值。三元混合物ABC的反应值最高,与5头雌蛾腺体的正己烷浸提液的EAG值相当。在使用剂量为0.01 ng～100 μg反应内,小地老虎雄蛾触角对性信息素各组分及其混合物的剂量反应曲线大致呈“S”形。从不同日龄雄蛾对标准化合物的反应中,发现在羽化后第3天达到最高值,之后则随日龄增加EAG反应降低。     

豆荚螟中国种群性信息素鉴定

利用气相色谱一质谱联用技术（GC—MS）和气相色谱与风洞技术对交配期的豆荚螟（Etiella zinckenella）处女雌蛾的腺体提取物进行定性分析并侦测其中的活性组分,最终确定豆荚螟性信息素的有效组分为顺9一十四碳烯醇乙酸酯（z9—14AC）、顺11一十四碳烯醇乙酸酯（Z11—14AC）、十四碳烯醇乙酸酯（14AC）,三种成分在腺体中的比例分别1：3：1的存在。     

小地老虎的交配行为和能力

在温度为(25±1)℃、相对湿度为70%±7%、光周期(L∶D)为14∶10h的条件下对小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon(Rottemberg)的交配行为和能力进行研究。结果表明:成虫在羽化后1d才进行交配。雄蛾和雌蛾都可以多次交配。交配能力受性比的影响很大,当1头雄蛾仅与1头雌蛾相处时,其交配能力低;当1头雄蛾与多于2头的雌蛾在一起时或1头雌蛾与多于2头的雄蛾在一起时,交配能力则显著增加。还讨论了该研究结果应用的可能性。     

用性信息素诱捕法大面积防治梨小食心虫的田间试验

1981至1982年,在辽宁省绥申县白梨产区用合成梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕法进行了大面积防治梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)的田间试验。防治面积分别为4,000公顷和5,400公顷。平均每公顷设15个性信息素诱捕器。化学防治区每年8—9月份喷两次农药,诱捕区不喷这两次农药。诱捕区梨小食心虫雌蛾的交配率比化防区下降74.2—82.9%;梨小卵的寄生率提高79.2%;梨小虫果率下降50.3—72.8%。     

用性信息素加农药诱杀器防治梨小食心虫的田间试验

在设计出性信息素加农药诱杀器后,以60、135、240、480个／km2诱杀器田间处理,看出以135个／km2诱杀器处理即有明显的防治效果。经在不同的虫口密度果园试验,以诱蛾量下降率、为害率和雌蛾交配率3项指标考察,该诱杀器1次挂出,在田间有效期达70～80天,取得了较理想防治效果。     

旋花蛾性信息素成分的鉴定

提取和鉴定了杂草田旋花Convolvulus arvensis的天敌旋花蛾Tyta luctuosa的性信息素主要成分,并应用风洞实验对雄蛾进行了测试。结果表明,腺体提取物和雌蛾求偶时所释放的主要性信息素成分均为2种化合物：顺-9-十四碳烯醛（Z9-14∶Ald）和顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z11-16∶Ald）。腺体提取物中2种化合物的总量在个体间差异很大（22～167 ng）,但二者的比率相对稳定（Z9-14∶Ald/Z11-16∶Ald=0.3±0.15）。雌蛾所释放的性信息素量及比率在个体间也存在差异。每只雌蛾求偶时平均每小时释放94 ng Z9-14∶Ald和45 ng Z11-16∶Ald,平均比率为2.2。风洞实验结果显示,48%的雄蛾可被合成的性信息素混合物（0.4 μg Z9-14∶Ald, 2 μg Z11-16∶Ald）引诱完成逆风飞行并最终触及刺激源,而2种对照组（以求偶期雌蛾或性信息素腺体提取物为刺激源）的引诱率则分别为62%和44%。     

甜菜夜蛾性信息素鉴定及应用研究进展

近年甜菜夜蛾在我国大面积频频暴发 ,但缺少有效的防治手段。该文概述了有关甜菜夜蛾性信息素鉴定及应用方面的研究进展 ,认为利用性信息素可有效预测和防治甜菜夜蛾的发生和为害。我国应加强这一技术的研究和开发 ,使其尽快应用于农业生产尤其是无公害蔬菜生产中甜菜夜蛾的防治     

光周期对小地老虎生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】探明光周期对小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon(Rottemberg)生长发育及繁殖的影响。【方法】在实验条件下观察了5个光周期(0L︰24D,8L︰16D,12L︰12D,16L︰8D和24L︰0D)下小地老虎的生长发育和繁殖情况。【结果】随着光照时间增加,小地老虎生长速度加快,发育历期缩短,孵化率、存活率、羽化率、产卵量先增大后降低。其卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的最适光周期分别为12L︰12D或16L︰8D、16L︰8D、0L︰24D以及12L︰12D。综合来说,光周期16L︰8D最适合小地老虎的生长发育。【结论】研究结果初步揭示了不同光周期对小地老虎生长发育及繁殖状况存在显著的影响,并且不同虫态对光周期变化也呈现不同的变化规律。     

