中国北方春小麦生育期变化的区域差异性与气候适应性

利用北方18个农业气象观测站春小麦主要发育期和气象观测等资料,通过相关性分析等方法,研究了北方春小麦生育期间气候和发育期变化特点及发育期变化区域差异性形成原因。结果表明,我国北方春小麦生长季普遍增温,大部分观测站春小麦生育期间和灌浆期的平均气温显著升高,有效积温显著增加,生育期显著缩短。然而,稳定通过0 ℃初日没有显著提前,表明增温主要发生在生长季后期。春小麦主要发育期和生育期与不同生育阶段的平均气温和有效积温的相关性分析表明,后期增温并没有完全显著提前成熟期,春小麦生育期缩短是播种期推迟和成熟期提前共同作用的结果。春小麦生育期间的平均气温与生育期的相关性比有效积温与生育期的相关性更高,能更好地定量刻画北方春小麦生长发育客观规律。春小麦品种改良变换、播种期调整以及其它适应性措施的实施以及措施实施程度在区域上的差异性是春小麦生育期变化区域差异的主要原因。北方春小麦生长发育的区域性差异是各自适应气候变化的结果。     

亚热带植物春季和秋季物候格局及其对气候变化的响应

全球变暖导致的物候变化已经对生物多样性和生态系统产生了重要影响,与温带和寒带相比,亚热带物候学的研究相对较少,秋季物候的研究也十分缺乏,不同功能群植物的物候对气候变化的响应是否存在差别,都有待进一步研究。为了研究亚热带植物春季和秋季物候对气候变化的响应以及不同功能群间的差异性,该研究利用湖南省长沙植物园25种木本植物20 a的物候观测数据,根据AIC信息标准,先筛选各物种最佳温度和降水模型,并利用Wilcoxon秩和检验分析不同功能群的物种对温度的响应是否一致。结果表明:(1)大多数物种的春季物候和秋季物候都对温度变化响应显著,展叶与开花的提前速率分别是3.76 d·℃^-1和6.53 d·℃^-1,叶变色与落叶的推迟速率分别是16.66 d·℃^-1和3.50 d·℃^-1。(2)部分物种的春季(展叶物候:60%,开花物候:35%)和秋季(叶变色物候:25%,落叶物候:13%)对降水显著响应。(3)除不同落叶性物种(常绿和落叶之间)的展叶物候表现出对气候的响应有显著差异外,其他不同功能群的物种对气候的响应均无显著差异。该研究认为,亚热带地区植物春季物候显著提前,秋季物候显著推迟,且亚热带地区不同功能群的物种对温度的响应大部分无显著差异,表明气候变化对亚热带地区不同功能群的影响程度大部分趋同。     

Characterization and kinetics of soybean maturation and monocarpic senescence

Daring monocarpic senescence in potted soybeans ( Glycine maxi (L.) Merrill cv. Anoka) grown in controlled-environment chambers, foliar chlorophyll, soluble protein nitrogen, total nitrogen, and starch decline (roughly in that order). All of these precede visible yellowing and, of course, abscission. The pattern of yellowing within a leaf is not uniform and is closely paralleled by starch loss. Unexpectedly, acid-soluble nitrogen rises slightly before the total foliar nitrogen declines. Foliar fresh weight and total dry matter/cm2 of leaf surface decline little if at all before shedding. Preceding and even during the foliar yellowing, the seeds rapidly accumulate dry matter and nitrogen. Yellowing appears first in the radicle tip, then in the rest of the axis and the leaves and finally in the carpels. Ability to germinate is acquired at about the time the radicle + hypocotyl turns yellow. The relationship between these changes and their role in senescence is discussed.     

Future atmospheric CO2 leads to delayed autumnal senescence

Growing seasons are getting longer, a phenomenon partially explained by increasing global temperatures. Recent reports suggest that a strong correlation exists between warming and advances in spring phenology but that a weaker correlation is evident between warming and autumnal events implying that other factors may be influencing the timing of autumnal phenology. Using freely rooted, field‐grown Populus in two Free Air CO₂ Enrichment Experiments (AspenFACE and PopFACE), we present evidence from two continents and over 2 years that increasing atmospheric CO₂ acts directly to delay autumnal leaf coloration and leaf fall. In an atmosphere enriched in CO₂ (by ～45% of the current atmospheric concentration to 550 ppm) the end of season decline in canopy normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) – a commonly used global index for vegetation greenness – was significantly delayed, indicating a greener autumnal canopy, relative to that in ambient CO₂. This was supported by a significant delay in the decline of autumnal canopy leaf area index in elevated as compared with ambient CO₂, and a significantly smaller decline in end of season leaf chlorophyll content. Leaf level photosynthetic activity and carbon uptake in elevated CO₂ during the senescence period was also enhanced compared with ambient CO₂. The findings reveal a direct effect of rising atmospheric CO₂, independent of temperature in delaying autumnal senescence for Populus, an important deciduous forest tree with implications for forest productivity and adaptation to a future high CO₂ world.     

