温度对家蝇广州种群成虫繁殖力及卵黄蛋白发生的影响

研究了不同温度对家蝇(Musca domestica L.)广州种群繁殖力及卵黄蛋白发生的影响,旨在为利用家蝇广州种群大规模高效养殖提供技术支持。选同一天刚羽化的健康雌、雄蝇,分别置于20、24、28、32和36℃环境下单对饲养,重复6次。每天测定成虫日产卵量、卵孵化率及死亡数等,统计家蝇单雌产卵量、卵孵化率、成虫寿命、产卵前期和产卵期;同时自雌蝇羽化第一日起,连续15 d,每天每个温度处理下取雌蝇3头,采用间接酶联免疫(indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay,ID-ELISA)法测定5种温度下雌蝇每日卵黄蛋白合成量及羽化后前15 d卵黄蛋白合成总量。结果表明,温度对家蝇成虫繁殖力影响显著。产卵量以24℃环境下最高(1 921.17粒/雌),24～28℃时产卵量显著下降。28℃时卵孵化率最高(93.48%),高或低于此温度,卵孵化率显著下降,当温度达36℃时,孵化率仅为60.78%。雌蝇在20～28℃范围内产卵期差异不显著,32℃及以上温度下,雌蝇产卵期显著缩短。产卵前期以20℃最长(9.83 d),28℃最短(3.00 d),高于28℃产卵前期又显著延长。雌、雄蝇寿命均随着温度升高而显著缩短。温度对广州种群雌蝇羽化后前15 d的卵黄蛋白合成影响显著,24℃下前15 d合成的总卵黄蛋白最高(1 683.15μg/雌),其次为28℃(1 591.95μg/雌),20℃最低(232.81μg/雌)。家蝇广州种群在24～28℃繁殖效率最高。     

梨小食心虫蛹重对成虫繁殖力和寿命及下一代幼虫发育的影响

【目的】本文旨在明确营养状况不同造成的梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)雌、雄蛹重量差异对其羽化的成虫产卵量、产卵期、寿命及下一代(F1)幼虫发育的影响。【方法】室内条件下,通过不同的饲养方法,获得个体重量不同的梨小食心虫雌、雄蛹,待其羽化交配后,记录其产卵量、产卵时间和成虫寿命;卵孵化前后,分别测量卵和初孵幼虫大小,计算卵孵化率,统计幼虫发育历期。【结果】雌蛹重量对梨小食心虫的成虫产卵量影响显著,其重量与产卵量呈正相关(y=15.505x-59.292);同一条件下,雌蛹与雄蛹重量也呈正相关(y=0.823x-0.538)。同时,雌蛹重量对成虫产卵期影响也较大,蛹重大的个体羽化的雌虫比蛹重小的个体羽化的雌虫产卵高峰期提前1 d;较重、中等和较轻蛹羽化出的雌虫个体每天产卵量高于10粒/雌的时间分别为9~10,7和5~6 d;产卵量高于5粒/雌的时间分别为12~13,9和6~7 d。而雄蛹重量对产卵量、雄成虫寿命影响没有明显影响。较轻的蛹羽化的雌成虫寿命比较重蛹羽化的雌成虫短2~3 d;而雄蛹重量对其羽化的雄成虫寿命影响没有明显规律。雌、雄蛹重量对其羽化成虫的卵孵化率、卵和初孵幼虫的大小影响均不显著,对F_1幼虫发育历期影响也不显著。【结论】梨小食心虫雌蛹重对羽化成虫的产卵量和产卵期等影响显著,田间防治时应注意在不同条件下完成发育的个体,尤其是雌虫,由于营养差异引起的个体大小对随后种群增长的影响。     

