我国23个群体体质的聚类分析与主成分分析

作者选取13项指标（头长、头宽、额最小宽、面宽、形态面高、鼻宽、鼻高、口裂宽、两眼内宽、身高、坐高、肩宽、骨盆宽）对我国23个群体体质特征进行了聚类分析与主成分分析。研究结果显示：23个群体可分为南方组、北方组（含两个小组）和中间类群组。南方组与北方组的体质区别主要为体部的长度、宽度的差异。北方组各群体之间头面部指标值差异较大,南方组各群体之间头面部指标值则较为接近。     

Results of the study of selected head measurements of Jena children]

Secular changes of head measurements (frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth, bigonial breadth, auricular height, morphological facial height, lower face height) are analysed. The data are based on the Jena anthropological investigations of school children from 1975 and 1985. The inclusion of the data of the Jena longitudinal study carried out since 1985 allows an analysis of the further secular trend. Noticeable changes are proved in most of the analysed traits (frontal breadth, bigonial breadth, auricular height, morphological facial height, lower face height) between 1975 and 1985. The vertical measurements show greater percentage differences than the horizontal measurements, which, among other things, results in a relative narrowing of the face. In some head measurements (frontal breadth, bigonial breadth, auricular height) the trends continue after 1985. The secular trends show no obvious connection with the temporal acceleration of the dentition in the probands of the longitudinal study. However, a connection seems to be possible between the accelerated puberal growth spurt of the body height and the puberal growth spurt in some head dimensions.     

Beyond facial width-to-height ratios: bizygomatic width is highly sexually dimorphic when adjusting for allometry

A large and ever-growing literature implicates male facial width-to-height ratio (bizygomatic width divided by facial height) as a secondary sexual trait linked to numerous physical and psychological perceptions. However, this research is based entirely on the premise that bizygomatic width is sexually dimorphic, which recent research has called into question. Unfortunately, statisticians for the last 125 years have noted that morphological ratio measurements may engender spurious correlations and biased effect-size estimates. In the current study, we find that bizygomatic width is highly sexually dimorphic (equivalent d = 1.39), even after adjusting for 92 allometric measurements, including multiple facial height and other craniofacial measurements (equivalent d = 1.07) in a sample of 6068 men and women. By contrast, facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) measurements demonstrated a statistical pattern consistent with the age-old argument that morphological ratio measurements may engender spurious correlations and biased effect-size estimates. Thus, when avoiding facial ratio measurements and adjusting for allometry in craniofacial measures, we found strong support for a key premise in the human evolutionary and behavioural sciences that bizygomatic width exhibits male-biased sexual dimorphism.     

An assessment of sex using the skull of black South Africans by discriminant function analysis

The derivation of discriminant function equations for skeletal elements of South African populations continues to be an area of interest to both forensic anthropologists and skeletal biologists alike. The skull of black South Africans has previously been subjected to discriminant function analysis, using four measurements and two indices; however, no equations were derived to address the issue of sex determination. Recently Franklin, Freedman and Milne [2005. Sexual dimorphism and discriminant function sexing in indigenous South African crania. HOMO J. Comp. Hum. Biol. 55, 213-228] used the crania of black South Africans, in a three-dimensional approach, with eight linear measurements to investigate sex determination. This study, although valuable, requires the use of highly technical and expensive morphometric equipment that renders it less feasible in South Africa. In response to this, our study uses traditional anthropometric measurements and equipment to address the question of sex determination from the crania and mandible of blacks. One hundred and twenty non-pathological skulls were randomly selected from the Raymond Dart Collection of Human Skeletons, equally distributed by sex and belonging to individuals whose age at death ranges between 25 and 70 years. Fourteen cranial and six mandibular measurements were subjected to discriminant function analyses and discriminant function equations were derived for sex determination. Average accuracies ranged between 80% and 85% and were on par with that obtained in previous studies. Our study shows that traditional methods provide average accuracies that are comparable to those obtained using more complex techniques.     

