环割措施对棉花生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响

分别于花铃初期和花铃盛期对棉花主茎及果枝进行环割,探讨环割对棉花生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:与对照处理相比,环割处理显著降低了棉花叶面积指数,且提前5~15 d达到峰值.环割处理降低了棉花蕾铃脱落率,其中花铃盛期采用主茎环割处理的蕾铃脱落率较对照降低15.8%.花铃盛期主茎环割处理显著提高了籽棉产量,较对照增产24.4%,水分利用效率较对照提高26.7%;花铃初期果枝环割处理的产量和水分利用效率亦有所提高,分别较对照增加13.9%和16.7%;而花铃盛期果枝环割处理对产量和水分利用效率的提高效果不显著;花铃初期主茎环割处理产量与对照差异不显著,水分利用效率略有降低.表明花铃盛期采用主茎环割可有效降低棉花蕾铃脱落率、提高产量及水分利用效率,实现高产、节水的有效统一.     

去除基部果枝对不同基因型棉花部分早衰特征的影响

以9个不同基因型棉花(GossypiumL.)为材料,通过去除基部2个果枝调节源库比例,研究在生殖生长初期调节源库比例对不同基因型棉花部分早衰特征的影响。结果显示:(1)在生殖生长初期调节源库比例对供试9个棉花品种的冠层底部光合有效辐射(TPAR)、叶面积系数(LAI)、不同结铃期所结棉铃对位果枝叶SPAD值变化率、棉铃脱落率、红茎比率及单铃重均有较大的影响,处理间差异达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)水平,且随着生育进程的推进,去除基部果枝对延缓早衰的作用更为显著。(2)对于不同基因型棉花,改变生殖生长初期源库比例延缓早衰的效应存在一定差异,去除基部果枝对于‘冀杂999’、‘国抗34’和‘荃银2号’3个品种早衰现象的延缓效应最好,而‘川杂棉33’居中,‘鲁HB标杂-1’等5个品种延缓效应较差。研究表明,在生殖生长初期去除基部果枝对棉花早衰有延缓作用,其效应大小在棉花基因型间存在差异。     

源库关系改变对棉叶内源激素的影响

以中棉18号为材料,在大田条件下研究了摘蕾引起源库关系改变对主要源叶（对应的主茎叶和对位果枝叶）中内源激素的影响。结果表明;去蕾处理推迟了相应主茎叶和果枝叶中吲哚乙酸（IAA）峰出现,降低了玉米素及其核苷（Z ZR）含量,推迟了果枝叶中异戊烯基腺嘌呤及其核苷（iP iPA)的积累,提前了二氢玉米素及其核苷（DHZ DHZR）的积累,降低了脱落酸（ABA）含量。去除一个蕾对相应叶片内源激素的影响是短期的,随整株源库关系的协调,与对照趋同。激素的这种变化与叶片功能变化是一致的,表明棉花源库关系的协调不仅是物质上的关系,植物激素可能是其中重要的信息调控系统。     

杂交水稻开花结实期间叶片衰老

在杂交水稻开花期间,通过剪去穗部部分枝梗和叶片等处理,形成不同的库源比,叶片衰老的生理生化指标变化和结实率的测定表明,杂交水稻组合的库源矛盾大,叶片衰老快;但谷粒数与旗叶面积比不一定高,降低库源比,能明显减缓杂交水稻叶片中蛋白质、叶绿素含量及倒3、4、5片叶叶绿素含量的平均值与旗叶叶绿素含量的比率的下降和丙二醇含量的升高。这些都说明杂交水稻叶片功能早衰与其库源矛盾较大有关。     

棉花成熟与衰老的影响因素及其调控策略

生长发育、成熟衰老的合理调控是贯穿棉花生产始终的重要问题之一,直接影响棉花的产量和品质。本文从不同方面分析了影响棉花成熟与衰老的因素,阐述了棉花成熟衰老与其遗传特性、生长发育状况、营养状况、种植管理条件及遭受的逆境胁迫和病虫害侵染等有关。此外,侧重介绍了我国棉花成熟衰老调控的主要策略,即棉花种植区划与棉花种植品种熟性的相宜性、棉花生长发育的化学调控和"库源"比例调节、棉花早衰的系统防控技术和脱叶催熟技术等。在此基础上,展望了进一步加强棉花成熟衰老相关领域的基础研究,以合理有效调控棉花生长发育、成熟衰老的过程。     

