不同耐性水稻幼苗根系对镉胁迫的形态及生理响应

采用水培试验,以两个耐镉性不同的水稻品种为材料,研究了不同浓度镉胁迫对水稻幼苗根系形态、根系活力、游离脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:低于5 μmol/L Cd胁迫对2个水稻品种总根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重、根系活力无明显影响,在1 μmol/L Cd时,甚至起促进作用。随Cd浓度增加表现出一定的抑制效应,秀水63在10 μmol/L Cd胁迫下根系形态、根系活力明显受到抑制,而秀水09在25 μmol/L Cd胁迫下明显受抑。随Cd胁迫浓度的增加,游离脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈上升趋势,两品种相比,秀水09的游离脯氨酸含量、SOD和POD增幅大于秀水63,而MDA含量增幅小于秀水63;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化表现为先上升后下降,10-100 μmol/L Cd胁迫下秀水63根系中CAT活性明显低于秀水09。总之,水稻对Cd毒害响应存在明显的品种差异,且Cd胁迫下根系生理响应的差异是品种间耐性差异的重要原因之一。     

镉胁迫下小麦根系分泌物的变化

通过水培和砂培两种方法 ,研究了镉胁迫下小麦 ( Triticum aestivm L.)根系分泌物变化。通过研究镉对小麦根系分泌氨基酸和糖 ,根系分泌其它一些次生代谢物质等的影响 ,以及根系分泌物对蔬菜种子萌发的影响 ,探讨镉胁迫下植物根系的生理生态效应。研究结果表明 :镉胁迫下 ,小麦根系分泌物无论在量上还是质上都有变化。镉胁迫下根系分泌的电解质、糖类、氨基酸以及其它一些次生代谢物质都有所变化 ,但变化情况有差异。电解质外渗率、糖类随 Cd2 + 浓度升高而增加 ,在低浓度 Cd2 + 作用下 ( 0 .5 mg/ L) ,随处理浓度的升高 ,氨基酸分泌量增加 ;当处理浓度高于相应浓度时 ,氨基酸分泌量随浓度升高而减少。随 Cd2 + 浓度升高 ,次生代谢物分泌种类减少。这说明小麦通过改变根分泌作用而缓解镉危害。由于根系分泌次生代谢物的活动比较复杂 ,因而根系的分泌作用有待于进一步研究。根系分泌物中可能含有某些物质抑制萝卜、白菜种子萌发 ,这是涉及到植物他感作用的问题 ,值得并有待于进一步研究。初步分析小麦根系在不同的环境中对镉胁迫的响应方式 ,为以后根分泌物的深入研究提供了一定的思路 ,也为镉污染区农作物的合理栽培提供新的参考资料。     

壳聚糖对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性和内源激素水平的影响

为探究壳聚糖对增强玉米幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的生理生化机制,以玉米(Zea mays L.)杂交种‘郑单958’为试验材料,采用室内Hoagland水培法,探讨外施100mg·L~(-1)壳聚糖对镉胁迫(80mg·L~(-1))不同时间(0h、24h、48h、72h和96h)下玉米幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性和内源激素水平的影响。结果显示:(1)镉胁迫显著抑制玉米幼苗根系生长,并诱导根系活性氧产生、抗氧化酶活性增加、内源激素的平衡受到破坏。(2)镉胁迫下,外施壳聚糖处理96h后根系干重提高16.1%,根系的O-·2产生速率和H2O2含量分别降低9.1%和19.2%,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高32.5%、20.4%和21.3%,IAA、ZR和GA含量分别增加34.4%、40.4%和42.5%,ABA含量减少19.1%,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA和GA/ABA分别提升66.1%、73.5%和76.0%。研究表明,壳聚糖能够调控镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根系内源激素的含量及平衡,减轻胁迫对抗氧化酶系统的破坏,增强其清除活性氧的能力,从而降低镉胁迫对根系的毒害,提高玉米幼苗对镉胁迫的抵抗能力,为玉米抗逆栽培提供了理论及试验依据。     

