海洋寡糖及其衍生物活性的研究进展

海洋寡糖由海洋多糖经弱酸或糖苷酶等方法降解制备,具有来源丰富、结构新颖、分子量小、类型多样等特点,表现出抗肿瘤、抗氧化、免疫调节、抗病毒等多种生物活性,在食品、医药、保健品及化妆品等领域有着广泛的应用,具有巨大的开发潜力。为了及时了解海洋寡糖的研究进展,促进海洋寡糖的应用与开发,就海洋寡糖及其衍生物的免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抑菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、抗辐射、抗凝血、抗糖尿病以及调节肠道微生物等方面的活性研究进展进行了简要总结,以期为海洋寡糖及其衍生物的深入研究和深度开发提供参考。     

黑果枸杞对X射线辐射小鼠的保护作用研究

探讨黑果枸杞水提取液对辐射损伤小鼠的保护作用。除正常对照组外各组小鼠接受5Gy的X射线一次性全身均匀照射。检查各组小鼠外周血中红细胞数(RBC)、白细胞数(WBC)、血小板数(PLT)、血红蛋白数(HGB),计算胸腺和脾脏指数,测定抗氧化酶活力、DNA和Caspase-3、Caspase-6的含量。黑果枸杞水提取液对辐射后小鼠的血象有明显回升,SOD活力明显增强,DNA含量增多,CAT、GSH-PX、T-AOC活力下降,Caspase-3和Caspase-6的含量降低,脏器指数无统计学意义。研究结果显示,黑果枸杞水提取液对X射线所致小鼠辐射损伤有一定保护作用。     

海洋食品功效成分构效关系研究进展

海洋食品中富含结构新颖、功能独特的功效成分,是人类膳食营养的重要来源。海洋食品功效成分化学结构与营养功能间构效关系的研究是食品科学基础研究领域的前沿方向,其中的科学问题包括海洋食品功效成分结构的阐明、营养功能与其作用机理的探究,以及结构与功能之间关系的诠释。研究成果是解决海洋食品,尤其是海珍品加工过程中营养特性保持、海洋功能食品合理开发等产业实际问题的理论基础。以海洋食品蛋白、糖类、脂质、皂苷类化合物为代表,对海洋食品功效成分构效关系研究的现状进行了总结及展望。     

汉麻提取物的抗紫外功效筛选和安全性评价

通过紫外线光谱扫描、清除自由基试验和光溶血试验等方法对不同生长期、不同部位的汉麻提取物进行了抗紫外评价和比较,优选出的提取部位为:汉麻(160 d)叶的95%乙醇提取物,并进一步确定其最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1∶20,提取温度75℃,提取时间2 h,提取1次。汉麻叶提取物的主要成分为黄酮类物质(0.571 g/g)。在安全性评价中,红细胞溶血试验和鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜试验的结果均表明该汉麻叶提取物无明显刺激性。此外,该提取物还具有良好的的p H、冷、热和光稳定性,可作为一种抗紫外的植物功效原料应用于防晒化妆品的开发。     

三种甲藻对阳光紫外辐射响应机制的种间差异

<正>从发现南极臭氧空洞以来,光生物学的研究领域便出现了一个新的研究方向,即研究阳光紫外辐射(Ultraviolet radiation,UVR)对藻类的影响[1]。众多研究表明,阳光UVR对藻类具有明显的负面效应,如UVR抑制光合固碳和生长,并导致DNA和蛋白的损伤[2—4]。但也有少数研究发现,在一定条件下,阳光UVR具有正面效应,如紫外线A(UV-A)有利于DNA损伤后的修复[2],并     

黄原胶寡糖生物活性的研究

利用黄原胶降解菌Cellulom onassp.XT11生产的黄原胶降解酶,对黄原胶进行生物降解,生产具有不同粘度/还原末端比的黄原胶寡糖,并研究了黄原胶寡糖在清除羟基自由基、植物防卫反应中激活因子活性和对植物病原菌抑制能力等方面的生物活性,结果表明黄原胶寡糖具有清除羟基自由基能力,并能激活植物防卫系统以抵御病原菌的侵染,同时对野油菜黄单孢菌也具有抑菌活性。     