气候变暖对东北三省春玉米严重低温冷害及种植布局的影响

以我国对气候变化较为敏感的东北三省为例,利用1961～2007年78个气象站的资料,结合玉米生长季温度距平冷害指标,分析了气候变暖对东北三省春玉米严重低温冷害及种植布局的影响.结果表明:(1)气候变暖背景下,从20世纪60年代到21世纪初,东北三省各地区春玉米严重冷害受害程度总体表现为减少趋势,但由于不同地方温度波动幅度较大,区域性的严重冷害发生频率也随之加大;就平均发生频率空间分布而言,1961～2007年严重冷害的平均发生频率表现为东北部高于西南部,最大值出现在黑龙江北部(38%),最低值在辽宁南部(4%).(2)气候变暖背景下,不同熟性玉米品种可种植界线明显北移东延,早熟品种逐渐被中、晚熟品种取代,中、晚熟品种可种植面积不断扩大.(3)随着不同熟性玉米品种种植区域北移东延,严重低温冷害出现频率明显增加,种植风险也在增大.     

Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere

Recent warming of Northern Hemisphere (NH) land is well documented and typically greater in winter/spring than other seasons. Physical environment responses to warming have been reported, but not details of large‐area temperate growing season impacts, or consequences for ecosystems and agriculture. To date, hemispheric‐scale measurements of biospheric changes have been confined to remote sensing. However, these studies did not provide detailed data needed for many investigations. Here, we show that a suite of modeled and derived measures (produced from daily maximum–minimum temperatures) linking plant development (phenology) with its basic climatic drivers provide a reliable and spatially extensive method for monitoring general impacts of global warming on the start of the growing season. Results are consistent with prior smaller area studies, confirming a nearly universal quicker onset of early spring warmth (spring indices (SI) first leaf date, ?1.2 days decade^?1), late spring warmth (SI first bloom date, ?1.0 days decade^?1; last spring day below 5°C, ?1.4 days decade^?1), and last spring freeze date (?1.5 days decade^?1) across most temperate NH land regions over the 1955–2002 period. However, dynamics differ among major continental areas with North American first leaf and last freeze date changes displaying a complex spatial relationship. Europe presents a spatial pattern of change, with western continental areas showing last freeze dates getting earlier faster, some central areas having last freeze and first leaf dates progressing at about the same pace, while in portions of Northern and Eastern Europe first leaf dates are getting earlier faster than last freeze dates. Across East Asia last freeze dates are getting earlier faster than first leaf dates.     

中国森林生态系统凋落叶分解速率的分布特征及其控制因子

凋落物分解是森林生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。建立中国森林凋落叶分解速率数据库, 分析凋落叶分解速率与其主要影响因素之间的关系, 对精确地预测中国森林生态系统碳收支具有重要意义。该研究通过收集已报道的中国森林凋落叶分解常数(k)及其相关变量, 分析探讨地理因素(纬度、经度和海拔)、气候因素(年平均气温和年降水量)、凋落叶质量(氮、磷、钾、木质素、木质素:氮和碳氮比)和叶特性(常绿与落叶、阔叶与针叶)对中国森林凋落叶分解速率的影响。结果表明, 在国家尺度上, k随年平均气温、年降水量、氮、磷和钾的增加而增加, 随纬度、经度、海拔、碳氮比、木质素和木质素:氮的增大而减小, 叶特性对k的影响不显著。气候与地理因素(年平均气温、年降水量和纬度)能解释k值变异的34.1%, 凋落叶质量(氮、钾、木质素和木质素:氮)能解释k值变异的21.7%, 它们能共同解释k值变异的74.4%。了解森林凋落叶分解速率在国家尺度上的格局和主控因素可为中国森林生态系统碳循环相关模型提供基础参数。     

Daylength and thermal time responses of budburst during dormancy release in some northern deciduous trees

Dormancy release and thermal time to budburst as affected by duration of chilling outdoors, followed by different flushing temperatures and daylengths in a phytotron, were studied in cuttings of several northern tree species. In Betula pubescens, B. pendula and Prunus padus vegetative buds were released from dormancy already in December, in Populus tremula in January, whereas in Alnus incana and A. glutinosa dormancy was not released until February. Thermal time (day degrees >0°C) to budburst decreased non-linearily with increasing duration of chilling (i. e. duration outdoors), and the slope of this relationship differed among species. The estimated effective base temperature for accumulation of thermal time varied from + 1°C in P. tremula to −4°C in P. padus . The use of 0°C as base temperature is recommended. Long days reduced the thermal time to budburst at all flushing temperatures (9, 15 and 21°C) in all the above species and in Corylus avellana , whereas Sorbus aucuparia and Rubus idaeus showed no daylength response. Since the chilling requirement of all species was far exceeded even in a winter with January-March temperatures 6.5°C above normal, it is concluded that under Scandinavian conditions, the main effect of climatic warming would be earlier budburst and, associated with that, a longer growing season and increased risk of spring frost injury.     