镉胁迫对狭叶香蒲某些生理指标的影响

利用水培法研究了Cd胁迫对狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia L.)某些生理指标的影响。结果表明,Cd浓度在0.4和1.0 mg.L-1时,狭叶香蒲的叶绿素含量呈上升趋势;Cd浓度高于1.0 mg.L-1时,叶绿素含量有所下降。当Cd浓度达1.5 mg.L-1时,狭叶香蒲的根系活力明显降低。随Cd浓度的增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性基本呈现低浓度时上升高浓度时下降的变化趋势;丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈上升趋势。     

镉对花生幼苗生长及生理生态特性的影响

通过溶液培养,研究不同浓度镉(Cd2 ,0～1.00mmoL/L)时花生幼苗生长及生理生态特性的影响.结果表明,Cd2 影响花生种子的萌发和幼苗的生长.当Cd2 浓度高于0.50mmol/L时,显著抑制种子的发芽率,随Cd2 浓度的增加,苗高、根长和侧根数减少;叶绿素含量随Cd2 浓度的增加而下降,过氧化物酶(POD)活性随Cd2 浓度增加而增加;丙二醛(MDA)含量同样呈上升趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与根系活力表现为低浓度下升高、超过0.5mmoL/L后下降的变化趋势.     

壳聚糖对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片AsA-GSH循环的调控效应

以玉米（Zea mays L.）品种‘郑单958’为实验材料,分析外施壳聚糖对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生物量、叶片镉含量、叶片超氧阴离子（O₂^·-）产生速率和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的含量,以及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环中抗氧化酶的活性及抗氧化物含量的影响。结果显示,随着镉胁迫时间的延长,玉米幼苗发生氧化胁迫,叶片抗氧化酶（APX、GR、DHAR、MDHAR）活性和抗氧化物（AsA、GSH）的含量降低,镉积累过量会抑制玉米幼苗的生长。施加壳聚糖可以降低镉胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片O₂^·-的产生速率和H₂O₂含量,提高上述抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物的含量,促进AsA和GSH的再生,维持细胞的氧化还原状态,促进玉米幼苗的生长。研究结果表明壳聚糖处理后玉米幼苗保持了较高的AsA-GSH循环运作效率,提高了抗氧化能力,可有效缓解镉胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制。     

镉胁迫下草莓幼龄期叶、根矿质元素积累和分布的变化

采用水培实验,研究重金属镉对草莓幼龄期叶、根矿质元素含量和分布的影响。结果表明,高量镉降低草莓根中K、Ca、Mg、P、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe的积累,叶片相应元素以及B、Mo含量也随镉浓度增大而呈降低趋势;但镉浓度较低时,K、Mg、P、Zn在叶、根中的含量均增加,而后才随镉处理浓度提高而降低。在镉胁迫下,同一元素在草莓叶、根之间的分布也受到影响,而且某些矿质元素含量间有显著相关性。     

污水与镉复合胁迫对玉米幼苗代谢物的影响

运用GC-MS技术结合AMDIS软件对代谢物种类、含量及其代谢途径进行分析,研究污水与镉复合胁迫对玉米幼苗代谢物的影响.共鉴定出50种代谢物.在镉单一胁迫下,玉米幼苗苹果酸含量降低,柠檬酸含量升高,植株体内三羧酸循环稳定;在污水与镉复合胁迫下,柠檬酸和苹果酸含量均显著增加,复合胁迫阻碍了三羧酸循环的正常进行.镉单一胁迫和污水与镉复合胁迫均导致葡萄糖含量显著下降,与抗逆相关的物质腐胺、脯氨酸、肌醇和γ-氨基丁酸含量均显著升高,表明光合作用受到抑制,但以复合胁迫的变化更为明显.表明污水与镉复合胁迫对玉米幼苗代谢物影响的作用机制主要是通过阻碍三羧酸循环和抑制光合作用进行.     