不同饲料对大头金蝇生殖力的影响

研究了不同饲料对大头金蝇生殖力的影响。结果表明在25℃下,大头金蝇Chrysomyamegacephala(Fabricius)成蝇取食油菜花粉、奶粉、白砂糖、蜂蜜、白砂糖+油菜花粉,其个体死亡50%所需时间分别为15,13,90,70,50d;雌蝇平均寿命分别为13.0,17.4,74.7,54.3,45.4d;产卵期分别为1.9,1.5,38.4,40.9,29.7d;平均产卵量为2.9,1.8,717.1,439.0,513.9粒。平均寿命、产卵期、产卵量最高水平均出现在饲喂白砂糖、蜂蜜、白砂糖+油菜花粉,三者差异不显著,但与油菜花粉、奶粉有显著差异。大头金蝇雌雄成虫间的寿命稍有不同。在人工饲养大头金蝇成蝇时添加适量糖可提高其生殖力。     

家蝇不同地理种群生物学特性的比较

本文对家蝇Musca domestica L 14个不同地理种群的生物学特性进行了比较研究,筛选家蝇优良品种用于大规模饲养.结果显示,不同地理种群卵的孵化率,幼虫存活率、化蛹率,蛹的羽化率,成虫产卵量、寿命及性比均有较显著差异.产卵量是衡量家蝇能否进行大规模人工饲养主要的生物学指标,结果表明新疆石河子种群(28.4粒)和浙江杭州种群(24.4粒)的单雌日平均产卵量显著大于其它种群,因此建议选取新疆石河子种群和浙江杭州种群进行大规模人工饲养.     

二次正交旋转回归设计在小菜蛾饲料配方筛选中的应用

应用二次正交旋转回归组合设计方法,筛选小菜蛾半合成人工饲料配方,以化蛹率为目标函数建立了二次回归模型,通过统计寻优获得的优化配方为:每100g人工饲料中,麦芽5g、蔗糖3.5g、菜叶粉5g、干酪素3g、螺旋藻0.75g。在温度24～26℃,相对湿度60%～70%,光照周期为13L∶11D的条件下,用该优化配方饲养小菜蛾,幼虫期8.45d,蛹期4.5d,初孵幼虫至成虫羽化的历期平均12.95d,化蛹率74.7%,羽化率94.9%,蛹重5.14mg/头,雌虫平均寿命9.5d,雄虫寿命13.5d,每雌产卵量135.67粒。与发芽菜苗饲养相比,存活率和发育速度无显著差异,蛹重和产卵量显著增加。该饲料价格低廉,配制和应用管理方便,饲养过程中不必更换饲料。     

柳毒蛾繁殖生物学的初步观察

【目的】为了明确柳毒蛾Leucoma salicis(Linnaeus)交配的日节律高峰,温度和不同交配持续时间处理对成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率等繁殖生物学的影响。【方法】将新羽化的柳毒蛾成虫置于养虫笼中,观察交配的日节律高峰,并统计不同温度和不同交配持续时间处理下的成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率。【结果】成虫在羽化当晚的后半夜凌晨开始交尾,次日晚上开始产卵。成虫交配集中在羽化翌日凌晨3:00—5:00之间,高峰为4:00。产卵高峰都出现在2日龄成虫,但是,25℃下成虫交配持续时间(9.2 h)显著短于28℃(11.8 h)。交配持续时间为30、60和300 min的处理,雌成虫平均寿命显著长于对照(对照9.2 h),雄虫仅60 min的处理显著长于对照。同时,极短的交配持续时间(30 min)显著降低雌虫的产卵量和孵化率。【结论】试验明确了成虫交配的日节律高峰,在适宜的温度范围内(25~28℃),雌雄成虫的寿命、单雌总产卵量无显著差异,交配持续时间明显影响成虫寿命、产卵量和卵孵化率。     

