大孔树脂吸附法提纯苦楝素的研究

研究了大孔树脂吸附法从苦楝树皮的提取液中提纯苦楝素的工艺条件及参数,并筛选出较为理想的大孔吸附树脂。研究结果表明,S-8型吸附树脂的静态饱和吸附量明显大于AB-8型和NKA-9型。该树脂吸附提纯苦楝素的优化吸附条件为吸附温度40℃,溶液pH值8．0,上柱液质量浓度9．127mg／mL,溶液流速2BV／h;优化的解吸条件为：洗脱剂为70％乙醇-水溶液,溶液流速1BV／h,洗脱剂用量为8倍量树脂体积。在优化条件下,可以得到含量达75．2％的苦楝素提取物,表明S-8树脂对苦楝素有良好的吸附选择性。     

籽瓜皮多酚的提取及其抑菌作用研究

利用超声波辅助提取籽瓜皮中多酚类物质并用高效液相色谱检测提取液的主要成分,同时对提取液的抑菌作用进行了研究。结果表明,最优提取工艺为提取时间35 min,乙醇浓度70 m L/100 m L,提取温度60℃,料液比1∶12。提取液的主要成分为没食子酸。0.4 mg/m L的籽瓜多酚提取液在大肠杆菌平面培养皿上产生明显的抑菌圈。籽瓜多酚提取液对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度是0.05 mg/m L。     

苦楝果实中某些化学成分及其对菜青虫的生物活性

采用生物活性追踪法,从苦谏(Melia azedarach)果实中分得苦楝新醇(I)、苦谅酮(II)苦楝醇(III)、苦楝二醇(IV),苦楝三醇(V)、香草酸(VI)、香草醛(VII)和川楝素(VIII)。根据波谱(1R,MS,¹H-NMR,¹³C-NMR)分析和理化常数测定确定其结构,其中I为一新化合物。生测结果表明,II-V和VIII对菜青虫(Pieris rapae)有明显的拒食活性,VIII还表现出明显的胃毒活性;I、VI和VII仅表现出一定的拒食活性。     

黑米蛋白提取工艺的优化

以黑米为原料,研究黑米蛋白提取工艺的优化。采用"碱提酸沉"法,研究了提取液pH值、温度、搅拌速度、料液比、提取时间、及粒径大小等对黑米蛋白提取率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,以L9(34)正交实验法优化黑米蛋白提取工艺。结果表明:各因素对黑米蛋白提取率的影响顺序依次为:pH值粒径料液比转速。本实验中,黑米蛋白提取的最佳工艺条件为:提取液p H 12.5、温度28℃、搅拌转速800 rpm、料液比1∶10 g/m L、提取时间为1 h、酸沉淀时间为1 h、粒径大小为能通过100目筛。优化后黑米水溶性蛋白提取率提高到96.77%,纯度为97.75%。     

苦楝素联合BIT对白色念珠菌的协同抑菌效果研究

探讨苦楝素与BIT分别单独及二者联合使用对白色念珠菌的浮游菌生长及其生物膜形成的影响。以预加菌液倾注平板打孔抑菌实验法测定苦楝素、BIT及二者联合使用对白色念珠菌菌体生长的抑制效果,96孔板微量稀释法培养该菌浮游菌及其生物膜,分别测定浮游菌及其生物膜的吸光度并进行比较分析,判断最小抑菌浓度(MIC),计算二者联合时的抑菌指数(FIC)。平板打孔抑菌实验结果显示,其抑菌效果依次为:二者联合BIT苦楝素;96孔微量稀释法结果显示:二者联合的FIC系数为0.75;二者联合抑制该浮游菌生长比单用时药效增加了20%～50%,抑制其生物膜的形成比单用时药效增加了33%～50%。苦楝素与BIT联合使用具有对白色念珠菌生长的复配增效抑制作用,不但有效抑制该菌浮游菌生长,也能抑制其生物膜的形成。     

酶水解制备山药皮可溶性膳食纤维及性能测定

本研究以山药皮为原料研究纤维素酶法制备可溶性膳食纤维工艺条件,研究考察了料液比、加酶量、提取时间、提取温度、醇沉时间等因素,确定最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶30、酶添加量4 U/m L、提取时间2 h、提取温度50℃,醇沉时间4 h。通过响应面法对工艺条件进一步优化,确定料液比1∶35,酶添加量5 U/m L,温度48℃时,SDF制备率最高达22.87%,较初始SDF含量7.96%提高近3倍。同时对制备的SDF性能进行测定,其持水性可达到10.74 g/g,溶胀力为6.45 m L/g,具备了一定的工业应用潜力。     

