Isolation and Structure of New Isocoumarins

Besides reticulol, the strain MD611-C6 produced two compounds which inhibited cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases [EC 3.1.4. C.] These substances were isolated and their structures were elucidated to be 8-hydroxy-6, 7-dimethoxy-3-hydroxymethyIisocoumarin (II) and 6, 8-dihyroxy-7-methoxy-3-hydroxymethylisocoumarin (III). Concentrations of II and III for 50% inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterase were 3.97 × 10^?4m and 1.26 × 10^?8m, respectively.     

Mathematical modelling for the generation of L-[3-2H,3-13C]lactic acid isotopomers by erythrocytes exposed to either D-[1-13C]glucose or D-[6-13C]glucose in the presence of2H2O

Cytosolic purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) is a well known, and described enzyme which exists in a variety of organisms, both procaryotic and eucaryotic. More recently this enzyme was found in bovine liver mitochondria. The mitochondrial purine nucleoside phosphorylase was purified 63 fold and has a molecular weight of 48–60 kD. From Lineweaver-Burk plots apparent K_m's of 23M for inosine, 42 M for deoxyinosine, 40 M for phosphate, 2 M for hypoxanthine, and 163 M for ribose-1-phosphate were calculated. Both 8-aminoguanosine (K_i=0.5 M) and araG (K_i=381 M) are inhibitors of the enzyme. The protein's isoelectric point (pI) was calculated at a pH of 4.2. Preliminary immunological work showed no cross-reactivity between epitopes on the mitochondrial protein and those on PNPase from human erythrocytes. The apparent K_m's calculated for the mitochondrial enzyme are,with the exception of that using hypoxanthine, within the range commonly associated with K_m's from the cytosolic species. The mitochondrial enzyme's molecular weight and pI are less than normally described. The enzyme's isolation from mitochondria, together with several unique characteristics, suggest that it is a separate protein from that found in the cytosol.     

Phytohormone Conjugates: Nature and Function

Reversible hormone conjugations in plants may represent physiologically and biochemically essential pathways in the regulation of endogenous levels of biologically active pools of phytohormones. Conjugates of auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins are now widely recognized as serving a storage function for rapid (im)mobilization of these phytohormones, depending on a variety of environmental, developmental, and physiological factors. The significance of conjugates of other phytohormones (abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid) is less well understood. Recent developments in studies on phytohormone conjugation, involving both biochemical and molecular biology approaches, are presented here. The nature and possible functions of the conjugates are discussed. Conjugates of other compounds (e.g., anthranilate-glucosides) are also known (for review, see Hösel, 1981). However, it is not known whether these compounds have a signaling function.     

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase polymorphism in sheep erythrocytes

A polymorphism of purine nucleoside phosphorylase is described in sheep erythrocytes. Two isozymes were distinguished electrophoretically, one with high activity (NP-1) and one with low activity (NP-2). Breeding data suggest that the two isozymes are the product of two codominant alleles, NP¹and NP². The K_m's for inosine did not differ between NP-1 and NP-2; however, NP-2 had a lower pH optimum and was relatively unstable when incubated at 48 C.Contribution No. 421-J, from the Department of Pathology, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kansas. Supported in part by USPHS Grants HL-70119 and HL 12072.     

大肠杆菌嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶基因的克隆与真核表达载体的构建

根据Ｇｅｎｂａｎｋ中大肠杆菌嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶（ＰＮＰ）基因的核苷酸序列,设计并合成了一对引物,以大肠杆菌基因组ＤＮＡ为模板,进行ＰＣＲ扩增,并将扩增产物定向连接到克隆、测序及真核表达载体ＰＣＤＮＡ３中,进行酶切鉴定、测序及序列分析。结果表明ＰＣＲ扩增出７４１ｂｐ大小的片段,通过酶切和序列分析证明含完整的ＰＮＰ基因序列且基因插入方向正确,此序列与文献报道的ＰＮＰ基因的同源性为９９．７％。说明克隆的ＰＮＰ基因与文献报道的基本一致,ｐｃＤＮＡ３－ＰＮＰ的构建成功为今后用其进行基因转染来研究ＰＮＰ／Ｍｅｐ－ｄＲ自杀基因系统在肿瘤基因治疗中的应用打下了基础。     

The Effects of Organic Solvent on the Ribosyl Transfer Reaction by Thermostable Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase and Pyrimidine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus JTS 859

The effects of organic solvents on the reaction rate and equilibrium of the ribosyl transfer reaction catalyzed by thermostable purine nucleoside phosphorylase and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus JTS 859 were examined at 60°C. The reaction rate in the presence of 10% acetone was 1.6 times higher than that of the control. Acetone was the best organic solvent among those tested for accelerating the reaction rate without denaturing the enzymes. On the other hand, the reaction rate in the presence of 5% ethyl acetate was 1.5 times higher than that of the control. However the enzymes were denatured completely after 1 h incubation. Consequently, the acceleration was not attributed to the stabilization of the enzymes. The equilibrium constants of the reaction were not influenced by the presence of acetone, methyl or ethyl alcohols.     