应用Fourier变换对东北地区成人颅骨性别差异的研究

本研究所用材料为已知性别、已知年龄的东北地区汉族成人干燥颅骨。应用Fourier变换,将额骨矢状弧的形态转变成Fourier极数,然后应用多元逐步判别分析求得性别判别函数,判别符合率达到90.10％。对31例已知性别汉族成人颅骨盲测,正确率达到84.21% (男性) 和83.33％ (女性) 。研究表明,颅骨的大小和年龄对本方法的判别结果无显著影响。     

Birotundal diameter of the human sphenoid bone from age six years to early adulthood

Longitudinal data for a twenty-year period are presented for a dimension of the human sphenoid bone as seen on postero-anterior roentgenograms of 22 males and 18 females (healthy, American-born Caucasoids). Birotundal diameter measured as the distance between the centers of the right and left foramen rotundum averaged near 32.0 mm for each sex at age 6 years. Individual increase in size to age 26 years ranged between 3.2 mm and 8.3 mm. There is no correlation between size at age 6 years and change between this age and early adulthood. For 54 males and 50 females at age 9 years, intercorrelations were obtained among six variables: birotundal diameter, head breadth, bizygomatic diameter, bigonial diameter, upper and loweer dental arch widths at the permanent first molars. The r's were nonsignificant or low positive (with the exception of upper-lower dental arch, r = 0.76). The results of this study are aligned with three previous studies of human cranial base width.     

Anthropometric variation and the genetic structure of the Jirels of Nepal

Anthropometric measurements (head length, head breadth, bizygomatic diameter, minimum frontal diameter, head circumference, and stature) for 526 adult Jirels are utilized to establish the pattern of phenotypic relationships between seven villages in eastern Nepal. An analytical framework is provided that justifies the interpretation of biological distances as minimum genetic distances. Using this approach, estimates of the minimum pairwise genetic distances between villages and the minimum FST for the population are derived from the purely phenotypic data. The FST obtained in this way is consistent with results obtained from other data available for this population, confirming the utility of phenetic analysis of quantitative traits for elucidating genetic structure.     

Simulation of near-infrared light absorption considering individual head and prefrontal cortex anatomy: implications for optical neuroimaging

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an established optical neuroimaging method for measuring functional hemodynamic responses to infer neural activation. However, the impact of individual anatomy on the sensitivity of fNIRS measuring hemodynamics within cortical gray matter is still unknown. By means of Monte Carlo simulations and structural MRI of 23 healthy subjects (mean age: 25.0±2.8 years), we characterized the individual distribution of tissue-specific NIR-light absorption underneath 24 prefrontal fNIRS channels. We, thereby, investigated the impact of scalp-cortex distance (SCD), frontal sinus volume as well as sulcal morphology on gray matter volumes (V(gray)) traversed by NIR-light, i.e. anatomy-dependent fNIRS sensitivity. The NIR-light absorption between optodes was distributed describing a rotational ellipsoid with a mean penetration depth of (23.6±0.7) mm considering the deepest 5% of light. Of the detected photon packages scalp and bone absorbed (96.4±9.7)% and V(gray) absorbed (3.1±1.8)% of the energy. The mean V(gray) volume (1.1±0.4) cm3 was negatively correlated (r=-.76) with the SCD and frontal sinus volume (r=-.57) and was reduced by 41.5% in subjects with relatively large compared to small frontal sinus. Head circumference was significantly positively correlated with the mean SCD (r=.46) and the traversed frontal sinus volume (r=.43). Sulcal morphology had no significant impact on V(gray). Our findings suggest to consider individual SCD and frontal sinus volume as anatomical factors impacting fNIRS sensitivity. Head circumference may represent a practical measure to partly control for these sources of error variance.     

长江鲢、鳙个体发育过程中的表型变化

采用多元分析方法,对采自长江老江河国家级四大家鱼原种场255尾1—5龄鲢、鳙的30项形态度量数据进行了分析。聚类分析显示,鲢可明显地聚成欧氏距离相对较远的1龄组和2—5龄组,鳙也可聚成欧氏距离较远的1、2龄组与3—5龄组。判别分析显示,144尾鲢个体对所聚类的两个组别的判别准确率高达98.0%,111尾鳙个体对所聚类的两个组别的判别准确率也达90.7%。这表明,在幼体向成体的发育过程中,鲢和鳙在形态上均存在着两个具有显著差异阶段。单因素方差分析显示,鲢两个组别之间有18个参数差异极显著,4个差异显著,其中10个显著或极显著地变小,12个显著或极显著地变大。鳙两个组别间有极显著和显著差异的参数分别有14个和3个,其中极显著或显著差异变小和变大的分别有12个和5个。这表明在鲢、鳙个体发育过程中,分别有73.3%和56.7%的特征参数具有生长异速现象。因此,在根据形态鉴别物种、分析种群差异、确立种质标准和作生长退算时,均应考虑所选用特征的生长异速现象。     