外源一氧化氮对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根生长及氧化伤害的影响

以玉米幼苗为材料,通过在镉处理的同时补充外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)及其类似物[K3Fe(CN)6]、以及NO消除剂,分析NO对植物耐镉性的影响,探讨NO在植物逆境胁迫响应中的作用及其机理。结果显示:添加20μmol·L-1 SNP能显著降低镉引发的玉米幼苗根生长抑制及根尖内源镉的积累,减少电解质的渗漏以及超氧化物自由基(O2.-)和过氧化氢(H2O2)的上升幅度,抑制超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的增加,进一步提高镉胁迫下谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性。SNP的上述效应可被NO消除剂2-(4-羧基-2-苯基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3-氧化物(cPTIO)所逆转,而SNP类似物K3Fe(CN)6的应用对上述反应几乎无影响,说明该反应具有NO特异性。研究表明,外源NO能够显著缓解镉胁迫对玉米幼苗生长造成的伤害,该缓解作用主要是通过降低植株体内内源镉积累和减轻镉诱发的氧化伤害来实现的。     

镉胁迫下大豆生长发育的生理生态特征

采用土壤盆栽试验方法,研究了不同浓度Cd2+胁迫对大豆整个生长发育周期的生长以及叶片叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的生理生态适应性变化过程。结果表明,(1)Cd2+胁迫对大豆整个生活周期的叶绿素含量、POD活性、SOD活性及MDA含量的影响都是极显著的(P0.01);(2)短时间、低浓度的Cd2+胁迫对大豆植株的生长发育有刺激效应,高浓度、长时间的Cd2+胁迫对大豆植株构成明显的抑制效应;大豆株高增长开始受到抑制的Cd2+浓度为1.00mg·kg-1,远低于大豆生物量的增长开始受抑制的Cd2+浓度(2.50mg·kg-1);(3)当Cd2+浓度超过一定水平时,大豆植株生物量和株高的抑制程度与外源Cd2+浓度呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),对土壤Cd2+污染程度具有指示作用,且大豆植株高度与其生物量相比,株高对Cd2+污染具有更好的指示作用;大豆幼苗期叶绿素含量对镉的敏感性高于开花结荚期和成熟期的敏感性;(4)大豆POD、SOD活性的增加,能在一定程度上减轻Cd2+胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化造成的伤害作用;在Cd2+达到2.50mg·kg-1水平时,植物保护性酶系统活性的提高已经不足以弥补因Cd2+胁迫对大豆植株造成的伤害;大豆幼苗期和花荚期叶片的POD活性对土壤Cd2+污染程度具有较好的指示作用,而大豆花荚期和成熟期叶片的SOD活性对土壤Cd2+污染程度具有较好的指示作用;在Cd2+胁迫下大豆MDA含量增加,表明细胞膜脂过氧化作用加强。     

Changes in glutathione and phytochelatins in roots of maize seedlings exposed to cadmium

The effects of excess Cd on the contents of free cysteine, total glutathione and phytochelatin (PC) were measured in roots of intact maize seedlings. Exposure to 3 /tmM Cd for 15 min caused PCs to appe substrates for formation of longer PCs. Total glutathione levels declined with PC synthesis, free cysteine contents changed little. The reactions to excess Cd differed along the length of roots. In the 1 cm apical region a high production of PCs occurred with a moderate loss of total glutathione. In the mature region, PC content was 2.5-fold less than in apices, several unidentified thiols accumulated, and total glutathione levels declined drastically. Exposure to 0.05 μM Cd for 24 h induced PCs, the contents rose as Cd concentrations were increased. The roots produced PCs in excess of that required to chelate the Cd present, as if some PCs were compartmentalized or had not yet formed Cd-PC complexes. Phytochelatin formation was stimulated most effectively by Cd, less by Zn and Cu and negligibly by Ni. Total glutathione declined with Cd and Zn exposure, however, with excess Cu the roots contained 45% more total glutathione than did the controls.     