丹酚酸B水解生产丹参素的工艺优化

本文优选了碱水解丹参中的丹酚酸B生产丹参素的工艺。分别以水解前后丹参素和丹酚酸B的增长率和水解率综合评分为评定指标,以影响水解效率的碱(Na OH)浓度、水解时间、料液比和温度为考察因素,每个因素设置3个水平,采用正交试验法L9(34),确定出最优水解工艺为:采用浓度为0.6%的Na OH溶液,以1∶20(g/m L)的料液比,在100℃下水解1.0 h。结果显示,水解前后丹参素的平均增长率为1145.66%,丹酚酸B的水解率为98.94%,丹参素的含量由0.27%增加至3.36%。     

酶辅助法提取透骨草中总黄酮及抗氧化性研究

本文采用纤维素酶辅助法提取透骨草中总黄酮,即先用纤维素酶酶解透骨草,再用乙醇回流法提取透骨草中的总黄酮。分别固定提取剂乙醇浓度为70%,料液比为1∶20 g/m L,初步探究了纤维素酶浓度、酶解p H、酶解温度、酶解时间四个单因素对透骨草总黄酮提取率的影响。设计正交实验确定了酶辅助法提取透骨草中总黄酮的较佳条件:纤维素酶浓度为2 U/m L、酶解p H=4.5、酶解温度为45℃、酶解时间2 h,总黄酮提取率为1.27%。本文初步探究了透骨草总黄酮提取液对羟自由基的清除活性,对照实验结果表明透骨草提取液对羟自由基清除活性要高于相同浓度的芦丁与二丁基羟基甲苯。     

海洋异养细菌利用溶解有机碳的定量评估

【目的】惰性溶解有机碳(refractory dissolved organic carbon,RDOC)是海洋总有机碳的主体组分,RDOC在深海中可保存数千年,构成了巨大的碳储库,在调节气候变化中有重要作用。但RDOC的定量评估尚未有统一的标准方法。通过测定环境中能被异养细菌利用的溶解有机碳(biodegradable DOC,BDOC)可以反过来评估RDOC的量。本文对BDOC测定中一些关键步骤进行验证,为制定海洋RDOC评估标准奠定基础。【方法】本文评估了3种过滤方式及5种滤膜对DOC测定的影响,并评估了瓶子效应和稀释效应对细菌生长和DOC利用的影响。【结果】研究发现,(1) GF/F滤膜、GF-75滤膜、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)滤膜(孔径0.2μm)、聚碳酸酯(PC)滤膜(孔径0.2μm)和聚四氟乙烯材质针孔过滤器(HA)(孔径0.2μm) 5种滤膜不会引入DOC污染;抽滤过滤和重力过滤方式过滤效果稳定、无污染,而在线过滤效果不稳定,易污染;(2)不同大小培养体系(30–480 mL;表面积/体积比为:1.64–0.67 cm–1)之间的细菌生长速率和DOC利用量没有显著性差异;(3)培养体系稀释度越高,细菌生长速率越高,对数生长期细菌丰度及DOC利用量越低。【结论】综合考虑,建议BDOC和RDOC测定实验中采用抽滤过滤的方式及不进行稀释的培养体系;常用的滤膜和培养体积对BDOC评估无显著影响。结合研究结果,我们提出了评估海洋RDOC的方法。     

菊苣中菊粉提取工艺条件的研究

新鲜菊苣干制后干菊苣粉中总糖的含量可达73.6%,采用干菊苣粉用循环方式进行水抽提菊粉,在料液比为1:15,温度为80℃,浸提时间为2 h时提取率达98%,浸提液总糖含量达48.1 g/L;干菊苣粉和菊粉提取液中总糖的测定采用酸解法时,采用0.2 mol/L HCl水解40 min时,可提高测定结果准确度。     

五种新化合物对亚洲玉米螟幼虫生长发育和消化生理的影响(英文)