温度对传粉甲虫——棉露尾甲生长发育、存活及繁殖的影响

在光照周期为 12 L:12 D、土壤含水量为 15 %的 5种恒温条件下 (15℃、2 0℃、2 5℃、30℃和 35℃ ) ,以丝瓜花为饲料研究了棉露尾甲未成熟期 (卵期、幼虫期和蛹期 )的生长发育和存活情况 ;同时 ,在同样的光照和温度、棉球保湿的条件下 ,研究了温度对成虫寿命及繁殖的影响情况。结果表明 ,未成熟期各虫态发育速率随温度呈抛物线变化 ,30℃时发育速率最大 ;15℃时卵孵化率最高 ,2 0～ 30℃时 ,幼虫存活率、蛹羽化率显著高于低温 (15℃ )和高温 (30℃ ) ,平均分别可达 96 .3%和 93.2 % ,低温和高温对其有明显的抑制作用 ;成虫寿命同温度之间呈负的线性关系 ,雌虫寿命普遍长于雄虫 ,30℃时雌虫的产卵期最长 ,繁殖力最大 ,最高可达 14 6粒 /雌 ,产卵期和产卵量与温度之间呈抛物线关系     

幼虫密度对马铃薯块茎蛾生殖的影响

[目的]为了研究马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)幼虫的饲养密度对生殖的影响。[方法]本实验研究并比较了两种幼虫密度(15头/130 g块茎、45头/130 g块茎)的马铃薯块茎蛾成虫按照1:5和1:1比例交配后代的产卵量、畸形卵率、孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率、性比等生物学参数。[结果]高幼虫密度饲养的马铃薯块茎蛾化蛹率、羽化率、存活率、性比均显著较低,而幼虫~蛹的历期显著短于正常幼虫密度的。两种密度成虫按1:5头配对产卵,若雄性亲本为高幼虫密度饲养则卵的孵化率显著较低,若雌性亲本为高幼虫密度饲养则产卵量较低,畸形卵率显著较高。两种密度雌雄虫均为5头进行配对时,正常幼虫密度雌虫其所产卵的畸形率显著较低,产卵量、卵孵化率均显著较高,后代幼虫历期、化蛹率显著较高。而高幼虫密度雌虫其所产卵则受雄虫影响,亲代为高密度雄虫则畸形率较低,孵化率较高。[结论]高幼虫密度饲养的雄、雌虫生殖活力均降低。高幼虫密度雌虫可受高幼虫密度雄虫的诱导提高生殖能力,并影响其后代性比从而调节其种群动态。     

多次交配对松褐天牛精子数量消耗、产卵量和孵化率的影响

通过解剖松褐天牛雌虫受精囊和室内饲养观察,研究了多次交配对松褐天牛雌虫受精囊内精子数量消耗、产卵量、卵孵化率、产卵历期和寿命的影响,并对松褐天牛雌性生殖系统、精子形态及精子在雌性生殖系统中的分布动态进行了详细的描述,其结果表明:多次交配的松褐天牛雌虫受精囊内的精子数量长期保持在12万个左右,而只交配一次的松褐天牛雌虫受精囊内精子数量不断消耗,交配16天后降到5万个以下。多次交配的雌虫产卵量(167·0870粒)和卵孵化率(94·38%)都显著大于单次交配雌虫的产卵量(113·5217粒)和卵孵化率(83·79%);但是多次交配的雌虫与单次交配的雌虫相比较,产卵历期和寿命差异都不显著。     