留桩高度对培两优210再生稻产量和源库性状的影响

水稻主季稻留桩高度是影响再生稻高产的重要因素之一.以两系杂交稻组合培两优210为研究材料,在主季稻收割时设3个留桩高度处理(40 cm、20 cm和10 cm),研究主季稻留桩高度对再生稻产量及源库性状的影响.结果表明,随留桩高度的降低,(1) 培两优210再生稻生育期延长,株高、穗长与叶面积指数增加;(2) 灌浆期间叶片磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性衰减率减小,作物生长率增加,节间维管束数目和大小及枝梗过氧化氢酶活性增加;(3) 茎鞘非结构碳水化合物积累和输出速率增加,比叶重和粒叶比提高,穗总粒数增加,进而增加产量.两系杂交稻培两优210作中稻栽培时其适宜留低桩,留桩高度10 cm处理再生稻具有"源"足"流"畅"库"大的特点.     

连作马铃薯植株库源关系及其对块茎产量的调节机理

甘肃中部沿黄灌区是国内重要的加工型马铃薯生产基地和种薯繁殖基地,但集约化生产带来的连作障碍已严重影响到产业的健康发展.为揭示马铃薯连作障碍机理,本研究通过田间试验,设置马铃薯连作年限为0～5年的处理,研究了马铃薯植株库容量、库活性和源活性对连作的响应特征及其对块茎产量的调节机制.结果表明: 短期连作(1～2年)条件下块茎产量较非连作(0年)无显著变化,长期连作(3～5年)显著下降28.6%～32.8%,单薯质量降低是导致块茎产量下降的直接原因.长期连作马铃薯库容量较非连作显著降低38.4%～53.0%.长期连作导致块茎形成推迟,同时单薯干物质积累量降低.长期连作也显著降低马铃薯源活性,与非连作相比,株高、主茎分枝数、叶绿素含量和叶片干物质量均显著下降,根系形态发育受到抑制,根系活力显著下降28.6%～63.1%,叶片RuBP羧化酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性分别显著下降52.6%～64.6%和26.3%～53.4%.长期连作条件下马铃薯源端生产性能降低导致同化产物减少,花后阶段向块茎的输入不足,降低块茎产量.库源关系失衡是甘肃中部沿黄灌区长期连作马铃薯产量大幅降低的原因.     

灌溉与旱作条件下源库关系对小麦籽粒淀粉粒度分布的调节效应

在灌溉和旱作两种栽培条件下,研究了源库关系对小麦籽粒淀粉粒度分布特征的影响.结果表明,山农8355(大穗型)各处理A型淀粉粒体积分布、表面积分布百分比成熟期较灌浆中期明显提高,灌溉栽培条件下增幅分别在17.65%～22.88%、35.8%～39.05%,旱作栽培条件下增幅分别在1.46%～2.82%、7.05%～8.12%;山农8355各处理B型淀粉粒体积分布、表面积分布百分比成熟期较灌浆中期明显降低,灌溉栽培条件下降幅分别在34.78%～40.47%、11.73%～13.77%,旱作栽培条件下降幅分别在5.08%～7.67%、2.52%～3.43%.济南17(多穗型)各处理下成熟期与灌浆中期的A、B淀粉粒体积分布、表面积分布百分比,其变化趋势与山农8355相同,其中A型淀粉粒灌溉栽培条件下增幅分别在1.56%～5.98%、2.96%～9.92%,旱作栽培条件下增幅分别在1.76%～4.52%、1.28%～8.63%;B型淀粉粒灌溉栽培条件下降幅分别在3.46%～12.27%、1 02%～4.18%,旱作栽培条件下增幅分别在5.31%～9.87%、0.58%～3.13%.在灌溉和旱作栽培条件下源库调节对两品种A、B型淀粉粒粒度分布的影响趋势表现为,减源处理A型淀粉粒较同期同品种对照处理的体积分布、表面积分布百分比显著提高,减库处理较同期同品种对照处理显著降低,B型淀粉粒粒度分布变化趋势则与之相反.     

氮肥基追比对抗虫杂交棉叶片衰老和产量的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了3种氮肥基追比(2:1、1:1和1 :2)对抗虫杂交棉'豫杂35'的叶片衰老特性和产量的影响.结果表明,氮肥基追比为1;2处理的棉花植株在盛蕾期和开花期的叶片SOD、POD活性和叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量相对较低,MDA含量较高;仉在盛铃期之后,其叶片SOD、POD活性和叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量却相对较高,MDA含量较低.氮肥基追比为1:2处理的皮棉产量分别比1;1和2:1处理显著增加3.66%和7.33%.研究发现,在本实验条件下,合适的氮肥基追比(1:2)能保持生育后期棉花叶片活性氧代谢相对协调,延缓棉花叶片的衰老进程,从而显著提高棉花产量.     

