贵州菜蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性监测

【目的】持续监测菜蚜田间种群对杀虫剂的敏感性,是菜蚜防治与抗药性治理的重要措施,本研究旨在探析贵州菜蚜对十字花科蔬菜地常用杀虫剂的敏感性【。方法】采用叶片浸渍法测定了2017-2018年贵州省贵阳市花溪区、修文县、毕节市黔西县、遵义市播州区桃蚜Myzus persicae、甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae和萝卜蚜Lipaphis erysimi田间种群对10余种常用药剂的敏感性,并分别以物种、年份、地区和杀虫剂为变量进行数据比较和统计分析。【结果】3种菜蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性差异显著,桃蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性明显低于甘蓝蚜和萝卜蚜(分别相差12.7倍和15.5倍);贵州不同地区间同种蚜虫对杀虫剂敏感性差异不明显,贵阳、黔西和息烽甘蓝蚜对杀虫剂敏感性没有差异;贵阳和遵义萝卜蚜对杀虫剂敏感性也没有差异。年度间同种蚜虫对杀虫剂敏感性发生变化,从2017-2018年桃蚜和甘蓝蚜敏感性分别下降了2.2倍和1.9倍;其中贵阳市桃蚜种群对烯啶虫胺、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪、毒死蜱、噻虫胺和溴氰虫酰胺的敏感性下降了5.6-115.0倍;贵阳市甘蓝蚜种群对功夫菊酯、氟啶虫胺腈、毒死蜱、吡虫啉和噻虫嗪的敏感性也有2.1-6.7倍不同程度的下降。【结论】多数药剂对甘蓝蚜和萝卜蚜的毒力较高,可用于这2种蚜虫的防治,优先推荐噻虫嗪和溴氰虫酰胺等交替轮换使用;桃蚜对多数杀虫剂很不敏感,且抗性上升很快,推荐氟啶虫胺腈、吡虫啉和抗蚜威等药剂暂时还可以用于防治贵州桃蚜,急需寻找新型高效药剂来交替轮换使用。     

油菜田害虫调查及蚜虫防治药剂筛选

田间调查试验表明,合肥市油菜田害虫的发生种类有15种,主要害虫为蚜虫类、油菜潜叶蝇Phytomyza horticola、小菜蛾Plutella maculipennis和菜青虫Pieris rapae。其中,以蚜虫类危害最重,全生育期在冬、春季各有一个峰值。油菜苗期以萝卜蚜、小菜蛾危害较重,后期以桃蚜Myzus persicae、油菜潜叶蝇危害较重。蚜虫防治药剂筛选试验表明,70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂防治蚜虫药效高,持效期长,且对油菜安全,10%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂和25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂防效也较好,可作为70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂的轮换药剂。     

三种生物源农药对桃树蚜虫的防治效果研究

为筛选生产上防治桃树蚜虫的生物源农药,开展了1.5%除虫菊素水剂、0.3%苦参碱水剂和5%桉油精可溶液剂对桃树蚜虫的田间防效试验。结果表明,3种生物源农药中以0.3%苦参碱水剂防治效果最好,药后1 d防效为70.12%,药后7 d防效为91.96%,与对照药剂70% 吡虫啉水分散粒剂防效相当,具有较好的速效性和持效性。苦参碱对桃树安全,是防治桃蚜的理想药剂,生产上推荐使用浓度为1 000倍液。     

粘虫的秋季回迁:2012-2013年大发生年个例分析

【目的】考察粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)秋季回迁过程,阐释粘虫在我国东部地区迁飞的周年循环,分析粘虫大发生的原因,提取粘虫暴发的预警参数。【方法】利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的气象数据,分析9月份我国925hPa高度的迁飞场,用NOAAHYSPLIT平台模拟长岛2010-2013年间过境3代粘虫的回迁过程。【结果】9月份华北低空通常存在一个中心位于鲁西的冷高压,高压西侧的南向风和北侧的西向风导致秋季迁飞场环境不利于北方粘虫的秋季回迁而形成明显的Pied Piper效应。但在2011和2012年9月,冷高压中心明显偏西,我国东部北向风频次大大增加;轨迹分析表明,过境长岛的秋季回迁粘虫分别有20%(2011年)和5%(2012年)的迁飞日能回到30°N以南;北方粘虫成功回迁到越冬区的比率提高,为2012-2013年粘虫的暴发提供了相应的虫源基数。【结论】华北秋季的迁飞场以北向风和西向风为主而不利于粘虫的秋季回迁,只在9月冷高压偏西的年份,大陆东部盛行偏北风,粘虫成功回迁到南方越冬区的成功率较高,为翌年粘虫大发生种群的形成奠定虫源基础。因此,秋季高压中心的位置可作为翌年粘虫大发生的早期预警指标。     