阳光紫外辐射对室内水培发状念珠藻生理特性的影响

发状念珠藻（Nostoc flagelliforme Bornet & Flahault）是一种重要的陆生经济蓝藻,室内培育出的原植体如何适应阳光辐射的问题尚需探讨。为此,作者将室内水培发菜置于阳光下培养,测定了其生长、有效光化学效率（F/Fm&#900;）和色素的变化。结果表明,较高的可见光（PAR,395－700 nm）和紫外辐射（UVR,280－395 nm）均导致水培发菜的F/Fm&#900;下降。第1天中午,PAR和UVR分别使F/Fm&#900;下降了54％和13％;傍晚,F/Fm&#900;有部分恢复。UVR对发菜适应阳光2d后的生长无负面作用。发菜在适应全阳光辐射期间,紫外吸收物质（Scytonemin和Mycosporine-like amino acids）含量不断增加,9d后,分别增加了124倍和9倍。这些紫外吸收物质的增加对发菜细胞降低光抑制,适应阳光辐射,起到了重要作用。本研究的结果可为水培发菜室外培养方法的建立提供一定的理论依据。     

应用量子化学方法研究茶多酚类抗氧化剂的构效关系

采用分子力学和量子化学从头计算方法,研究了不同结构茶多酚（Green tea polyphenol,GTP)抗氧化活性的构效关系。计算结果表明,茶多酚类的抗氧化活性与其释放活泼氢生成苯氧自由基的能力有关,添生大小与O－H间的Mulliken集居数、前线轨道能量、反应终态能量下降量及苯氧自由基稳定性有关。     

紫外辐射对野生型、黑檀体和黄体果蝇寿命、繁殖力、求爱行为及生化指标的影响

黑色素在紫外辐射（UVR）保护方面有重要作用．所以,不同体色果蝇（Drosophila malenogaster）体内色素和抗氧化能力的差异可能影响它们对UVR的敏感性．实验通过测定遭受UVR处理的野生型（w,灰色）、黑檀体（e,黑色）和黄体果蝇（y,黄色）的寿命、繁殖力和求爱行为,对三品系果蝇的UVR敏感性进行研究．UVR主要通过诱发自由基来对机体造成氧化损伤,所以,本实验通过测定果蝇体内自由基、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量来对果蝇抗氧化能力和氧化损伤状态进行分析．结果发现,w无论是在对照组还是在紫外线处理组均具有最高的寿命和繁殖力;e和y在对照组的寿命和繁殖力差异不显著,但在紫外线处理组e的这两项指标均显著高于y（P〈0．0001）．另外,本实验发现紫外辐射对果蝇的求爱行为也有不利影响．利用电子顺磁共振谱（EPR）对辐射诱发果蝇体内O水平的检测结果显示,5min紫外辐射处理的确可诱使果蝇体内自由基水平升高,且这种变化在y体内尤为明显．对SOD活性的分析发现,紫外辐射处理并不影响果蝇体内的SOD活性,因此我们将对照组与紫外线处理组的数据合并,结果发现w体内SOD活性最高,且与y的差异达显著（P〈0．05）;e和y体内SOD活性无显著差异（P〉0．05）．对MDA分析的结果显示,随UVR辐射时间的延长,果蝇体内MDA含量显著升高（P=0．0495）．以上结果说明,紫外辐射对果蝇寿命、繁殖力以及求爱行为方面的不利影响可能与其诱发的自由基氧化损伤有关．实验发现w对紫外辐射的抵抗力最强,这可能与其在自然条件下具有明显高的寿命、繁殖力有关,而且w体内高水平的SOD也可能是一个原因．与e相比,y对UVR更敏感．但作为体内重要抗氧化酶之一的SOD,并不能对现在的结果做出解释．本研究推测e和y表     