Anthropometric study of synostotic frontal plagiocephaly: before and after fronto-orbital advancement with correction of nasal angulation

Surgical correction of synostotic frontal plagiocephaly (unilateral coronal synostosis) focuses on the asymmetry of the forehead and orbits. However, there is controversy regarding whether nasal angulation should be addressed during primary fronto-orbital advancement in infancy. This prospective study was undertaken to answer that question. Preoperative and postoperative anthropometric measurements were obtained for 19 infants with nonsyndromic synostotic frontal plagiocephaly. The measurements included nasal angulation, nasion-to-endocanthion distance, nasion-to-exocanthion distance, and exocanthion-to-tragion distance. All patients underwent bilateral parallelogrammatic fronto-orbital correction. Closing wedge nasal ostectomy was performed for group I (n = 14) and was not performed for group II (n = 5). The average age at the time of follow-up assessments was 3 years 8 months (range, 1 to 14 years) in group I and 5 years 5 months (range, 2 to 15 years) in group II. A statistically significant change was observed for patients who underwent primary correction of nasal angulation; the change correlated with improved naso-orbital symmetry, as judged with nasion-to-endocanthion and nasion-to-exocanthion measurements (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Group I patients exhibited an average preoperative nasal angulation of 9.15 +/- 0.8 degrees that decreased to 3.1 +/- 0.6 degrees postoperatively (p < 0.01). Group II patients exhibited an average preoperative nasal angulation of 6.4 +/- 0.7 degrees that was unchanged postoperatively at 7.2 +/- 1 degrees. The improvement in nasal angulation in group I was particularly striking because the patients in group II exhibited, on average, a lesser degree of preoperative nasal deviation (p < 0.01). This prospective comparison of fronto-orbital correction of synostotic frontal plagiocephaly with and without nasal correction confirmed an earlier study and demonstrated that angulation of the nasal pyramid does not self-correct within 5 years after traditional bilateral fronto-orbital repair. Closing wedge nasal ostectomy results in improved nasal angulation and naso-orbital symmetry, without evidence of distortion or inhibition of nasal growth.     

Effects of interracial crosses on cephalometric measurements

The effects of race and interracial crossing were examined on six cephalometric measurements among 9,912 schoolchildren in Hawaii. The measurements studied were face height, bizygomatic diameter, bigonial diameter, head breadth, head length, and cephalic index. Racial effects were studied in terms of general racial effect, maternal effect, and hybridity and recombination effects based on a model of diallel cross. Generally, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, and Filipinos were characterized by longer lateral and smaller anterior-posterior dimensions relative to Caucasians. Maternal effects appeared to be present in the measures of lateral dimension. No clear effects of hybridity and recombination were seen except for bizygomatic diameter, which appears to behave as a partial dominant trait. The racial mean of bizygomatic diameter, or the ratio of this measure to head length, were found to have a relationship with the racial incidences of cleft lip with or without cleft palate.     

Family resemblance for cranio-facial measurements in Velanti Brahmins from Andhra Pradesh, India

Maximum likelihood estimates of familial correlations are presented for 12 cranio-facial measurements taken on 399 nuclear families from Southern India. Marital resemblance is significantly different from zero for head circumference, head breadth, minimum frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth, total facial height, and nasal height, but not for bigonial breadth, nose breadth, nose depth, or ear dimensions. All other familial correlations are significantly greater than zero except for the father-daughter correlation for nasal depth. Path analysis with a TAU transmission model with sex effects reveals that family resemblance for head circumference, head length, bigonial breadth, total facial height, and nasal height, but not for bigonial breadth, nose breadth, nose depth, or ear dimensions. All other familial correlations are significantly greater than zero except for the father-daughter correlation for nasal depth. Path analysis with a TAU transmission model with sex effects breadth, and sex effects in transmission were found for head breadth and nose dimensions. Sex effects in this sample may be due to the fact that different anthropometrists were used for male and female subjects.     