The Effects of Organic Solvent on the Ribosyl Transfer Reaction by Thermostable Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase and Pyrimidine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus JTS 859

The effects of organic solvents on the reaction rate and equilibrium of the ribosyl transfer reaction catalyzed by thermostable purine nucleoside phosphorylase and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus JTS 859 were examined at 60°C. The reaction rate in the presence of 10% acetone was 1.6 times higher than that of the control. Acetone was the best organic solvent among those tested for accelerating the reaction rate without denaturing the enzymes. On the other hand, the reaction rate in the presence of 5% ethyl acetate was 1.5 times higher than that of the control. However the enzymes were denatured completely after 1 h incubation. Consequently, the acceleration was not attributed to the stabilization of the enzymes. The equilibrium constants of the reaction were not influenced by the presence of acetone, methyl or ethyl alcohols.     

枯草芽孢杆菌TM903嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶的纯化及酶学性质研究

目的：对枯草芽孢杆菌TM903嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶进行分离纯化及酶学性质研究。方法：经加热、硫酸铵盐析和SephadexG-100凝胶过滤,对枯草芽孢杆菌TM903中的嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶进行分离纯化,并对其酶学性质进行研究。结果：酶的最适反应温度为65℃,最适反应pH值为7．5,在30-50℃时热稳定性较好;K^＋对该酶有激活作用,而Na^＋、ca^＋、Mg^＋、Mn^＋等金属离子对该酶有抑制作用;Km值为2．11mmol／L,Vmax值为0．84mmol／（min·L）。结论：分离纯化了枯草芽孢杆菌TM903嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶,并研究了其酶学性质,为利巴韦林的发酵工艺优化提供了重要的酶学理论基础。     

酶法合成抗病毒药物阿糖腺苷

目的:为了开发一种生产阿糖腺苷的有效方法。方法:研究了以产气肠杆菌完整细胞为催化剂酶法合成阿糖腺苷,优化了菌体培养条件以及酶反应条件。结果:在培养基中添加0.5%葡萄糖,33℃下培养16h,既能得到较多菌体,又能使菌体的催化活性保持较高。酶反应在pH7.0、25mmol/L的磷酸钾缓冲液中进行,底物浓度为阿糖尿苷30mmol/L,腺嘌呤10mmol/L,加入10%湿菌体,在60℃下振荡反应48h,腺嘌呤转化率可达90%。结论:酶法合成阿糖腺苷可应用于大规模工业化生产。     

假交替单胞菌XM2107嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶基因克隆表达、重组蛋白纯化及酶学性质

【目的】嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶(PNP,EC.2.4.2.1)在酶法合成核苷类药物及中间体中具有广泛应用。本文研究的目标是,获得极地嗜冷菌假交替单胞菌Pseudoa lteromonas sp.XM2107嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶编码基因,并对该酶酶学性质进行研究,以考察该酶在核苷类中间体及药物合成中的潜在应用价值。【方法】利用同源序列PCR技术从Pseudoa lteromonas sp.XM2107基因组DNA中扩增出其编码嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶基因,测序获得编码序列。将该基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行重组表达以及金属螯合层析纯化,对其酶学性质进行初步研究。【结果】经过测序获得了该酶编码基因序列,全长702 bp,共编码233个氨基酸,大小为25 kDa,Genbank登录号为GQ475485。酶学性质研究发现,该重组酶最适反应温度为50℃,最适酶促反应pH为7.6(25 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液),最适酶促反应底物为肌苷(Km值0.389 mmol/L,37℃),且对底物腺苷和鸟苷也有磷酸解活性,在普通温度下具有较高催化活性和较好热稳定性。【结论】来源于Pseudoa lteromonas sp.XM2107的嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶在普通温度条件下具有较高的催化活性及良好热稳定性性质,在核苷类中间体和药物合成中具有较广泛的应用价值。     

嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶基因的克隆及原核表达载体的构建

通过PCR方法从产气肠杆菌、胡萝卜软腐欧文氏菌、大肠杆菌扩增嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶(PNPase)基因,然后将扩增的约720bp的基因片段克隆到pET-28b表达载体上,构建重组PNPase的表达载体。核苷酸及推导的氨基酸序列分析表明,该基因在三个菌株之间有很高的同源性。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示出明显的特异性蛋白质条带,其分子量约为29.8kDa.该载体的构建为进一步研究核苷及其类似物的生物合成奠定基础。     

Probing the distribution of plant hormones by immunocytochemistry

Taking advantage of the highly specific structuralrequirements of antibodies for binding, the detectionof plant hormones in tissue by immunolocalisationoffers a powerful tool to study the distribution ofthese signalling molecules. For instance, specificmonoclonal and polyclonal antibodies have been raisedfor abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and a varietyof cytokinins. Immobilisation by chemical fixation orfreezing minimises diffusion of these low molecularweight compounds in plant tissues. Associated primaryantibodies in sections or permeabilised cells can bedetected by secondary antibodies linked to enzymes,fluorescent molecules or electron opaque markers,which allow detection by either light or electronmicroscopy. These techniques have already found theirapplication in various studies related to thephysiology of these plant hormones.