蚕丝天然丝胶蛋白的紫外吸收能力研究

丝胶蛋白质将广泛应用于食品、化妆品、纤维加工、细胞工程、医用材料等领域,这种预言是基于其在这些领域的利用上具有诸多独特的、有用的功能特性。紫外吸收能力是化妆品利用的重要功能特性之一。本研究对全天然丝胶茧品种"绿S"、"白S"和现行推广普通蚕品种"菁松×皓月"的丝胶蛋白含量及其紫外吸收能力进行了比较分析。结果表明天然的"绿S"蚕丝胶蛋白质具有较强的紫外吸收能力,在化妆品添加剂领域具有极其优越的利用价值。     

紫外线辐射对蓝藻细胞活性的影响

紫外线辐射 2种蓝藻Anabaena 6 3l和Anabaenaazollae不同时间 ,用UV30 0 0分光光度计测定活体连续吸收光谱 ,并测定细胞存活率。结果发现紫外线辐射对这 2种蓝藻的光合色素有不同程度的破坏作用 ;紫外线辐射 2min左右就可以杀死全部的A .6 3l和A .azollae细胞。实验还证实了小剂量刺激效应的存在。     

Growth-Promoting Effect of Alginate Oligosaccharides on a Unicellular Marine Microalga,Nannochloropsis oculata

Effects of an alginate oligosaccharide mixture (AOM) on Nannochloropsis oculata, a unicellular marine microalga, were investigated. The growth of N. oculata was significantly promoted by AOM in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximum effect was attained at 20 mg/ml, at which the growth rate of the alga became nearly 5 times higher than that of control without AOM. The growth-promoting effect of AOM decreased slightly at 40 mg/ml. Furthermore, the algicidal effect of Cu²⁺ was profoundly alleviated by the addition of AOM. These results suggest that AOM is useful for promoting and/or improving the growth of N. oculata.     

Isolation,Stereochemical Study,and Antioxidant Activity of Benzofuranone Derivatives from a Mangrove‐derived Fungus Eurotium rubrum MA‐150

Enantiomers of a 2‐benzofuran‐1(3H)‐one derivative [(–)‐ 1 and (+)‐ 1 ] and four known analogs ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ) were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Eurotium rubrum MA–150, a fungus obtained from the mangrove‐derived rizospheric soil. Their structures were established by detailed interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and the structure of (±)‐ 1 was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The absolute configuration of the enantiomers (–)‐ 1 and (+)‐ 1 was determined by means of online high‐performance liquid chromatography – electronic circular dichroism (HPLC‐ECD) measurements and time‐dependent Density Functional Theory – electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT‐ECD) calculations. Compounds (±)‐ 1 as well as 2 and 3 exhibited potent DPPH radical scavenging activities with IC₅₀ values of 1.23, 2.26, and 3.99 μg/mL, respectively. Chirality 28:581–584, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

增强UV-B对矮牵牛花瓣中生理生化物质变化的影响

比较研究了普通光照(CK)和增强UV-B处理条件下,粉红色矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida)花瓣中花色素苷、辅色素、丙二醛和还原糖的含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的变化.结果表明,UV-B照射处理组花瓣中花色素苷、辅色素和还原糖含量均高于对照(CK),PAL活性增强,叶面积、叶宽和周长均小于对照组,MDA含量则低于对照组.综合分析表明,粉红色矮牵牛承受增强UV-B处理有一个阈值,大致为960.5 kJ?m-2;并且花色素苷和辅色素的作用不同,花色素苷以抗氧化为主,而辅色素以对UV-B的屏蔽作用为主.     