Physiological responses of peanut seedlings to exposure to low or high cadmium concentration and the alleviating effect of exogenous nitric oxide to high cadmium concentration stress

Abstract

The physiological responses of peanut seedlings exposed to low (5 µM) or high (200 µM) cadmium (Cd) concentration and the ability of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) to reverse the harmful effects of Cd on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied. Changes in plant growth parameters, chlorophyll content, antioxidant system, nutrient contents and Cd accumulation were investigated. The results showed that SNP and 5 µM Cd improved plant growth and chlorophyll content. Furthermore, antioxidative system was up-regulated, and as a result, the production rate of superoxide radical (O₂^??) was reduced. Moreover, the absorption of nutrient elements was not impacted, and Cd toxicity was not observed. However, 200 µM Cd had negative effects on the above measured parameters and dramatically increased the accumulation of Cd in all the plant organs. In the 200 µM Cd treatment, addition of 250 µM SNP stimulated plant growth and increased chlorophyll content. It also enhanced the regulation of antioxidative system and reduced the production rate of O₂^?? and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Besides, SNP supply enhanced the absorption of nutrient elements and restrained the absorption and transport of Cd.     

四种灌木幼苗对水分胁迫的生理响应

柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、白皮锦鸡儿(C.leucophloea)、刺叶锦鸡儿(C.acanthophylla)和长枝木蓼(Atraphaxis virgata)是乌鲁木齐周边植被组成中的重要植物种,在植被恢复中具有潜在价值。研究通过人工控制水分比较这4种灌木对干旱胁迫的生理响应,结果表明:叶片的组织含水量和叶绿素含量随着干旱胁迫的加剧而降低;脯氨酸在干旱胁迫下的积累程度较可溶性糖大;除刺叶锦鸡儿外其它植物幼苗的丙二醛在干旱胁迫下均无明显的积累(P>0.05)。4种灌木在干旱胁迫下通过渗透调节、保持膜系统稳定等途径维持正常的生理活动,对干旱具有一定的适应能力。4种灌木抗旱能力的排序为白皮锦鸡儿>柠条锦鸡儿>长枝木蓼>刺叶锦鸡儿。     

互花米草幼苗对重金属镉胁迫的生理响应

以互花米草为实验材料,通过模拟海水河沙培养实验,研究不同浓度镉胁迫对互花米草生理生化的影响。结果表明:随着镉浓度的增大,互花米草叶、根生物量逐渐降低,膜透性、丙二醛、SOD、POD酶活性随着镉浓度的增加而增加,其酶抗性也发挥到最大的程度。随着镉浓度的增加互花米草的光合特性发生较大变化,净光合速率、胞间CO₂和气孔导度都下降和减少。     

东北地区5种阔叶树苗木对火烧的生理响应

以3年生水曲柳、胡桃楸、蒙古栎、黄菠萝、白桦为研究对象,研究3种火烧处理(T1处理:对叶片火烧;T2处理:对枝火烧;T3处理:对茎火烧)对幼树丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶绿素含量和净光合速率的影响。结果显示:5种幼树火害叶(T1处理)丙二醛含量与对照相比都显著提高,说明幼树叶片细胞都受到了火的影响,发生了膜脂过氧化作用。水曲柳、胡桃楸、白桦火害叶(T1处理)叶绿素含量与对照相比显著提高;水曲柳、胡桃楸火害叶(T1处理)叶绿素a/b与对照相比显著降低。火烧处理后幼树新生叶丙二醛含量的变化因物种而异。5种幼树3种火烧处理后新生叶叶绿素含量除蒙古栎的茎处理和胡桃楸的枝处理显著降低外,大多表现为升高的趋势;新生叶叶绿素a/b的变化因物种而异。5种幼树3种火烧处理后新生叶净光合速率除蒙古栎的茎处理显著降低外,其他都有不同程度的提高。表明火烧提高了幼树的光合作用能力。     