小地老虎雄性外生殖器的肌肉系统及神经分布

小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon Rott.雄性外生殖器由第8腹节的5对肌肉支持,它具有充分功能的抱器(clasper)和第9腹节的侧骨片,具有8对外生殖器特有的肌肉。具有一对由第9,10,11节原始腹部神经节的侧神经组成的成对的粗大神经干9+10+11,神经干的神经分支分布神经到外生殖器。     

交配对小地老虎成虫寿命和繁殖的影响

通过室内饲养小地老虎,研究了交配对其成虫寿命和繁殖的影响.结果 表明,小地老虎成虫的寿命随其交配状况而有所变化,无论雌蛾还是雄蛾,未能得到及时交配时,则寿命稍长些,交配过的雌蛾产卵前期缩短、产卵期延长、产卵量增大.小地老虎的交配次数对其产卵量和幼虫孵化率有明显的影响,0次交配的产卵量最低,并且产的是不育卵,均不能孵化;随着交配次数的增加,其产卵量和幼虫孵化率都显著增大.     

Calling Behavior and Rhythms of Sex Pheromone Production in the Black Cutworm Moth in China

The hourly and daily variation of calling behavior and sex pheromone production by the female black cutworm moth, Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg), were investigated. Both calling behavior and titers of five sex pheromone components showed distinct diel rhythms, and peak periods of calling and pheromone titer were synchronous. Females began to call on the first night after eclosion and called mainly during the second half of the scotophase. The percentage of females calling increased in 1 to 3-d-old females and decreased in 3 to 7-d-old females. Females advanced their calling time with increasing age (1 to 7 d). GC-MS analysis of hexane extracts of pheromone glands revealed that the titers of the five sex pheromone components were very low on the first night after eclosion, but increased sharply and peaked on the third night. Titers decreased greatly with increasing age (3 to 7 d), but from the onset of the scotophase to 4.5 h into scotophase, titers remained invariate. However, from 4.5 to 7 h, pheromone titers, especially that of the primary component Z7-12:Ac, increased sharply and peaked. After the peak, the titers decreased greatly at 8 h, and thereafter decreased gradually to the level before 4.5 h. The quantity of each component almost reached zero after lights-on.     

Synthesis and Field Evaluation of Methyl-branched Ketones,Sex Pheromone Components Produced by Lithosiinae Female Moths in the Family of Arctiidae

Female moths of Lyclene dharma dharma (Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) produce a novel sex pheromone composed of three methyl-branched ketones (I–III) in a ratio of 2:1:1. In order to confirm the structure of III (6,14-dimethyl-2-octadecanone), a mixture of its four stereoisomers was synthesized via chain elongation by two Wittig reactions, starting from 1,7-hexanediol. GC-MS data of the synthetic III were satisfactorily coincident with those of the natural component. In addition to the racemic mixtures of I (6-methyl-2-octadecanone) and II (14-methyl-2-octadecanone), previously synthesized, the activity of III was evaluated in the Iriomote Islands, and effective male attraction was observed for the 2:1:1 mixture of I–III. This result indicates that the females do not produce only one stereoisomer for each component or that the response of the males is not disturbed by the other stereoisomers of natural isomers produced by the females. The field test also revealed that the two-component lure of I and II captured as many males as the mixture of I–III, while lures baited with two components in other combinations and with only one component scarcely exhibited any male attraction ability.     

Generalized N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Storage Disease: Quantitation and Identification of the Monosaccharide Accumulating in Brain and Other Tissues

Abstract: Brain and other tissues from a patient with extensive neonatal as-cites and clinical symptoms suggestive of a severe neurovisceral storage disorder were examined following autopsy for the accumulation of oligosaccharides. This carbohydrate analysis revealed the presence of large amounts (3–21 μmol/g fresh weight) of sialic acid in brain, liver, and kidney tissue as the major abnormality. Exhaustive characterization of the accumulating material by gel filtration, gas-liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and GLC-mass spectrometry positively identified the saccharide as free N -acetylneuraminic acid. Based on the accumulation of only free N -acetylneuraminic acid in the tissue of this patient, and normal activities of lysosomal enzymes involved in the catabolism of cellular glycoproteins, this storage disorder appears to result from a previously unreported defect in glycoconjugate metabolism.     

Cholinergic constituents in plants: Characterization and distribution of acetylcholine and choline

Acetylcholine in plants was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Acetylcholine was found in the following species from 13 families: Betula pendula, Codiaeum variegatum, Ilex opaca, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lonicera japonica, Phaseolus aureus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Plantago rugelli, Populus grandidentata, Prunus serotina, Rhus copallina, Smilax hispida, Viburnum dilatatum , and Zea mays . Levels of acetylcholine in leaves ranged from a low of 0.14 ± 0.05 (mean ± SEM) nmol (g fresh weight)⁻¹ in I. opaca to a high of 53 ± 6.6 nmol (g fresh weight)⁻¹ in P. aureus . Acetylcholine was found in all tissues examined regardless of the organ (leaves, stems, or roots) or developmental stage (seedlings, mature plants, or seeds). For P. aureus , continuous light exposure increased acetylcholine levels of leaves, and decreased levels in stem when compared to dark controls. Levels of choline, a precursor of acetylcholine, found in leaves ranged from a low of 84 ± 7.0 nmol (g fresh weight)⁻¹ in L. styraciflua to a high of 3700 ± 200 nmol (g fresh weight)⁻¹ in P. aureus . With these findings, three out of the four components of the cholinergic system have now been identified in plants.     