橘小实蝇、瓜实蝇和南亚果实蝇人工饲料的优化

在温度25²8℃、相对湿度70%28℃、相对湿度70%⁷5%和光照周期L∶D=14∶10条件下进行了人工大量饲养橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)和瓜实蝇B.cucurbitae(Coquillett)成虫人工饲料配方的筛选试验。结果显示,1∶2重量比例混合的蔗糖和啤酒酵母是饲养这2种果实蝇的最佳成虫人工饲料,用其饲养的单雌产卵量、产卵期和孵化率分别为424.1675%和光照周期L∶D=14∶10条件下进行了人工大量饲养橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)和瓜实蝇B.cucurbitae(Coquillett)成虫人工饲料配方的筛选试验。结果显示,1∶2重量比例混合的蔗糖和啤酒酵母是饲养这2种果实蝇的最佳成虫人工饲料,用其饲养的单雌产卵量、产卵期和孵化率分别为424.16⁴45.75粒,30.90445.75粒,30.90³1.87 d,74.60%31.87 d,74.60%⁷5.40%。同时,对18种由不同配方配制成的幼虫人工饲料饲养橘小实蝇、瓜实蝇和南亚果实蝇B.tau(Walker)的效果进行了比较。结果表明,玉米和麦麸作为饲料的介质优于麦片和麦麸。橘小实蝇幼虫人工饲料的优化配方为:玉米+麦麸(125 g+25 g),蔗糖25 g,啤酒酵母25 g,对羟基苯甲酸甲酯0.9 g,1 mol/L盐酸4 mL,纸巾4 g,自来水300 mL;用其幼虫人工饲料饲养该虫的生物学参数包括子代孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率和平均蛹重分别为81.17%±0.05%,96.41%±0.02%,94.85%±0.01%与(19.40±0.08)mg。而瓜实蝇和南亚果实蝇幼虫人工饲料的优化配方为:玉米+麦麸(100 g+50 g),蔗糖30 g,啤酒酵母25 g,以及一定量的其他组分(同上);用其饲料饲养这2种果实蝇的相关参数:子代孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率和平均蛹重分别为78.50%±0.04%与76.96%±0.12%,95.73%±0.03%与94.69%±0.02%,94.57%±0.02%与95.82%±0.03%,(18.62±0.23)mg与(22.83±1.38)mg。试验证实,优化后的成、幼虫人工饲料具有饲养效果好、方法简便,配方材料来源广泛和价格低廉等优点,可用于室内人工大量饲养上述3种果实蝇属害虫。     

Effects of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate on survival, behavior, and egg viability of adult muscoid flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (Na2B8O13(.)4H2O) was mixed with sugar and fed to adult Musca domestica L. and Fannia canicularis (L.) to determine concentration-mortality relationships. LC50s (48-h exposure) were 5.7% for M. domestica and 1.0% for F. canicularis. Rates of 1 and 2% were used to test effects on M. domestica mortality and egg hatch over an 8-d period. Reduced egg hatch was evident after 1 d of feeding on the treated mixtures and was greatest (less than 10% egg hatch) after flies fed only on treated mixtures for 2 d. A partial rebound in egg hatch occurred after 3-4 d of feeding on treated diet. Sperm motility in females fed treated sugar was apparently normal. Fertile egg placed on treated poultry manure did not hatch, indicating embryonic death, which also may have been involved in the low hatch of eggs observed from treated flies. When flies were exposed to treated sugar for 2 d then returned to untreated diet, delayed mortality effects and reduced egg hatch persisted for at least 3 d. Behavioral assays (feeding) with M. domestica demonstrated that flies rejected borate-sugar mixtures in favor of sugar alone when the concentration of borate was greater than 2%. Given a choice of treated and untreated poultry manure for oviposition, flies also rejected the treated manure. The potential of borates in adult bait formulations or applied to developmental substrates for fly control is discussed.     

Effects of horn fly and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae on the development of parasitic nematodes in bovine dung

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), and house fly, Musca domestica L., larvae on the development of a mixed population of parasitic nematodes in compressed and crumbled bovine dung. Fresh dung (100 g per sample) from a single calf passing trichostrongyle type eggs was infested with 150 horn fly or 150 house fly eggs. After 14-15 d, more horn flies and house flies had emerged from the compressed dung than from the crumbled dung, but more third stage parasitic nematode larvae were recovered from the crumbled dung containing either fly species than from dung containing no flies.     