镉胁迫对金丝垂柳幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究土壤中不同浓度的镉(0、2、20、80 mg·kg-1)胁迫条件对金丝垂柳幼苗的生长、净光合速率(Pn)、光合色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数（Fv/Fm、φPsⅡ和qP）的影响.结果表明:(1)2 mg·kg-1处理组植物的生长、净光合速率及叶绿素荧光参数随着处理时间的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,说明2...     

Antioxidant compound responses to chilling stress in differentially sensitive inbred maize lines

Chilling temperatures increase the amounts of potentially lethal toxic oxygen compounds present within plants. These toxic oxygen compounds can be scavenged by antioxidant compounds such as ascorbate and β-carotene. Three developmental stages (first, third and fifth leaf) of four inbred lines of maize ( Zea mays L.) exhibiting differential sensitivity to chilling were examined in order to determine if the chilling-sensitive line had lower concentrations of antioxidant compounds than did the tolerant lines. Plants were exposed to one of three treatments: (1) control (25°C constant), (2) control treatment plus a short-term chilling exposure of 11°C one day prior to harvesting, and (3) long-term (11°C constant) chilling exposure. Total ascorbate, total glutathione, β-carotene, α-tocopherol and chlorophyll contents were quantified, and ratios of dehydroascorbate/ascorbate and reduced/oxidized glutathione were determined. Lower concentrations of β-carotene were found in the chilling-sensitive relative to those in the chilling-tolerant lines for the first-leaf stage under both short- and long-term chilling treatments. Concentrations of total ascorbate and glutathione and β-carotene in the chilling-sensitive line increased as the chilling treatment progressed and as the plants developed until they ultimately became either significantly higher or no different relative to the tolerant lines. Results suggest that this sensitive line became less sensitive to chilling-induced oxidative stress with development.     

镉胁迫下活性炭对小麦幼根的保护作用

对镉处理下活性炭对小麦幼根的保护作用进行了研究。在小麦幼根的水培环境中加入镉导致了小麦幼根根长的降低、干重及鲜重的下降、细胞死亡水平上升和可溶性蛋白含量的增加。将小麦幼根置于加入活性炭的水培环境中并未对小麦幼根的根长、干重、鲜重、细胞死亡水平和可溶性蛋白的含量造成不良的影响,且在一定程度上促进了根的生长并降低了细胞的死亡水平。而在镉处理下加入活性炭则明显减缓了小麦幼根的根长的降低、干重及鲜重的下降、细胞死亡水平上升和可溶性蛋白含量的增加。上述观察表明,活性炭的加入对于镉和氯苯胁迫下小麦幼根具有一定的保护作用。     

Physiological responses and tolerance threshold to cadmium contamination in Eremochloa ophiuroides

Plant tolerance is one of the preconditions in soil phytoremediation. The physiological responses and tolerance threshold of centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) were investigated under eight different Cd concentrations (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, and 420 mg Cd kg(-1)) in a sand culture system. The results showed that turf quality, leaf relative water content (RWC), leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), leaf osmotic potential did not show significant changes under 180 mg Cd kg(-1) compared with the control, and relative growth rate (RGR), turf density, leaf chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) did not show significant changes under 240 mg Cd kg(-1) compared with the control throughout the whole experiment. Regression analysis was used to determine the threshold Cd concentrations for each physiological parameter and the most sensitive parameter occurred by RWC of 197 mg Cd kg(-1) which was chose as Cd tolerance threshold in centipedegrass because under this concentration the plant did not show any significant difference with the control in all growth and physiological parameters measured in this experiment. The phytoextration rate of centipedegrass reached 0.87% in 36 d under 180 mg Cd kg(-10 treatment.