紫外辐射对铜绿微囊藻中类菌孢素氨基酸(MAAs)的诱导效应

用8 w紫外灯,距离藻10 cm,以5 min/d、10 min/d、20 min/d连续照射6 d的间断处理和连续照射1 h、1.5 h、2 h、3h、6 h、12 h的连续处理两种方式处理铜绿微囊藻,测得水溶性色素提取液在200~400 nm间的吸收光谱与对照组相比较,没有产生新的吸收峰,说明MAAs的产生不需要紫外线的诱导。同时随着紫外辐射剂量的增加,MAAs的含量先增加,当达到一定的辐射剂量之后,MAAs的含量随着紫外辐射剂量的增加而减小。     

Effects of Solar Radiation on Photoorientation,Motility and Pigmentation in a Freshwater Cryptomonas

The effects of solar radiation on motility, photoorientation and pigmentation have been studied in a freshwater Cryptomonas species. The diaphototactic orientation performed by the cells is impaired within about 90 min of solar radiation. Likewise, the percentage of motile cells within the population and the average velocity of the swimming cells decreases within about the same exposure time. This effect is not due to a thermal stress but rather seems to be caused by the solar UV-B component, since decreasing short wavelength UV radiation by means of an artificial ozone filter or UV cut-off filters increased the tolerated exposure time. Solar radiation also bleached the photosynthetic pigments of the cells as shown by absorption difference spectra.     

Marine incursions,cryptic species and ecological diversification in Amazonia: the biogeographic history of the croaker genus Plagioscion (Sciaenidae)

Aim We propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for the marine‐derived sciaenid genus Plagioscion in the context of geomorphology and adaptation to freshwaters of South America, and assess the extent to which contemporary freshwater hydrochemical gradients influence diversification within a widely distributed Plagioscion species, Plagioscion squamosissimus. Location Amazon Basin and South America. Methods Using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data, phylogenetic analyses were conducted on the five nominal Plagioscion species, together with representatives from Pachyurus and Pachypops, using character and model‐based methods. Genealogical relationships and population genetic structure of 152 P. squamosissimus specimens sampled from the five major rivers and three hydrochemical settings/‘colours’ (i.e. white, black and clear water) of the Amazon Basin were assessed. Results Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Plagioscion in South America and identify two putative cryptic species of Plagioscion. Divergence estimates suggest that the Plagioscion ancestor invaded South America via a northern route during the late Oligocene to early Miocene. Within P. squamosissimus a strong association of haplotype and water colour was observed, together with significant population structure detected between water colours. Main conclusions Our analyses of Plagioscion are consistent with a biogeographic scenario of early Miocene marine incursions into South America. Based on our phylogenetic results, the fossil record, geomorphological history and distributional data of extant Plagioscion species, we propose that marine incursions into western Venezuela between the late Oligocene and early Miocene were responsible for the adaptation to freshwaters in Plagioscion species. Following the termination of the marine incursions during the late Miocene and the establishment of the modern Amazon River, Plagioscion experienced a rapid diversification. Plagioscion squamosissimus arose during that time. The formation of the Amazon River probably facilitated population and range expansions for this species. Further, the large‐scale hydrochemical gradients within the Amazon Basin appear to be acting as ecological barriers maintaining population discontinuities in P. squamosissimus even in the face of gene flow. Our results highlight the importance of divergent natural selection through time in the generation and maintenance of sciaenid diversity in Amazonia.     

Interaction of Photoprotective and Acclimation Mechanisms in Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta) in Response to Diurnal Changes in Solar Radiation in Southern Chile

Species of the genus Ulva (Chlorophyta) are regarded as opportunistic organisms, which efficiently adjust their metabolism to the prevailing environmental conditions. In this study, changes in chlorophyll‐a fluorescence‐based photoinhibition of photosynthesis, electron transport rates, photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant metabolism were investigated during a diurnal cycle of natural solar radiation in summer (for 12 h) under two treatments: photosynthetically active radiation (PAR: 400–700 nm) and PAR+ ultraviolet (UV) radiation (280–700 nm). In the presence of PAR alone, Ulva rigida showed dynamic photoinhibition, and photosynthetic parameters and pigment concentrations decreased with the intensification of the radiation. On the other hand, under PAR+UV conditions a substantial decline up to 43% was detected and an incomplete fluorescence recovery, also, P‐I curve values remained low in relation to the initial condition. The phenolic compounds increased their concentration only in UV radiation treatments without showing a correlation with the antioxidant activity. The enzimatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased over 2‐fold respect at initial values during the onset of light intensity. In contrast, catalase (CAT) increased its activity rapidly in response to the radiation stress to reach maxima at 10 a.m. and decreasing during solar. The present study suggests that U. rigida is capable of acclimating to natural radiation stress relies on a concerted action of various physiological mechanisms that act at different times of the day and under different levels of environmental stress.     