植物挥发性物质对蚜虫性信息素诱蚜效果的影响(英文)

本研究首先是在不同的寄主植物中利用蚜虫性信息素进行田间诱蚜实验。结果表明寄主植物影响性信息素田间诱蚜的种类和效果。在桃园 ,以蚜虫性信息素荆芥内酯和荆芥醇为性诱剂的水盆诱捕器 ,诱到 3种蚜虫的雄蚜 ,分别是桃蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和莲缢管蚜。其中 ,桃蚜占绝大多数 ,且还被性信息素的单一组分植物提取的荆芥内酯所吸引。麦田中诱到的雄蚜为麦二叉蚜。苹果园中诱到的雄蚜是绣线菊蚜和梨中华圆尾蚜 ,且性信息素诱捕器中的数目远多于对照诱捕器。据田间诱蚜实验结果推测 ,荆芥内酯和荆芥醇对桃粉大尾蚜有吸引作用 ,荆芥内酯可能是绣线菊蚜和梨中华圆尾蚜性信息素的一个组分。另外进行的田间实验表明寄主植物挥发性物质对蚜虫性信息素诱蚜效果有影响 ,当荆芥内酯诱捕器同时释放桃叶挥发物时 ,诱到的桃蚜雄蚜数量明显增加。触角电位记录实验也表明桃蚜雄蚜对桃叶挥发物和桃芽挥发物有反应。     

杭州郊区菜蚜种群的数量消长规律

对杭州郊区菜蚜的数量消长规律进行了连续多年的系统调查 .结果表明 ,在杭州郊区十字花科蔬菜上发生的菜蚜只有桃蚜 (Myzuspersicae)和萝卜蚜 (Lipaphiserysimi) .2种菜蚜混生种群的数量消长 1年中有 2个明显的高峰 ,分别出现在 5～ 6月和 1 1月前后 ;一般年份高峰期田间虫量可达平均每株 50 0头以上 ,且第 2个高峰虫量较高 ,持续时间较长 .在夏末秋初气温明显偏低的年份 ,8～ 9月作物上虫量上升迅速 ,最高也可达平均每株上千头的水平 .盛夏和隆冬季节数量都很低 .每年的 1 2月至次年的 5月以桃蚜占绝对优势 ,7～ 1 0月以萝卜蚜占绝对优势 ,而 5～ 7月和 1 0～ 1 2月则 2种蚜虫的发生比例交错变换 .温度是决定菜蚜混生种群数量消长规律和导致 2种蚜虫季节消长规律差异的一个主要因子 .文中对食料、天敌等因子的作用也做了讨论 .     

印楝素与脂肪酸甲酯联合使用对豆蚜的防治效果

本文对新疆博州豇豆豆蚜Aphis craccivora (Koch)田间消长规律进行调查,研究了0.3%印楝素与脂肪酸甲酯喷雾助剂联合对豆蚜的防治效果,并对豆蚜天敌消退率进行了调查。结果表明,在博州,豆蚜以卵在苦豆子和苜蓿上越冬,3月下旬至4月初开始孵化,5月上中旬出现有翅蚜在杂草上繁殖蔓延,5月中旬开始迁入棉花上危害,6月中旬陆续迁入豇豆上危害,7月上中旬在豇豆上达到危害高峰时期,7月中下旬慢慢迁入苜蓿地,9月中旬出现性蚜,9月下旬-10月中旬在苜蓿和杂草上产卵越冬。施药后1 d,20%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1 000倍液对豆蚜的防效最高,达到82.91%; 施药后3 d,20%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1 000倍液防效仍最高为97.92%;施药后7 d,0.3%印楝素乳油60 mL/667m2+脂肪酸甲酯喷雾助剂1 000倍液防效达97.38%,显著高于其他处理。总体来说,在豇豆豆蚜发生期施用1次0.3%印楝素+脂肪酸喷雾助剂防治豇豆豆蚜,防效好、持效期长,对豇豆及蚜虫天敌安全性较好。     