去果河套蜜瓜源叶碳水化合物及其相关酶昼夜变化特征

以河套蜜瓜为试材,在果实迅速膨大期通过去果处理改变库源关系,研究源叶净光合速率,蔗糖、还原糖和淀粉含量及其代谢相关酶活性的昼夜变化规律。结果表明:(1)源叶的净光合速率为单峰曲线,无明显的"光合午休"现象,去果处理对其无影响。(2)源叶中蔗糖和还原糖含量的昼夜变化为单峰曲线,蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶合成方向活性的昼夜变化为双峰曲线,蔗糖合成酶分解方向、酸性转化酶和中性转化酶活性的昼夜变化无明显规律,改变库源关系对这些指标均无显著影响;蔗糖含量升高受蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶合成方向正调控,而蔗糖含量降低则受多种酶的共同调节。(3)源叶中淀粉含量和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性的昼夜变化为单峰曲线,去果处理可以显著提高淀粉含量和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性,淀粉含量升高受腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶正调控。     

Effects of early-fruit removal on endogenous cytokinins and abscisic acid in relation to leaf senescence in cotton

Numerous studies have shown that early-fruit removal enhances vegetative growth and development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). However, few studies have examined changes in leaf senescence and endogenous hormones due to fruit removal. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between some endogenous phytohormones, particularly the cytokinins and abscisic acid (ABA), and leaf senescence following fruit removal. Cotton was grown in pots and in the field during 2005 and 2006. Two early-fruiting branches were excised from plants at squaring to form the fruit removal treatment while the non-excised plants served as control. Plant biomass, seed cotton yield, cytokinins and ABA levels in main-stem leaves and xylem sap as well as main-stem leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and chlorophyll (Chl) concentration were determined after removal or at harvest. Fruit removals increased the leaf area, root and shoot dry weight and plant biomass at 35 days after removal (DAR), whether in potted or field-grown cotton; under field conditions, it also improved plant biomass and seed cotton yield at harvest. The Pn and Chl concentration in excised plants were significantly higher than in control plants from 5 to 35 DAR, suggesting that fruit removal considerably delayed leaf senescence. Fruit-excised plants contained more trans-zeatin and its riboside (t-Z + t-ZR), dihydrozeatin and its riboside (DHZ + DHZR), and isopentenyladenine and its riboside (iP + iPA) but less ABA in both main-stem leaves and xylem sap than control plants from 5 to 35 DAR. These results suggest that removal of early fruiting branches delays main-stem leaf senescence, which can be attributed to increased cytokinin and/or reduced ABA. Cytokinin and ABA are involved in leaf senescence following early fruit removal.     

Stem girdling influences concentrations of endogenous cytokinins and abscisic acid in relation to leaf senescence in cotton

Many studies have shown that root–shoot imbalance influences vegetative growth and development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), but few have examined changes in leaf senescence and endogenous hormones due to stem girdling. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between some endogenous phytohormones, particularly cytokinins and abscisic acid (ABA), and leaf senescence following stem girdling. Field-grown cotton plants were girdled on the main stem 5 days after squaring (DAS), while the non-girdled plants served as control. Plant biomass, seed cotton yield, main-stem leaf photosynthetic (Pn) rate, chlorophyll (Chl) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, as well as levels of cytokinins and ABA in main-stem leaves and xylem sap were determined after girdling or at harvest. Main-stem girdling decreased the dry root weight and root/shoot ratio from 5 to 70 days after girdling (DAG) and reduced seed cotton yield at harvest. Main-stem leaf Pn and Chl concentration in girdled plants were significantly lower than in control plants. Much higher levels of MDA were observed in main-stem leaves from 5 to 70 DAG, suggesting that stem girdling accelerated leaf senescence. Girdled plants contained less trans-zeatin and its riboside (t-Z + t-ZR), dihydrozeatin and its riboside (DHZ + DHZR), and isopentenyladenine and its riboside (iP + iPA), but more ABA than control plants in both main-stem leaves and xylem sap. These results suggested that main-stem girdling accelerated leaf senescence due to reduced levels of cytokinin and/or increased ABA. Cytokinin and ABA are involved in leaf senescence following main-stem girdling.     