增强UV B辐射对喜树生理指标及喜树碱含量的影响

喜树(Camptotheca acuminata Decne.)隶属于蓝果树科(Nyssaceae)喜树属(Camptotheca),为抗癌药物喜树碱的主要资源,提高喜树碱的积累以满足临床需求是喜树碱开发的重要途径。该研究运用UV B辐射对2年生喜树进行每天8 h辐射处理,对1年生喜树分别设置每天2 h、4 h、6 h和8 h的辐射处理,连续处理12 d后分别测定各处理喜树叶的叶绿素、MDA、游离脯氨酸 (Fpro)含量和SOD活性,以及幼叶、幼枝和根中喜树碱含量,分析UV B辐射对喜树生理指标和次生代谢物的影响,以揭示喜树碱为喜树适应UV B辐射逆境的防御产物。结果显示：（1）2年生喜树经UV B每天8 h辐射处理12 d后,叶绿素含量较对照显著降低,而MDA、Fpro和喜树碱含量均增加,说明每天8 h UV B辐射对2年生喜树产生了较强的胁迫伤害。（2）1年生喜树经UV B辐射处理12 d后,随着每天UV B辐射时间的增加,叶绿素含量不断降低,Fpro含量显著增加;每天2~6 h处理的MDA含量与对照无显著差异,但总体随处理时间增加呈上升趋势;每天8 h UV B辐射的MDA含量较对照显著增加;SOD活性随每天处理时间的延长呈先下降、后上升、再下降的变化趋势,说明每天8 h的UV B辐射对一年生喜树也产生了胁迫伤害。（3）1年生喜树幼叶、幼枝和根中喜树碱含量随着每天UV B辐射时间的延长均呈递增趋势,而且每天8 h辐射处理的喜树碱含量均最高,其中幼叶和幼枝中喜树碱含量显著高于根中含量。实验结果表明,增强UV B辐射对喜树造成了一定的伤害,而喜树通过改变生理以及次生代谢机制,以进一步产生喜树碱来响应增强UV B的胁迫。     

Response of oxidative stress defense systems in rice (Oryza sativa) leaves with supplemental UV-B radiation

The impact of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–320 nm) on membrane systems and lipid peroxidation, and possible involvement of active oxygen radicals was investigated in leaves of two UV-B susceptible rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L. cvs IR74 and Dular). Rice seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 10 days and then treated with biologically effective UV-B (UV-B_BE) radiation for 28 days. Oxidative stress effects were evaluated by measuring superoxide anion (O₂) generation rate, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and relative electrolyte conductivity (EC) for IR74 and Dular at 0 (control), 6 or 13 kJ m^?2 day^?1 UV-B_BE. Significant increases in these parameters were found in rice plants grown at 13 vs 0 kJ m^?2 day^?1 UV-B_BE after 28 days; indicating that disruption of membrane systems may be an eventual reason for UV-B-induced injury in rice plants. There was a positive correlation between O₂^? generation and increases in EC or MDA in leaves. Activities of enzymatic and nonenzymatic free radical scavengers were measured for IR74 after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of exposure to 13 or 0 UV-B_BE to evaluate dynamics of these responses over time. Activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (but not ascorbate peroxidase) and concentrations of ascorbic acid and glutathione were enhanced by 13 vs 0 UV-B_BE after 14 days of UV-B exposure. Further exposure to 28 days of UV-B was associated with a decline in enzyme activities and ascorbic acid, but not glutathione. It is suggested that UV-B-induced injury may be associated with disturbance of active oxygen metabolism through the destruction and alteration of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic defense systems in rice.