施钾与蚜害处理后马铃薯叶片中多酚氧化酶活性的变化

蚜虫危害是影响马铃薯Solanum tuberosum产量和品质的重要因素之一, 而多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase, PPO）与植物的抗性密切相关。为了阐明施钾条件下马铃薯与桃蚜Myzus persicae的关系, 本实验通过比色法、 iTRAQ技术和蛋白免疫印迹法研究了对照（不施钾, 不接虫）、 接虫、 施钾以及施钾＋接虫4种处理后马铃薯叶片中多酚氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明： 施钾显著降低桃蚜种群数量。随着桃蚜发育期延长, 桃蚜的种群数量显著低于对照, 且6 g/株施钾量对桃蚜种群数量的抑制效果最强。以6 g/株作为施钾量, 对不同处理后马铃薯叶片中多酚氧化酶活性研究显示, 施钾、 接虫+施钾处理均使马铃薯叶片中PPO活性显著提高, 分别比对照增加了44%和67%。通过液相色谱 质谱/质谱联用仪（LC-MS/MS） 分析, 接虫、 施钾、 接虫+施钾处理均不同程度上调了PPO蛋白表达量。Western杂交结果显示： 施钾、 接虫+施钾处理显著增加了PPO的相对表达量, 且接虫+施钾处理使该相对表达量达到最高。结果说明, 施钾、 接虫+施钾处理通过诱导马铃薯叶片中的PPO活性, 从一个侧面提高了马铃薯抗蚜虫能力。     

入侵害虫栗苞蚜的生物学特性与防治效果

栗苞蚜Moritziella castaneivora Miyazaki是近几年山东省栗产区危害日趋严重的新入侵害虫之一。在山东省1年发生10余代,以卵或成蚜越冬,翌年4月中下旬孵化为干母,4月下旬羽化成蚜行孤雌生殖,8月～9月虫口密度最大,9月中旬至10月上旬产生两性蚜交配、产卵越冬。室内浸渍法试验结果表明杀虫剂抗蚜威、吡虫啉、氯噻啉、噻虫嗪、阿维菌素等,药后48h对栗苞蚜的校正死亡率在91·3%～97·2%以上,均有较好的防效。     

桃蚜被寄生龄期与受寄生蜂影响大小的关系

在两个温度下将桃蚜Myzus perstcae无翅型不同龄期个体供菜蚜茧蜂Diaeretiella rapae产卵寄生,然后观察寄主蚜虫的发育、存活和生殖情况.结果表明,寄主蚜虫的发育速率不受影响,而从接受寄生蜂产卵到生殖率明显下降、产幼蚜终止、死亡三种症状出现的时间间隔分别为寄生蜂完成整个幼期发育所需时间的30%、40%、60%左右,这一规律不依寄主接受产卵的龄期和温度条件而变化,从而导致寄主所受影响随着接受产卵时龄期的增大而迅速下降.当蚜虫在1—2龄接受产卵时,一般不能产幼蚜,从二龄后期起,随着接受产卵龄期的推迟,所表现的内禀增长能力迅速增加,至羽化为成蚜时接受产卵,内禀增长能力已与未被寄生蚜虫的接近.由此可见,寄主不同龄期被产卵寄生的相对机率是影响蚜虫-蚜茧蜂混合种群动态关系的决定性因子之一,蚜茧蜂必须产卵于大量的1—3龄若蚜,才有可能对蚜虫种群的增长有明显的抑制作用.     

How does winter pruning affect peach tree–Myzus persicae interactions?