Response of cotton to prebloom square loss

In 1996 and 1997, various intensities of prebloom square removal were applied to three cultivars of cotton grown in Mississippi. With the exception of one cultivar in 1997, all cultivars were B. thuringiensis (Bt)-transgenic cotton. At harvest, the number of bolls and seed cotton weight was recorded for all plants in each square removal treatment. All cultivars responded similarly to square loss. A yield increase (overcompensation) was observed in the treatment where all squares were removed from the plant one week after squaring began. Only the treatment where all squares were removed before bloom significantly reduced yield and caused a large (>7 d) delay in crop maturation. Otherwise, moderate levels of square removal (approximately 20-50% of prebloom squares) had little impact on overall lint production. However, the patterns of cotton production on the plants were significantly influenced by the square removal treatments. The removal of relatively more or larger squares increased seed cotton production in late-season fruiting cohorts and on 'vegetative' branches. Compensation for square loss occurred by increasing the relative number and weight of bolls produced subsequent to early-season square removal. Typically, early-season square loss increased the value of later-season fruiting cohorts, especially the midseason cohorts and bolls on vegetative branches. The implications of prebloom square loss, including the compensatory ability of the cotton plant, on insect management are discussed.     

Mepiquat chloride (PIX)-induced changes in photosynthesis and growth of cotton

Mepiquat chloride (N, N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride), well known as PIX, is a potential systemic plant growth regulator. The effects of PIX on plant height, stem elongation, leaf area, net photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll content, sucrose and starch levels, and RuBP carboxylase activity in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. DES 119) plants were measured. PIX was sprayed (0, 7.65, 15.3, 30.6 or 61.2 g active ingredient ha^–1) on the plants at first square (25 days after emergence) and measurements were made at frequent intervals. Plant height was clearly reduced by PIX. The total length of vegetative branches and fruiting branches was 40% and 50% less than the control. Total leaf area in PIX treated plants was 16% less than the control. Net photosynthetic rates were 25% less in PIX-treated leaves. PIX treated leaves had more chlorophyll content. The activity of RuBP carboxylase was decreased in PIX treated plants. Starch accumulation was noticed in PIX treated leaves while sucrose content was not changed. The data reported here suggest that reduced growth responses induced by PIX results in partial loss of photosynthetic capacity in cotton at least up to 20 days after application of the growth regulator.     

Wheat vegetative nitrogen compositional changes in response to reduced reproductive sink strength

N redistribution patterns and the N composition of vegetative tissues above the peduncle node of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants with altered reproductive sink strength were evaluated to determine the role of vegetative storage proteins in the temporary storage of excess N destined for export. The degree of leaf senescence symptoms (loss of chlorophyll, total N, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) were initially reduced, but the complete senescence of vegetative tissues proceeded even for plants completely lacking reproductive sinks. Plants with 50% less sink strength than control plants with intact spikes redistributed vegetative N to the spike almost as effectively as the control plants. Plants without reproductive sinks exported less N from the flag leaf and had flag leaf blades and peduncle tissues with higher soluble protein and α-NH₂ amino acid levels than control plants. An abundant accumulation of polypeptides in the soluble protein profiles of vegetative tissues was not evident in plants with reduced sink strength. Storage of amino acids apparently accommodates any excess N accumulated by vegetative tissues during tissue reproductive growth. Any significant role of vegetative storage proteins in the N economy of wheat is unlikely.     

Effect of Water Quality on Relationships Between Cationic Species and Leaf Lipids at Two Different Development Stages in Cotton

Lipid and phospholipid content of cotton leaves were measured in plants irrigated with fresh water and brackish water. The correlation between K⁺ and Na⁺ in leaf tissue and the changes in total lipids and phospholipids was determined at the vegetative and fruiting stages. Data demonstrated that total lipids and phospholipids can be associated with changes in the K/Na ratio and with the two developmental stages of the cotton plant. Plants irrigated with brackish water had more total phosphate incorporated into the phospholipids in the fruiting stage.     

Modification of Seed Growth in Soybean by Physical Restraint: Effect on Leaf Senescence

Crafts-Brandner, S. J. and Egli, D. B. 1987. Modification ofseed growth in soybean by physical restraint. Effect on leafsenescence.—J. exp. Bot. 38: 2043–2049. The effect of total plant sink size on leaf senescence in soybean[Glycine max (L.) Merrill] was investigated by using a simple,non-destructive method to decrease seed growth rate and totalplant fruit sink size without altering fruit or seed number.The treatment consisted of placing plastic pod restriction devices(PPRD), which were made from plastic drinking straws (6·35mm diameter), over the fruits so that all of the seeds werecontained within the PPRD's. The treatment did not alter thetime of initiation of leaf senescence for two cultivars (McCalland Maple Amber), but decreased the rate of leaf senescencebased on declines in chlorophyll, ribulose-l,5-hi'sphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase level and carbon dioxide exchange rate.The treatment also delayed seed maturation. At the time of seedmaturation, the plants still retained green leaves. In a separate experiment, one seed in each fruit (40% of theseeds on the plant) was not restrained by the PPRD's. This treatmentled to an intermediate rate of leaf senescence compared to controland complete seed restriction treatments. The results indicatedthat, for the cultivars examined (1) leaf senescence was initiatedat the same time regardless of sink size (2) the rate of leafsenescence could be modified by altering sink size and (3) seedmaturation could occur without complete leaf yellowing and leafabscission. The effect of the PPRD treatments on leaf senescencewere similar to results obtained when fruits were physicallyremoved, which indicated that physical removal of fruits doesnot lead to artefacts due to wounding of the plants. Key words: Glycine max L, senescence, source-sink     