Bird population trends are linearly affected by climate change along species thermal ranges

Beyond the effects of temperature increase on local population trends and on species distribution shifts, how populations of a given species are affected by climate change along a species range is still unclear. We tested whether and how species responses to climate change are related to the populations locations within the species thermal range. We compared the average 20 year growth rates of 62 terrestrial breeding birds in three European countries along the latitudinal gradient of the species ranges. After controlling for factors already reported to affect bird population trends (habitat specialization, migration distance and body mass), we found that populations breeding close to the species thermal maximum have lower growth rates than those in other parts of the thermal range, while those breeding close to the species thermal minimum have higher growth rates. These results were maintained even after having controlled for the effect of latitude per se. Therefore, the results cannot solely be explained by latitudinal clines linked to the geographical structure in local spring warming. Indeed, we found that populations are not just responding to changes in temperature at the hottest and coolest parts of the species range, but that they show a linear graded response across their European thermal range. We thus provide insights into how populations respond to climate changes. We suggest that projections of future species distributions, and also management options and conservation assessments, cannot be based on the assumption of a uniform response to climate change across a species range or at range edges only.     

控雪处理下红松和蒙古栎凋落叶分解动态

气候变化导致的冬季雪被格局变化将改变地表水热环境及分解者活性, 从而显著影响高寒地区森林凋落物分解过程。2014-2016年采用凋落物分解袋法, 研究了帽儿山森林生态站人工林控雪模拟试验下红松(Pinus koraiensis)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)的凋落叶于雪被期和无雪期不同阶段的分解动态。控雪试验包括增雪、除雪和对照3个处理。结果发现: 树种、控雪处理、分解阶段以及环境因子(凋落物层平均温度、冻融循环次数、有机层全氮、全磷含量等)均影响着凋落叶分解率。分解试验的两年内, 不同控雪处理下红松凋落叶的分解率为52.1%-54.5%, 蒙古栎为53.9%-59.1%。两种凋落叶的分解系数均以增雪处理最大, 除雪处理最小。此外, 控雪处理改变了两种凋落叶雪被期或无雪期对分解总量的贡献率。与对照相比, 增雪处理使红松和蒙古栎凋落叶雪被期的分解贡献率分别提高9.1%和10.4%; 而除雪处理使两种凋落叶无雪期的分解贡献率分别提高10.4%和12.7%。因此, 由气候变化带来的冬季雪被改变不但会显著影响温带森林凋落叶的分解过程, 而且会改变雪被期和无雪期的分解量对年分解总量的贡献率。     

不同季节杉木幼苗叶片养分和代谢组分对增温和减少降水的响应

研究冬季和夏季亚热带杉木幼苗在增温5 ℃和减少50%自然降水处理下叶片养分和代谢组分的变化.结果表明: 由于不同季节温度和水分差异,杉木叶片的养分和生理代谢组分在不同季节有不同的表现.冬季杉木叶片碳、氮、磷和钾含量显著高于夏季.夏季减少降水、增温处理对杉木叶片各类抗氧化酶活性均无显著影响,冬季减少降水处理分别显著降低超氧化物歧化酶活性20.7%和过氧化物酶活性17.8%.冬季增温后杉木叶片非酶促的抗坏血酸含量显著增加132.5%.冬季增温+减少降水处理降低杉木碳含量,促进渗透物质脯氨酸和氮含量的累积.夏季增温+减少降水处理显著提高杉木叶片碳含量3.3%.无论是冬季还是夏季,增温+减少降水处理对杉木叶片抗氧化系统无显著影响.植物对夏季增温的适应机制与冬季增温不同,杉木叶片的养分变化对同时增温+减少降水更加敏感.为了更好地管理种植林,以提高植物的生产力,在未来气候变化下,应提高植物对养分供需和对季节响应的关注.     

寒地春玉米生长发育及产量对花前夜间增温的响应

采用田间开放式夜间增温试验方法,研究雨养农区寒地春玉米生长发育及产量对花前夜间增温的响应.结果表明:夜间增温条件下,0 ～ 10 cm耕层土壤夜间温度升高1.7℃,土壤水分略有下降;夜间增温使春玉米物候期明显提前,花前生育期缩短ld,花后生育期延长1d;夜间增温明显促进春玉米幼苗生长,提高根系长度,单株绿叶面积和棒三叶面积分别比对照提高13.5％和14.6％;与对照相比,春玉米地上生物量和籽粒产量分别显著增高8.2％和9.3％,百粒重显著增高7.1％.东北地区气候变暖尤其是日最低温度升高对春玉米的直接影响效应可能以增产为主.