Winter tree pruning is a cultural practice known to modify vegetative growth, which is likely to affect the development of pests. However, it has been poorly addressed as a cultural control method for diminishing the population levels of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae)] orchards. In this study, we conducted a 2-year, on-station experiment to evaluate how winter pruning affects peach– M. persicae interactions, by examining tree vegetative growth, aphid population dynamics, and crop yield and fruit quality. We collected data under an insect-proof shelter on adult peach trees submitted to various levels of pruning and artificially infested with aphids. Our results showed that pruning enhanced shoot growth due to the proportion of growing shoots, which increased exponentially (10–60%), whereas the growth rate of growing shoots was not affected. The degree of infestation of peach trees increased with increasing pruning intensity. This effect was mainly due to the increase of the proportion of growing shoots, on which aphids developed better than on rosettes. In turn, the higher the aphid infestation, the higher the aphid-induced shoot-tip damage, leaf curling, and leaf fall that disturbed the growth of growing shoots. However, aphids did not considerably reduce fruit quality at harvest. They did not affect fresh fruit weight, and the refractometric index (indicator of sugar content) was reduced by only 3–4%. The relevance of winter pruning as a cultural method for pest control in orchards conducted under integrated fruit production guidelines is discussed.     

HOST FINDING BY APHIDS IN THE FIELD: GYNOPARAE OF MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZER)

Attempts to test experimentally the theory of olfactory attraction to host plants gave negative results, and more conclusive evidence was sought by recording the behaviour of host-finding migrants in the field. The first of three occasions when the natural alighting rate was high enough for comparative purposes was an autumn migration dominated by Myzus persicae returning to its specific overwintering host, the peach tree.
The proportion of M. persicae gynoparae among all aphids caught alighting on a spindle tree, where persicae does not overwinter, was as high as on peach. The much heavier accumulation of migrants on the peach was evidently due, not to their differential alightment, but to their differential rate of departure, with a longer average stay on the peach. The proportion of persicae gynoparae was smaller in catches on transparent sticky traps than among alighters on the trees, and they avoided alighting on brussels sprout plants more often than on peach. Only a fraction of those that approached the plants alighted, even on peach; and only a small fraction of those that did alight, stayed, even on peach.
There was appreciable colonization of spindle and sprouts by the M. persicae gynoparae and some 'wasted' oviposition by their progeny on spindle. After the migration was over the peach leaves entered the last stages of senescence before the spindle leaves, and persicae gynoparae (no longer able to fly) that were given access to both at that time, settled preferentially on spindle. The distribution of males created the impression that they were less host-specific than gynoparae.     

THE NATURAL CONTROL EFFECT OF EGG PARA-SITOIDS ON LITCHI STINK BUG TESSARATOMA PAPILLOSA (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN LITCHI ORCHARD

Abstract  The distribution of eggs of the litchi stink bug Tessaratoma papillosa Drury was observed. By marking the eggs of T. papillosa in an integrated pest managed litchi orchard and in an orchard with chemical control, respectively, the control effect of the egg parasitoids on T. papillosa in the two kinds of licthi orchards was investigated in Guangzhou in 1996. The female T. papillosa began to oviposit in mid-March and laid eggs vigorously from early April to early June, and then successively entered the declining stage of oviposition in 1996 in Guangzhou. 86% of the litchi stink bug eggs were laid in the peak period of oviposion. Two egg parasitoids, Anastatus japonicus and Ooencyrtus phongi , were obtained in the integrated managed litchi orchard. The rate of eggs parasitized by A. japonicus and O. phongi attained to 3.2% -18.4% and 3.2%-30.4%, respectively. The united attack of the two parasitoid wasps destroyed 30.6% - 47% host eggs in the middle and late stages of T. papillosa oviposition. Only A. japonicus was collected in the chemical controlled litchi orchard and the percentage of eggs parasitized by this wasp was only 0.2% -2.8%.     

Seasonal reproductive cycle in relation to tolerance to high temperatures in the terrestrial slug Lehmannia valentiana

Abstract. Seasonal maturation of the gonad (hermaphrodic gland) was examined in the terrestrial slug Lehmannia valentiana in Osaka, Japan. The ratio of the gonad weight to body weight was low in June–September, rapidly increased in October, and gradually decreased thereafter. In May–September, most slugs had only spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and all slugs had mature sperms in October–April. The oocyte size increased in September and large oocytes were observed in late October–April. Under natural temperature and photoperiodic conditions in Osaka, slugs laid eggs in early November–May. Therefore, this species reproduces from late autumn to spring, in contrast to many terrestrial slugs. In January–early February, however, the number of laid eggs was small and oviposition activity showed a bimodal seasonal pattern. In contrast, the hatching pattern was unimodal and most hatching was observed in spring. After a 1-h exposure to 33°C, the survival rate was 100% in juvenile slugs but 0% in eggs. Although hatching success was >85% at 15°–20°C, no eggs hatched when they were maintained at 25°C. The heat susceptibility of eggs in this species may be one of the key factors restricting oviposition from late autumn to spring.     