Effect of spikelet removal on the whole plant senescence of rice

The rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar IET 1444 showed a nonsequential mode of senescence as evident from the decline in chlorophyll and protein of the flag and second leaves at the senescent stage. Removal of 50,75 and 100 % spikelets from the panicle of rice plant or emasculation of the panicle by hot water treatment induced the development of secondary branch from the axil of second leaf but 25 % removal had no effect. Similarly, removal of 75 and 100 per cent spikelets from the panicle of secondary branch induced tertiary branch development, while 25 and 50 per cent removal had no such effect. Similar treatments on tertiary branch had no effect on further branch production. The pattern of leaf senescence of the untreated (control) main tiller, secondary and tertiary branches was identical, i. e. nonsequential, which could be changed into the sequential type only by the development of additional sinks (i. e. side branch). The leaf area and the seed number of secondary and tertiary branches were gradually reduced and reached a critical value in the tertiary branch. The removal of spikelets or emasculation delayed leaf senescence of the main tiller and the secondary and tertiary branches. Also the longevity of the whole plant could be increased by 40 d i. e., up to the senescence of the tertiary branch. Both leaves and reproductive parts control side branch production, which, in turn, controls the longevity of the whole rice plant.     

Leaf Carbohydrate Status and Enzymes of Translocate Synthesis in Fruiting and Vegetative Plants of Cucumis sativus L

Carbon partitioning in the leaves of Cucumis sativus L., a stachyose translocating plant, was influenced by the presence or absence of a single growing fruit on the plant. Fruit growth was very rapid with rates of fresh weight gain as high as 3.3 grams per hour. Fruit growth was highly competitive with vegetative growth as indicated by lower fresh weights of leaf blades, petioles, stem internodes and root systems on plants bearing a single growing fruit compared to plants not bearing a fruit. Carbon exchange rates, starch accumulation rates and carbon export rates were higher in leaves of plants bearing a fruit. Dry weight loss from leaves was higher at night from fruiting plants, and morning starch levels were consistently lower in leaves of fruiting than in leaves of vegetative plants indicating rapid starch mobilization at night from the leaves of fruiting plants. Galactinol, the galactosyl donor for stachyose biosynthesis, was present in the leaves of fruit-bearing plants at consistently lower concentration than in leaves of vegetative plants. Galactinol synthase, and sucrose phosphate synthase activities were not different on a per gram fresh weight basis in leaves from the two plant types; however, stachyose synthase activity was twice as high in leaves from fruiting plants. Thus, the lower galactinol pools may be associated with an activation of the terminal step in stachyose biosynthesis in leaves in response to the high sink demand of a growing cucumber fruit.     

Regulation of monocarpic senescence of Brassica campestris by the developing pods

Senescence of Brassica campestris L. cv. B-9 was studied with regard to seed maturation and source-sink relationships. In normal control plants leaf senescence (as determined by the change in chlorophyll level) started and proceeded in a progressive manner from base to apex during the period of early pod setting. Complete yellowing of the leaves occurred well before the seed maturation and pod wall senescence. The pod wall always senesced before the attainment of final seed weight. In two different sets of acrocarpous plants containing 65 pods and 10 pods, respectively, leaf senescence was delayed during the pod filling period. It started non-sequentially after complete yellowing and senescence of the pod wall. The degree of leaf senescence at the post-pod filling stage was almost proportional to the number of pods present. When peduncles of the acrocarpous 10-podded plants were removed after the pod filling stage of the plant, leaf senescence was delayed compared to plants whose pedicels were removed, although the senescence pattern of the upper three leaves was nonsequential in both cases. Defruiting at an early stage of development delayed leaf senescence, although the pattern of such senescence remained unaltered (i.e. nonsequential). Defoliation hastened the seed-filling process and pod wall senescence. Plants containing fewer pods had higher average seed weight, although yield per plant was reduced.
These results suggest that the pod wall serves as a temporary as well as intermediary storage organ and that foliar senescence is not directly related to seed maturation. The possible cause of uncoupling between foliar senescence and seed development is discussed.