绿盲蝽及其天敌在不同生态条件下的发生动态研究

2005年～2007年,在山东省德州市农科院良种场棉田内系统研究了不同生境对抗虫棉绿盲蝽及其天敌发生动态的影响。试验设5个试验10种处理：即远离果园棉、紧靠果园棉,亩株数3600株均行、亩株数3000株并大小行种植棉,合理化控棉、不化控棉,纯作棉田和插种葵花棉田,双基因抗虫棉和单基因抗虫棉。在棉花的整个生育期系统调查不同生境棉田主要害虫及其天敌的种群数量。结果表明,不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽天敌的种类基本相同,主要为龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫、中华草蛉、大草蛉、华姬蝽、小花蝽、T-纹豹蛛、三突花蛛、草间小黑蛛等。不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽及其天敌种群数量差异明显。远离果园棉、低密度亩株数3000株并大小行种植棉、合理化控棉能减轻绿盲蝽的发生,但不利于绿盲蝽天敌的发生;种植双基因抗虫棉能减轻绿盲蝽的发生且对绿盲蝽天敌影响不大;插种葵花的棉田即能增加绿盲蝽天敌的数量,又能减轻绿盲蝽的发生。研究还表明绿盲蝽及其天敌在远离果园棉、紧靠果园棉下发生趋势基本一致,仅是发生量存在明显差异,远离果园棉田的绿盲蝽及其天敌百株发生量显著低于紧靠果园棉田（P〈0.05）;合理化控棉田、亩株数3000株大小行棉田内的绿盲蝽及其天敌发生数量显著低于不化控棉田、亩株数3600株均行棉田内的发生数量（P〈0.05）;双基因抗虫棉田内的绿盲蝽百株发生量显著低于单基因抗虫棉田发生数量（P〈0.05）;插种葵花棉田内的绿盲蝽百株发生量极显著低于纯作棉田（P〈0.01）、插种葵花棉田内的绿盲蝽天敌百株发生量显著高于纯作棉田（P〈0.05）,葵花对绿盲蝽及其天敌的诱集效果非常显著,在转基因棉田插种葵花是保益灭害控制绿盲蝽的有效方法之一。     

转Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉对棉田害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响

002年在河北省南皮县对转Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉（SGK321）棉田害虫及其天敌种群动态的研究结果表明,SGK321棉田及其亲本对照棉（石远321）棉田的害虫和捕食性天敌的种类基本相同,但数量差异较大。但在5月23日至9月16日的24次调查中,SGK321棉田的5 种主要害虫棉铃虫、棉蚜、绿盲蝽、棉粉虱、小绿叶蝉的总数量分别较其亲本石远321棉田降低89.5%、64.5%、21.8%、15.6%和33.7%。SGK321棉田龟纹瓢虫和中华草蛉的种群总数量分别比石远321棉田增高34.0%和9.1%,但异色瓢虫、小花蝽、异须盲蝽、蚜茧蜂和蜘蛛类的种群数量分别降低28.6%、6.5%、43.1%、44.7%和14.0%。主要害虫和天敌种群动态的监测表明,棉蚜、小绿叶蝉和棉粉虱的发生高峰期分别为7月中下旬,8月下旬至9月中旬,8月下旬至9月上、中旬。在三者的高峰期内,SGK321棉田的种群数量基本上低于对照田。龟纹瓢虫的发生高峰期为7月上旬到8月上、中旬,且SGK321棉田的种群数量高于对照田。研究表明, SGK321在对棉铃虫具有很好抗性的同时,对棉蚜、棉粉虱、绿盲蝽、小绿叶蝉等非靶标害虫的发生也有一定的抑制作用;SGK321棉田龟纹瓢虫和中华草蛉的种群数量增加,其他主要天敌的数量则有所降低,表明SGK321对某些天敌种类的种群动态存在不利影响。     

中黑盲蝽对不同棉花品种的选择偏好性及种群动态研究

本试验通过2011和2012两年的田间调查,初步研究了棉盲蝽对12个不同棉花品种的选择偏好性及其种群总体发生动态。调查发现,华北地区棉田主要盲蝽种类为中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis(Jakovlev),2011年中黑盲蝽比较偏好喜食的棉花品种是海7124,而不偏好的品种是N73DeltapineFO,2012年中黑盲蝽比较偏好喜食的棉花品种是苏联棉,而不偏好的品种是荆7516-1。分析中黑盲蝽的种群发生动态发现,中黑盲蝽于每年的6月底7月初开始在棉田出现,7月中下旬在棉田的种群发生数量达到高峰,并于8月底、9月上旬在棉田的种群发生数量达到最低。     