研究了五个新化合物对亚洲玉米螟 (Ostriniafurnacalis)五龄幼虫的拒食活性以及对其生长发育和中肠蛋白酶活性的影响 ,并与川楝素的作用效果进行了比较。结果表明 ,川楝素以及C19、C2 3 、C2 4、C2 6、C2 8在 5 0 0mg kg浓度下拒食活性分别为 5 1 16 %、5 7 6 1%、4 2 8%、5 1 0 8%、36 73%、5 1 6 7% ,其中C19、C2 4、C2 8拒食活性与川楝素相当。在 2 0mg kg浓度 ,生长发育实验表明C19、C2 6、C2 8具有较好的抑制幼虫生长作用 ,其中C2 8的作用与川楝素相当 ;药剂对中肠蛋白酶的影响结果表明 ,川楝素和C2 8对弱碱性类胰蛋白酶、类胰凝乳蛋白酶表现为激活作用 ,C19、C2 4、C2 6对两种蛋白酶在 2 4h激活 ,4 8h抑制。对相关作用机理进行了探讨。     

川楝素诱导人胃癌MGC-803细胞凋亡及其机制

目的: 本研究旨在探讨川楝素诱导人胃癌MGC-803细胞凋亡及其机制。方法: 将人胃癌MGC-803细胞分为5组,每组3个复孔,采用氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)和0 nmol/L川楝素(TSN)分别作为阳性对照和阴性对照。其余3组分别加入终浓度为30 nmol/L、50 nmol/L、70 nmol/L的川楝素。川楝素处理细胞48 h后,利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞形态结构变化;流式细胞术检测线粒体膜电位变化;酶标法检测Caspase-3和Caspase-9活性;利用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax、Cyt c和APAF-1 mRNA和蛋白水平。结果: 与0 nmol/L TSN组相比,30 nmol/L、50 nmol/L、70 nmol/L的川楝素作用于人胃癌MGC-803细胞48 h,可见细胞体积缩小,细胞核裂解,部分染色质凝集等形态学变化;Caspase-3和Caspase-9活性升高(P＜0.05);而线粒体膜电位明显下降(P＜ 0.05);Bax、Cyt c和APAF-1 基因mRNA及蛋白表达量显著升高(P＜0.05),Bcl-2 基因mRNA及蛋白表达量显著降低(P＜0.05)。结论: 川楝素通过上调Bax、Cyt c和APAF-1的表达,下调Bcl-2基因表达,增强Caspase-3、Caspase-9活性诱导人胃癌MGC-803细胞凋亡。     

Laboratory and field evaluations of extracts from Rhododendron molle flowers as insect growth regulator to imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera:Pieridae)

The insect growth regulating properties of rhodojaponin-III (Abbr. R-III) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract from Rhododendron molle G. Don flowers against imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae L., were determined under laboratory and field conditions. The values of IC₅₀ (the median of concentration for inhibiting weight increase) for R-III and EtOAc extract were 6.78 p.p.m. and 70.29 p.p.m. against 3rd instar larvae and 13.72 p.p.m. and 346.00 p.p.m. against 5th instar larvae, respectively. R-III and EtOAc extract also could reduce pupating rate, pupal weight, emergence rate and extend the duration of development. Thus development of insects was inhibited significantly and development index decreased. R-III would be superior to toosendanin as insect growth regulator. EtOAc extract 1000 p.p.m. mixture with molosultap 500 p.p.m. could achieve an effective control rate of 87.34% against P. rapae in field trials when adjusted cumulative insect-days were used as index.     