基于形态特征判定五种鹬类性别的可靠性

快速准确地鉴定两性同型鸟类个体性别在鸟类生态学研究中具有重要意义。本文选择2008年春季迁徙期在崇明东滩停歇的大滨鹬(Calidris tenuirostris)、红腹滨鹬(C.canutus)、红颈滨鹬(C.ruficollis)、尖尾滨鹬(C.acuminata)及翘嘴鹬(Xenus cinereus)5种两性同型的鹬类,用分子生物学方法进行性别鉴定,并基于个体的形态特征(体重、翅长、喙长、头喙长及跗跖长)采用判别分析方法对性别进行判定。结果表明,尖尾滨鹬雄性各形态特征均显著大于雌性,其他4种鹬类则相反。5种鹬类形态特征的性别差异指数在0.5%~25.3%之间,重叠度在29.4%~98.6%之间。5种鹬类判别分析判定性别的准确率在(0.69±0.06)~(0.96±0.01)之间,其中,尖尾滨鹬判别准确率(0.96)最高,翘嘴鹬判别准确率(0.69)最低。形态特征在两性间的差异程度影响性别的判别准确率。另外,两性性比对性别判别的准确率也有影响:性比偏雄性鸟类的雄性判别准确率高于雌性,而性比偏雌性鸟类的雌性判别准确率高于雄性。采用判别分析估测的性比与分子生物学鉴定结果相似,表明判别分析在判定种群的性比方面具有较高的可靠性。     

Sex determination using discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kurubas) children and adolescents of Coorg,Karnataka, India: A lateral cephalometric study

Aim: To test the validity of sex discrimination using lateral cephalometric radiograph and discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kuruba) children and adolescents of Coorg, Karnataka, India. Methods and materials: Six hundred and sixteen lateral cephalograms of 380 male and 236 females of age ranging from 6.5 to 18 years of Indigenous population of Coorg, Karnataka, India called Kurubas having a normal occlusion were included in the study. Lateral cephalograms were obtained in a standard position with teeth in centric occlusion and lips relaxed. Each radiograph was traced and cephalometric landmarks were measured using digital calliper. Calculations of 24 cephalometric measurements were performed. Results: Males exhibited significantly greater mean angular and linear cephalometric measurements as compared to females (p < 0.05) (Table 5). Also, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in all the variables according to age (Table 6). Out of 24 variables, only ULTc predicts the gender. The reliability of the derived discriminant function was assessed among study subjects; 100% of males and females were recognized correctly. Conclusion: The final outcome of this study validates the existence of sexual dimorphism in the skeleton as early as 6.5 years of age. There is a need for further research to determine other landmarks that can help in sex determination and norms for Indigenous (Kuruba) population and also other Indigenous population of Coorg, Karnataka, India.     

Sex determination using the femur in an ancient Japanese population

Determination of sex from the femur measurements has been attempted in several populations and various studies have demonstrated the importance of population specific standards in the metric assessment of sex. The present study attempts to establish metric standards for sex determination by using femur measurements for ancient Japanese populations. Osteometric data were obtained from 151 adult skeletal remains from Jomon period, Yoshigo human skeletal collection. Eight femur measurements were taken and the data were analyzed by discriminant analysis using SPSS version 10.0. For the univariate discriminant function derived, precision of sex determination was 93% with the condyle breadth. Prediction values showed that sex differentiation could be done by femur measurements with reliability between 66.9 and 100%, with values for males higher than for females. It is suggested that discriminant formulas developed by femur measurements in this study, can be used for sex determination accurately on fragmentary skeletal remains in ancient Japanese populations.     