The role of some cyclorrhaphan flies as carriers of human helminths in Malaysia

The role of some adult flies (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) as carriers of helminth parasites of man was studied at four sites in Malaysia: a refuse dump, where no helminth-positive flies were detected, and in three peri-domestic situations where four species of flies carried up to three types of nematodes. The dominant fly species Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) carried eggs of the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides L., the pinworm Trichuris trichiura (L.) and hookworm on the adult external body surface and in the gut lumen, in association with Bukit Lanjan aborigines. Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) and Sarcophaga spp. also had Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichurus trichiura eggs in their gut contents. Human helminths were not recovered from Lispe leucospila (Wiedemann), Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) or the housefly Musca domestica L. In an urban slum area of Kuala Lumpur city, filariform larvae identified as the hookworm Necator americanus (Stiles) occurred in the intestines of the face-fly Musca sorbens Wiedemann (22 larvae per 100 flies) and of Chrysomya megacephala (4.5 larvae per 100 flies). This concentration of apparently infective N. americanus in M. sorbens, a fly which often breeds in faeces and browses on human skin, could have transmission potential.     

Muscovy ducks as an adjunct for the control of the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

In laboratory trials, Muscovy ducks, Cairina moschata L., removed adult house flies, Musca domestica L., at least 30 times faster than commercial bait cards, coiled fly paper rolls, fly sheets, or fly traps. The LT90 for ducks in 0.24-m3 cages with 100 flies was 0.6 h compared to 15.3 h for the most effective commercial device. Ducks survived for at least 12 wk in pens with calves, without injury or feed supplement. Ducks ingested a mean of 25 house flies per 15-min observation period when populations were low to moderate. The economics and advantages of Muscovy ducks as part of a management program for house fly control are discussed.     

Contribution of natural food sources to reproductive behaviour, fecundity and longevity of Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris and C. capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The influence of food sources comprising the natural diet on the reproductive behaviour, fecundity and longevity of three African fruit flies Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), C. fasciventris (Bezzi) and C. capitata (Wiedemann) was investigated. Three natural food sources, varying in protein and sugar content, were evaluated. These included bird droppings (farm chicken), aphid honeydew and guava (Psidium guajava L.) juice. For C. fasciventris and C. capitata, flies fed on a protein-rich diet displayed higher frequency of calling, mating and oviposition than flies fed on a protein-poor diet, whilst for C. cosyra, quality of diet significantly influenced the mating behaviour of the flies, but not the calling and oviposition behaviour. Net fecundity rates were lowest for C. fasciventris and C. capitata when fed only on guava juice (0.1, 2.6 eggs per female, respectively), and higher for those on a diet of honeydew only (9.5, 33.8 eggs per female, respectively) and a combined diet of guava, honeydew and chicken faeces (11.8, 25.8 eggs per female, respectively). For C. cosyra, due to low numbers of eggs collected, no significant differences in fecundity between diets could be detected. All species fed only on a diet of chicken faeces since emergence died within the first three days of adult life without laying eggs, but when carbohydrates were provided by addition of guava juice and honeydew, the longevity of the flies was sustained for more than four weeks after adult emergence. The practical implications of these findings for control purposes are discussed.     

四川省雅安地区有瓣蝇类滋生场所的调查

本文报告对四川西部雅安地区有瓣蝇类滋生场所的调查,发现47型滋生场所中有66种有瓣蝇类滋生,其中25种的滋生场所及3种的雪下存活蛹前期个体为首次报道.文中对如何控制蝇类滋生场所的问题提出了初步建议.     

Exchange of Inoculum of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Hyphomycetes) Between Adult Flies of the Cabbage Maggot Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Adult cabbage maggots ( Delia radicum L.) were exposed to dry conidia of isolates of several hyphomycetous fungi by placing them in a centrifuge tube containing conidia, then releasing them into small screened plastic cages. Mortality was assessed after 48, 120 and 160 h. A Beauveria bassiana isolate (P89 from Musca domestica ) caused the highest mortality after 48 h, resulting in 100% mortality and 100% infection. Isolate L90 ( B. bassiana ) and one Metarhizium anisopliae isolate (ARSEF 2521) also caused fatal infection in more than 50% of the flies. To investigate exchange of inoculum, flies were placed in a small container with a dry powder formulation containing B. bassiana (Mycotrol ® ) on the bottom. The flies were removed to small screened cages containing untreated flies. This experiment confirmed the ability of flies to pass inoculum to other flies. In a similar experiment, one treated fly was placed in each cage with one untreated fly. When each fly died, one untreated fly was added to each cage after the dead fly was removed. This study showed that fly to fly transfer of fatal doses of inoculum was possible for a series of at least six flies. When female flies were exposed to the inoculum, then transferred to small cages containing males and an oviposition substrate, no eggs were laid. Further studies are being conducted to develop a system where flies attracted to a trap will be inoculated with the fungus and spread it to a field population.     