Seasonal monitoring of Drosophila suzukii and its non-crop hosts in Wuhu,Eastern China

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a serious pest that prefers fresh fruits and is native to Southeast Asia. In our study, apple cider vinegar bait traps were used to capture and monitor the population dynamics of this native pest in Wuhu City, China, from May/June 2017 to May 2018. The research was conducted at 15 locations in two fruit orchards in Wuhu. Traps caught more adults in general in a Meiling blueberry orchard than in a Xicun mixed orchard, and the highest trap counts occurred near harvest time (October). Females had more mature eggs from September to November, and the number of mature eggs declined thereafter. We found several non-crop hosts, which can provide food and reproductive resources for D. suzukii and are common in forests and field margins. By comparing the number of captured adults in the Meiling and Xicun orchards, we found that blueberry was preferred by D. suzukii among the fruits in our search. Fruit ripening times differed among crops; therefore, fly populations moved between crop and non-crop habitats during the year or had varying population dynamics on different crops in different seasons. The D. suzukii population and the number of mature eggs decreased in summer and winter but increased in spring and autumn. Drosophila suzukii had higher survival rates with blueberry than those with other fruits, and D. suzukii could use four non-crop species growing around the orchards as host plants.     

Organic farming-compatible insecticides against the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in peach orchards

Abstract:  Three products allowed in organic farming (kaolin, mineral oil and insecticidal soap) as alternatives to chemical insecticides, were evaluated for the control of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in a peach orchard. Their efficacy was compared with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and an untreated control. The experiment was replicated for 2 years (2003 and 2004). The products were applied once in May every year and aphid infestation was recorded three to four times post-treatment. In 2004, the effect of the products on the predatory coccinellid species was also recorded. In 2003, all four products showed good control with average Abbott's efficiency ranging from 80% to 88%. In the next year, however, the products were less effective and only imidacloprid and kaolin reduced aphid population significantly compared with the untreated control, with an average Abbott's efficiency of 62% and 31%, respectively. This reduced efficiency was attributed to high rainfall occurring post-treatment. Regarding the effects on beneficial coccinellids, only imidacloprid and mineral oil reduced their numbers after application. The results showed that the three alternative products and especially kaolin are promising for aphid control in peach orchards. Kaolin has also low side-effects on beneficials and it could be used in organic peach orchards.     

Seasonal and cultivar-associated variation in oviposition preference of Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults and feeding behavior of neonate larvae in apples

The Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) has become a pest of tree fruits since its introduction to the United States in the early twentieth century. Oriental fruit moth has historically been a major pest problem in peach production, and outbreaks in commercial apple (Malus spp.) orchards in the eastern United States were rare until the late 1990s. Recent outbreaks in Mid-Atlantic apple orchards have lead researchers to investigate host-associated effects on oriental fruit moth biology, behavior, and population dynamics. Studies were designed to assess cultivar level effects in apples on oviposition and larval feeding behavior of oriental fruit moth. In a mixed cultivar apple orchard, total oriental fruit moth oviposition and oviposition site preferences varied between cultivars. These preferences also varied over time, when sampling was repeated at various times of the growing season. Although most adult female oriental fruit moth preferentially oviposited in the calyx and stem areas of apple fruit, noticeable numbers of eggs also were laid on the sides of fruit, contradicting some previous reports. Oriental fruit moth females exhibited a strong ovipositional preference for fruit that were previously damaged by oriental fruit moth or codling moth, Cydia ponmonella (L.). The majority of newly hatched oriental fruit moth larvae were observed to spend <24 h on the surface of apple fruit before entry, and this behavior was observed on several apple cultivars. Neonate larvae exhibited a preference for entering fruit at either the stem or calyx ends, regardless of their initial site of placement. Our findings underscore the importance of adequate spray coverage and accurate timing of insecticide applications targeting oriental fruit moth.