Identification and characterization of proteins interacting with SIRT1 and SIRT3: implications in the anti‐aging and metabolic effects of sirtuins

Sirtuins are a family of NAD⁺‐dependent protein deacetylases that regulate cellular functions through deacetylation of a wide range of protein targets. Overexpression of Sir2, the first gene discovered in this family, is able to extend the life span in various organisms. The anti‐aging effects of human homologues of sirtuins, SIRT1‐7, have also been suggested by animal and human association studies. However, the precise mechanisms whereby sirtuins exert their anti‐aging effects remain elusive. In this study, we aim to identify novel interacting partners of SIRT1 and SIRT3, two human sirtuins ubiquitously expressed in many tissue types. Our results demonstrate that SIRT1 and SIRT3 are localized within different intracellular compartments, mainly nuclei and mitochondria, respectively. Using affinity purification and MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS/MS analysis, their potential interacting partners have been identified from the enriched subcellular fractions and specific interactions confirmed by co‐immunoprecipitation and Western blotting experiment. Further analyses suggest that overexpression of SIRT1 or SIRT3 in HEK293 cells could induce hypoacetylation and affect the intracellular localizations and protein stabilities of their interacting partners. Taken together, the present study has identified a number of novel SIRT protein interacting partners, which might be critically involved in the anti‐aging and metabolic regulatory activities of sirtuins.     

Global analysis of metabolites in rat and human urine based on gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Sediment in urine may contain low-molecular-weight compounds that should be included in the analysis. To date, no systematic investigation has addressed this issue. We investigated three primary factors that influence the extraction efficiency of metabolites during preparation of urine samples for metabolomic research: centrifugation, pH, and extraction solvents. Obtained with the use of gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS) technique and principal component analysis (PCA), our results indicate that (1) conventional centrifugation causes an apparent loss of some metabolites, indicating that urine samples for metabolomic research should not be centrifuged before procedures are undertaken to recover the metabolites; (2) pH adjustment has a large impact on the recovery of metabolites and is therefore not encouraged; (3) with design of experiment analysis, methanol and water yield the optimal extraction efficiency. Differences between rat and human urine were observed and are discussed. Ninety-nine metabolites identified in rat and human urine are presented. An efficient protocol is proposed for the pretreatment of urine samples.     

Identification of carbonyl sulfide and sulfur dioxide in porcine coronary artery by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, possible relevance to EDHF

Incubation of porcine coronary artery rings and cardiac muscle tissue in Krebs buffer followed by GC/MS analysis of the headspace gas revealed two gases, carbonyl sulfide (COS) and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). The gases were identified by characteristic ions obtained by electron ionization, and by comparison of the retention time on a chromatographic column (GS GasPro) with standards of these gases. Stimulation of the arterial rings with acetylcholine and calcium ionophore A23187 increased the levels of SO(2) and COS in the vascular tissue. We also provide evidence that SO(2) could originate from disproportionation of a very unstable gas, sulfur monoxide (S=O). We suggest potential origins of these gases and discuss their relevance to endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor.     

GC/MS analysis of anandamide and quantification of N-arachidonoylphosphatidylethanolamides in various brain regions, spinal cord, testis, and spleen of the rat

Anandamide [N-arachidonoylethanolamide (NAE)] was initially isolated from porcine brain and proposed as an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors in 1992. Accumulating evidence has now suggested that, in the tissue, NAE is generated from N-arachidonoylphosphatidylethanolamides (N-ArPEs) by phosphodiesterase. In this study a sensitive and specific procedure was developed to quantify NAE and N-ArPE, including organic solvent extraction, reverse-phase C-18 cartridge separation, derivatization, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. NAE is converted by a two-step derivatization procedure to a pentafluorobenzoyl ester followed by pentafluoropropionyl acylation. Quantification was performed by isotope dilution GC/MS using deuterium-labeled NAE (NAE-2H8) as an internal standard. The same chemical derivatization was applicable to N-ArPE quantification. The separated N-ArPE fractions were converted by a two-step cleavage/derivatization procedure into the pentafluorobenzoyl ester of NAE and then to its pentafluoropropionyl amide. The derivative was quantified by GC/MS using deuterium-labeled 1,2-[2H8]dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho(arachidonoyl)ethanolamid e as an internal standard. Using these methods, we have found that endogenous NAE levels in rat brain, spleen, testis, liver, lung, and heart were below the level of quantification achievable (0.1 pmol/mg of protein) but that N-ArPE is readily quantifiable and is widely distributed in the rat CNS with the highest level in the spinal cord. The striatum, hippocampus, and accumbens contain intermediate concentrations of N-ArPE, whereas the value is lowest in the cerebellum.