Characterization and description of a virus causing salivary gland hyperplasia in the housefly,Musca domestica

Abstract. A double-stranded DNA virus was isolated from hyperplasic salivary glands of male and female houseflies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), collected from a dairy in Alachua County, Florida, U.S.A. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of this housefly salivary gland hyperplasia (SGH) virus revealed the presence of two major and eight minor structural polypeptides. Restriction endonuclease analysis indicated that the c. 137 kilobase pair DNA was double-stranded. Weekly sweep-net sampling of the fly population throughout the season (May-October, 1991) showed that 1.5-18.5% of the dissected flies possessed hyperplasic salivary glands. The virus replicated within the nuclei of the salivary gland cells and was transmitted per os to newly-emerged healthy adult flies.     

Adult diet and male-female contact effects on female reproductive potential in Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens Loew) (Diptera tephritidae)

Wild strains of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) placed into laboratory rearing conditions are subjected to selection pressures caused by the diet, cages, density of flies, and other factors. Selection that changes mating behavior of the strain may result in less effective males released in sterile insect programs. Tests were performed to examine the effects of protein in diet and adult interactions on egg production and mating during sexual maturation of the Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens Loew) in laboratory cages. Flies were offspring of wild flies collected from Chiapas or Nuevo Leon, Mexico, and reared on Valencia oranges. Experiments demonstrated effects of yeast hydrolysate protein in adult diet and pairing with males on production of mature and immature eggs, numbers of females producing eggs, and mating with females aged 15 d. Addition of protein to 4% fructose in the adult diet approximately tripled mature egg production in females maintained for the total maturation period with an equal number of males. Females that matured without males produced approximately 33% more-mature eggs when fed protein than those fed no protein. Total egg production of females matured without males and fed sugar only or sugar with protein was more than twice that of females matured with males. Tests to examine the effects of male and female diet separately on female egg production showed slightly higher egg production in females fed protein, or females paired with males fed protein, but these differences were not significant. The most definitive effects were that combining wild strain females and males in cages during maturation reduced egg production. This effect was greatest when flies were not fed protein.     

Salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies in Denmark: prevalence, host range, and comparison with a Florida isolate

House flies (Musca domestica) infected with Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) were found in fly populations collected from 12 out of 18 Danish livestock farms that were surveyed in 2007 and 2008. Infection rates ranged from 0.5% to 5% and averaged 1.2%. None of the stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), rat-tail maggot flies (Eristalis tenax) or yellow dung flies (Scathophaga stercoraria) collected from MdSGHV-positive farms displayed characteristic salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH). In laboratory transmission tests, SGH symptoms were not observed in stable flies, flesh flies (Sarcophaga bullata), black dump flies (Hydrotaea aenescens), or face flies (Musca autumnalis) that were injected with MdSGHV from Danish house flies. However, in two species (stable fly and black dump fly), virus injection resulted in suppression of ovarian development similar to that observed in infected house flies, and injection of house flies with homogenates prepared from the salivary glands or ovaries of these species resulted in MdSGHV infection of the challenged house flies. Mortality of virus-injected stable flies was the highest among the five species tested. Virulence of Danish and Florida isolates of MdSGHV was similar with three virus delivery protocols, as a liquid food bait (in sucrose, milk, or blood), sprayed onto the flies in a Potter spray tower, or by immersiion in a crude homogenate of infected house flies. The most effective delivery system was immersion in a homogenate of ten infected flies/ml of water, resulting in 56.2% and 49.6% infection of the house flies challenged with the Danish and Florida strains, respectively.