Factors associated with tracking of BMI: a meta-regression analysis on BMI tracking

Stable tracking of body composition is a prerequisite for the long-term effect of preventive measures against obesity and its harmful effects. As BMI tracking estimates reported by individual studies vary considerably, we performed a meta-regression analysis to provide a summary estimate and to assess determinants of BMI tracking. Using the Medline and EMBASE databases, a systematic review was conducted to identify publications reporting correlation coefficients as tracking estimates between BMI at baseline and follow-up measurements and the time interval between these measurements. Additional information recorded included age at baseline measurement, gender, and origin of the studied population. Based on the extracted data, a meta-regression analysis was performed using mixed effects models to account for multiple measurements of the same cohorts. Data on 55,072 individuals (797,094 person-years) extracted from 48 publications with follow-up times between 0.5 and 44 years entered the analysis. The overall estimates for the 1-year tracking correlation coefficient were strong (r = 0.78-0.86 depending on age at baseline measurement) and gradually decreasing over time (0.67-0.78 after 10 years, and 0.27-0.47 after 30 years). Study origin classified by continent was another significant predictor of BMI tracking whereas gender was not. In conclusion, this meta-regression analysis showed a high degree of BMI tracking across all age groups investigated and independent of BMI. Successful prevention in weight control is likely to have long term effects at any age, thereby being beneficial with respect to the associated risks of over- and underweight.     

Sex determination using the femur in an ancient Anatolian population

Determination of sex from the femur measurements has been attempted in several populations. Numerous studies have also demonstrated the importance of creating population specific standards in the metric assessment of sex. The present study attempts to establish metric standards for sex determination by using femur measurements for ancient Anatolian populations. Osteometric data were obtained from skeletal remains of 130 adults (67 males and 63 females) from the Dilkaya medieval collection. Eight femur measurements were taken and the data were analyzed using t-test and discriminant analysis with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The basic statistics showed that all measurements were sexually dimorphic. For the univariate discriminant function derived, precision of sex determination was 86.5 % with the condyle breadth. Our prediction values showed that sex differentiation can be done by femur measurements with reliability between 76 % and 88.5 %, with values for female slightly higher than for males. It is suggested that discriminant formulas developed by combinations of femur measurements in this study can be used for sex determination accurately on fragmentary skeletal remains in ancient Anatolian populations.     

中国汉族成人髌骨性别判别初步研究

对256副中国汉族成人左右侧髌骨分别观测,显示各项指标测量值的平均值都是男性大于女性,并具有显著性差异;各指标以髌骨体积判别性别效果最好,单项判别率达94％以上;运用Fisher线性两类判别分析、逐步判别分析方法得出多项指标判别性别的公式,判别率最高达96.1％。本研究还设计了髌骨体积及髌骨内外关节面高指标的测量方法。本研究为髌骨性别判别提供了简单、实用、科学、判别率较高的新方法。     

Heritability of anthropometric phenotypes in caste populations of Visakhapatnam,India

In this study, we used anthropometric data from six Andhra caste populations to examine heritability patterns of 23 anthropometric phenotypes (linear, craniofacial, and soft tissue measures) with special reference to caste differences. We obtained anthropometric data from 342 nuclear families from Brahmin, Reddy, Telaga, Nagara, Ag. Kshatriya, and Mala castes of Visakhapatnam, India. These caste groups represent the existing hierarchical stratification of Indian populations. We used a variance components approach to determine the heritability (h2) of these 23 anthropometric phenotypes (height, weight, BMI, etc.). The sample consisted of 1918 individuals ranging in age from 6 to 72 years (mean = 21.5, S.D. = 13.8). The heritabilities (h2 +/- S.E.) for all anthropometric traits for the entire sample were significant (p < 0.0001) and varied from 0.25 +/- 0.05 (BMI) to 0.61 +/- 0.05 (bizygomatic breadth) after accounting for sex, age, and caste effects. Since data on socioeconomic and nutritional covariates were available for a subset of families, we repeated the genetic analyses using this subset, which has yielded higher heritabilities ranging from 0.21 +/- 0.16 (head breadth) to 0.72 +/- 0.18 (nasal breadth). In general, craniofacial measurements exhibited higher h2 compared to linear measures. Breadth measurements and circumferences yielded more or less similar heritabilities. Age and sex effects were significant (p < 0.0001 ) for most of the traits, while the effects of caste, socioeconomic status, and nutritional status were inconsistent across the traits. In conclusion, anthropometric phenotypes examined in this study are under appreciable additive genetic influences.