Biological hydrogen production using a membrane bioreactor

A cross-flow membrane was coupled to a chemostat to create an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) for biological hydrogen production. The reactor was fed glucose (10,000 mg/L) and inoculated with a soil inoculum heat-treated to kill non-spore-forming methanogens. Hydrogen gas was consistently produced at a concentration of 57-60% in the headspace under all conditions. When operated in chemostat mode (no flow through the membrane) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.3 h, 90% of the glucose was removed, producing 2200 mg/L of cells and 500 mL/h of biogas. When operated in MBR mode, the solids retention time (SRT) was increased to SRT = 12 h producing a solids concentration in the reactor of 5800 mg/L. This SRT increased the overall glucose utilization (98%), the biogas production rate (640 mL/h), and the conversion efficiency of glucose-to-hydrogen from 22% (no MBR) to 25% (based on a maximum of 4 mol-H(2)/mol-glucose). When the SRT was increased from 5 h to 48 h, glucose utilization (99%) and biomass concentrations (8,800 +/- 600 mg/L) both increased. However, the biogas production decreased (310 +/- 40 mL/h) and the glucose-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency decreased from 37 +/- 4% to 18 +/- 3%. Sustained permeate flows through the membrane were in the range of 57 to 60 L/m(2) h for three different membrane pore sizes (0.3, 0.5, and 0.8 microm). Most (93.7% to 99.3%) of the membrane resistance was due to internal fouling and the reversible cake resistance, and not the membrane itself. Regular backpulsing was essential for maintaining permeate flux through the membrane. Analysis of DNA sequences using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis indicated bacteria were most closely related to members of Clostridiaceae and Flexibacteraceae, including Clostridium acidisoli CAC237756 (97%), Linmingia china AF481148 (97%), and Cytophaga sp. MDA2507 AF238333 (99%). No PCR amplification of 16s rRNA genes was obtained when archaea-specific primers were used.     

Separation of lactic acid-producing bacteria from fermentation broth using a ceramic microfiltration membrane with constant permeate flow

The influence of several operating parameters on the critical flux in the separation of lactic acid-producing bacteria from fermentation broth was studied using a ceramic microfiltration membrane equipped with a permeate pump. The operating parameters studied were crossflow velocity over the membrane, bacterial cell concentration, protein concentration, and pH. The influence of the isoelectric point (IEP) of the membrane was also investigated. In the interval studied (5.3-10.8 m/s), the crossflow velocity had a marked effect on the critical flux. When the crossflow velocity was increased the critical flux also increased. The bacterial cells were retained by the membrane and the concentration of bacterial cells did not affect the critical flux in the interval studied (1.1-3.1 g/L). The critical flux decreased when the protein concentration was increased. It was found that the protein was adsorbed on the membrane surface and protein retention occurred even though the conditions were such that no filter cake was present on the membrane surface. When the pH of the medium was lowered from 6 to 5 (and then further to 4) the critical flux decreased from 76 L/m(2)h to zero at both pH 5 and pH 4. This was found to be due to the fact that the lowering in pH had affected the physiology of the bacterial cells so that the bacteria tended to adhere to the membrane and to each other. The critical flux, for wheat flour hydrolysate without particles, was much lower (28 L/m(2)h) when using a membrane with an IEP of 5.5 than the critical flux of a membrane with an IEP at pH 7 (96 L/m(2)h). This was found to be due to an increased affinity of the bacteria for the membrane with the lower IEP.     

Separation of proteases from yellowfin tuna spleen by ultrafiltration

Separation of protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin from yellowfin tuna spleen extract by ultrafiltration (UF) using regenerated cellulose membranes with molecular weight cut off (MWCO) 30 and 100 kDa was studied. The 100 kDa membrane had a higher transmission of enzymes than that of the 30 kDa membrane. The enzyme transmission varied from 0.01 to 0.18 and from 0.6 to 0.8 for the 30 kDa membrane and 100 kDa membrane, respectively. The protein transmission was about 0.8 for both membranes. Increasing cross-flow rate and transmembrane pressure (TMP) increased permeate flux. The limiting fluxes at cross-flow rate 120, 240 and 360 L/h for the 30 kDa membrane were 17.3, 43.9 and 54.7 L/m2h, respectively and the limiting fluxes at the same flow rate for 100 kDa membrane were 34.1, 51.1 and 68.4 L/m2h, respectively. The separation of these proteases was achieved using the 30 kDa membrane. The purities of proteases were increased more than ten times at TMP 1.5 bar and cross-flow rate 360 L/h by diafiltration using 30 kDa membrane.     

双极膜电渗析分离发酵液中L-乳酸

采用三室型双极膜电渗析装置将发酵液中的L-乳酸钠转化为L-乳酸。探讨操作电压、流速、进料L-乳酸钠质量浓度等工艺参数对转化过程的影响,考察电渗析过程参数对转化率、物料损失率、电流效率和能耗等技术指标的影响。在最优操作条件下（流速40L／h,电压15V）对2L的100．25g／L乳酸钠发酵液进行分批重复电渗析处理。结果表明：整个过程的转化率为81．22％,损失率为1．5％,能耗为0．81kW·h／kg,电流效率为91．8％,得到的L-乳酸质量浓度可达144．31g／L．电渗析残液补糖后可回到发酵罐中用于发酵生产L-乳酸.     

