冬凌草腺毛的形态学及组织化学研究

利用光学显微镜对药用植物冬凌草地上部分腺毛的形态、分布和组织化学进行了研究。结果表明:(1)冬凌草的叶表皮有3种形态显著不同的毛,即非腺毛、盾状腺毛和头状腺毛;盾状腺毛和头状腺毛均具1个基细胞、1个柄细胞和头部;成熟的盾状腺毛的头部一般由4个分泌细胞组成,而头状腺毛头部由2个分泌细胞组成。(2)组织化学鉴定结果显示:2种腺毛中均含有黄酮类成分,盾状腺毛中还含有单萜、倍半萜等萜类成分;冬凌草甲素可能只存在于盾状腺毛中,但需要更直接的证据证明。研究认为,高密度的盾状腺毛可以作为筛选冬凌草高甲素含量品种的一项重要依据。     

An investigation of the foliar trichomes of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd [Lamiaceae]: An important medicinal plant of Southern Africa

The morphology and distribution of leaf trichomes of Tetradenia riparia were studied using light and scanning microscopy. Three morphologically distinct types of trichomes were observed on T. riparia leaf surfaces: glandular capitate (short and long stalked), peltate and non-glandular. The glandular and non-glandular trichomes were present in abundance on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Young leaves were densely covered with trichomes; however, the density of trichomes decreases progressively with leaf maturity. This suggests that the trichomes are established early in leaf differentiation and their density decreases with leaf development and age.     

熊蜂携带花粉的电镜鉴定及与采访植物协同演化关系的研究

通过对蜜蜂总科（Apoidea）熊蜂属Bombus15个亚属、20种的熊蜂蜂王花粉篮中携带的花粉进行电镜扫描鉴定,结果结合熊蜂及植物比较形态学、熊蜂亚属及采访植物间进化关系进行了分析。结果表明：熊蜂的采访植物包括被子植物的9目、10科,涉及原始、进化及中间3种植物类型,且颚眼距较长的熊蜂亚属既采访长管花也采访短管花植物,颚眼距较短的熊蜂亚属则只倾向于采访短管花植物。     

Resistance to the two-spotted spider mite (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis>) by acylsucroses of wild tomato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum pimpinellifolium</Emphasis>) trichomes studied in a recombinant inbred line population

Trichome-based host plant resistance is a complex mechanism that could be used in tomato breeding to control arthropod pests. The aims of this work were to evaluate the plant traits (density of trichomes and acylsucrose production) and the functional relationships of these traits with mortality, repellence, and oviposition of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). We used a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between the wild tomato, Solanum pimpinellifolium L. ‘TO-937’, and the cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. Multiple regression analyses showed that high acylsucrose content and high type-IV trichome density increased mortality and repellence, and reduced oviposition of T. urticae. Single regression analyses showed that a logistic model best explained the relationship between mortality or repellence and acylsucrose content, whereas a negative-exponential model best described the relationship between oviposition and acylsucrose content. Linear models were the best-fits for the three resistance variables with trichome IV density. Probit analysis was used to estimate acylsucrose effective doses, and revealed that 31 and 10% of the RILs produced acylsucrose above the effective doses for 90% mortality or repellence, respectively. Altogether, these results indicate that S. pimpinellifolium may be a suitable genetic source of resistance to spider mites to be used in cultivated tomato.     

Bumblebee Pollination of Melampyrum ciliare (Scrophulariaceae)

Abstract Melampyrum ciliare has tubular flowers predominantly visited by Bombus diversus. Floral structure (including the positions of anthers and stigma) and structure of the distal part of the corolla indicate cross-pollination by bumblebees. In M. ciliare, young flowers with white spots on the labium, which disappeared with flower aging, produced larger amounts of nectar than older ones without spots. Bumblebees visited flowers with white spots significantly more frequently than would be expected if they chose flowers randomly. These findings and the high seed production of open-pollinated flowers suggest effective pollination of M. ciliare by bumblebees.     

Types of pollen dispersal units in orchids,and their consequences for germination and fertilization

The various pollen dispersal units (PDU) found in orchids are discussed together with possible evolutionary trends and the consequences for germination and fertilization. Orchids with monad and tetrad pollen form more complex dispersal units by means of pollenkitt, elastoviscin, a callosic wall, common walls or a combination of these. Evolutionary trends include (1) from pollenkitt to elastoviscin; (2) from monad to tetrads and multiples of tetrads; (3) from partially dehydrated (<30 %) to partially hydrated (>30 %) pollen; and (4) from monad pollen to PDUs with many pollen grains. The biological consequences concern both male and female reproductive systems. Some features of the male side are present in all orchids irrespective of the pollen dispersal unit, whereas other characters are found only in orchids with pollinia; the same applies for the female counterpart. Pollen grains of orchids with pollinia germinate at least 24 h after pollination because the pollen grains/tetrads must swell and make space for the growth of pollen tubes.     

三江源地区传粉昆虫的活动规律研究

随着各种环境压力的日益增大,传粉昆虫多样性及其保护研究逐渐得到重视。为了调查三江源地区传粉昆虫的基本概况,于2021年7-9月通过随机样点法和定点观测法对14类(4目12科)传粉昆虫类群的传粉活动进行了观测。共得到传粉活动记录7 247条,观察到受访植物37种(13科31属)。分析结果表明,三江源地区传粉昆虫类群的传粉活力由高到低依次是熊蜂(访花频次占总频次的70.13%)、其他双翅目昆虫(11.19%)、灰蝶(10.49%)和蛱蝶(3.08%),而其他的传粉昆虫类群的访花频次占比不足1%,传粉作用较弱;其中,熊蜂在不同植物上的访花活动会呈现不同的高峰期：如在甘肃马先蒿Pedicularis kansuensis上呈现两个访花高峰期(11∶00-12∶00和18∶00-19∶00),而在假水生龙胆Gentiana pseudoaquatica上只有一个访花高峰期(11∶00-12∶00)等。研究显示,熊蜂是三江源地区传粉活力最高的传粉昆虫类群,且其访花的日活动规律因自身特性、受访植物种类和外界环境变化呈现不同的访花高峰期。三江源地区的生态平衡离不开传粉昆虫的作用,加强对传粉昆虫的保护有...