EFFECTS OF FIVE NEW COMPOUNDS ON THE LARVAL GROWTH AND DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ASIATIC CORN BORER, OSTRINIA FURNACALIS LARVAE

Five new compounds were tested on the growth and antifeeding activity compared with toosendanin against fifth instar larvae Ostrinia furnacalis. The activities of two proteases, a weak alkaline trypsine‐like enzyme and a chymotrypsin‐like enzyme, in the midgut of Ostrinia furnacalis larvae were also measured. Experimental results suggest that when incorporated into an artificial diet at the concentration of 500mg/kg, the antifeeding activities of toosendanin, C₁₉, C₂₃, C₂₄, C₂₆, C₂₈ were 51.16%, 57.61%, 4.28%, 51.08%, 36.73% and 51.67%, respectively, C₁₉, C₂₄, C₂₈ had no significant difference with toosendanin. At 20mg/kg, the larval growth were remarkably suppressed by C₁₉, C₂₆, C₂₈, the inhibition of C₂₈ was close to toosendanin in 48 h. The two proteases were activated by toosendanin and C₂₈ while they were inhibited in 48 h but activated in 24 h by C₁₉, C₂₄ and C₂₆. In this paper, the related functions and mechanisms were discussed.     

Kinetics of ethanol fermentations in membrane cell recycle fermentors

Ethanol fermentation by yeast was carried out in a cell filtration recycle system with a hollow-fiber membrane filter. Maximum biomass concentrations up to 210 g dry wt/L were obtained, but in normal operation concentrations they were between 100 and 150 g/L. The ethanol productivity using 14% glucose feed was 85 g/L h, with an ethanol concentration of 65 g/L and an ethanol yield of over 90%. The ethanol productivity and yeast growth rate decreased as the cell concentration increased beyond a certain level. The cell mass in the reactor was maintained by a proper manipulation of diluticn rate and bleed ratio depending on the growth rate.     

Influence of fermentation conditions and microfiltration processes on membrane fouling during recovery of glucuronane polysaccharides from fermentation broths.

We have investigated the recovery of exopolysaccharides produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti M5N1 CS bacteria from fermentation broths using different membrane filtration processes: cross-flow filtration with a 7 mm i.d. tubular ceramic membrane of 0.5-microm pores under fixed transmembrane pressure or fixed permeate flux and dynamic filtration with a 0.2 microm nylon membrane using a 16-cm rotating disc filter. With the tubular membrane, the polysaccharide mass flux was mainly limited by polymer transmission that decayed to 10% after 90 min. The mass flux of polymer produced under standard fermentation conditions (70 h at 30 degrees C) stabilized after 70 min to 15 g/h/m(2). This mass flux rises to 36 g/h/m(2) when the mean stirring speed during fermentation is increased and to 123 g/h/m(2) when fermentation is extended to 120 h. In both cases, the mean molecular weight of polysaccharides drops from 4.0 10(5) g/mol under standard conditions to 2.7 10(5) g/mol. A similar reduction in molecular weight was observed when the fermentation temperature was raised to 36 degrees C without benefit to the mass flux. These changes in fermentation conditions have little effect on stabilized permeate flux, but raise significantly the sieving coefficient, due probably to molecular weight reduction and the filamentous aspect of the polymer as observed from SEM photographs. The polymer-mass flux was also increased by reducing transmembrane pressure (TMP) and raising the shear rate by inserting a rod in the membrane lumen. Operation under fixed permeate flux instead of constant TMP inhibited fouling during the first 4 h, resulting in higher sieving coefficients and polymer mass fluxes. The most interesting results were obtained with dynamic filtration because it allows operation at high-shear rates and low TMP. Sieving coefficients remained between 90 and 100%. With a smooth disc, the polysaccharide mass flux remained close to 180 g/h/m(2) at 1500 rpm and cell concentrations from 1 to 3 g/L. When radial rods were glued to the disc to increase wall shear stress and turbulence, the mass flux rose to 275 g/h/m(2) at the same speed and cell concentration.