两种防治措施下转Bt基因棉田绿盲蝽的发生与为害

2002年在河北省南皮县对2种防治措施下转Bt基因田绿盲蝽LyguslucorumMayre的发生与为害进行的系统调查表明,采用生物农药和低毒化学农药防治4次,Bt棉田绿盲蝽的发生为害较为严重,9月上旬发生高峰期种群密度为7.2头10株,显著高于防治指标,第2代绿盲蝽为害高峰期,叶片被害率为19.4%;采用当地棉农化学防治方法施用农药7次,Bt棉田绿盲蝽发生为害较轻,发生高峰期(8月中旬)种群密度为2.0头10株,第2代绿盲蝽为害高峰期,叶片被害率为4.8%。讨论指出绿盲蝽已成为转Bt基因棉生产中的重要问题,应加快绿盲蝽在转Bt基因棉田的生态调控研究。     

三种棉盲蝽对不同棉花品种的选择偏好性及种群动态

【目的】明确我国华北地区棉盲蝽优势种对不同种棉花品种的选择偏好性,以及这几种盲蝽的种群动态及发生规律。【方法】2013和2014年通过小区随机排列田间系统调查的方法,比较分析了中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis(Jakovlev)、三点盲蝽Adelphocoris fasciaticollis(Reuter)和绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)对12个棉花品种的选择偏好性,种群动态及与温度的关系。【结果】3种盲蝽均对石亚系1号表现出明显偏好性,对N73Deltapine FO表现出明显的不偏好性。棉盲蝽在每年7月初开始危害,7月下旬及8月上旬盲蝽种群密度达到峰值,9月上旬种群密度逐渐降低,9月中下旬盲蝽迁出棉田。在本实验调查的温度范围内(17~35℃),盲蝽种群密度随着温度升高而增大。【结论】棉盲蝽对不同品种有明显选择偏好性,盲蝽种群大的地区推荐种植盲蝽厌食品种。     

Effects of apricot trees on insect pests and their natural enemies in nearby cotton fields in southern Xinjiang

2008-2011年在新疆莎车县调查研究了杏树对棉田主要害虫及自然天敌种群发生的影响.研究表明杏棉间作田主要害虫及天敌种类与棉单作田一致.杏树间作种植模式对棉田牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis、棉蓟马Thrips tabaci和棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossyfii的种群发生有一定影响,不利于其在田间发生;对棉蚜Aphis gossyfii、棉叶螨Tetrangchus urtieae影响不大.棉田瓢虫和食虫蝽天敌受间作和棉蚜发生量的双重影响.间作有利于蜘蛛数量的增加.     

北京梨园绿盲蝽及其天敌的种群动态

【目的】调查研究梨园绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür)及其天敌的种群动态, 为梨园绿盲蝽的预测预报和科学防治提供理论依据。【方法】2012-2013年利用色板诱集法和目测法, 对北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所梨园的绿盲蝽及其天敌的种群动态进行了系统调查和分析。【结果】绿板调查结果显示, 绿盲蝽在梨园的发生有2个高峰期, 第1个峰值远高于第2个峰值, 主要发生高峰期为5月下旬至6月中旬。目测调查结果显示, 2012年, 绿盲蝽有两个发生高峰期, 5月中旬达到第1个峰值, 5月下旬达到第2个峰值; 2013年, 绿盲蝽仅有5月下旬一个发生高峰期。2012和2013年天敌主要发生高峰期均为6月上旬至下旬。梨园调查到的天敌主要为捕食类天敌, 包括蜘蛛和天敌昆虫, 其中天敌昆虫有7种隶属3目3科。天敌的优势种类为蜘蛛、 龟纹瓢虫、 异色瓢虫、 中华草蛉。【结论】天敌的发生与绿盲蝽有明显的时间和数量跟随关系。     

新疆南部棉区杏树对棉田主要害虫和自然天敌的影响

2008—2011年在新疆莎车县调查研究了杏树对棉田主要害虫及自然天敌种群发生的影响。研究表明杏棉间作田主要害虫及天敌种类与棉单作田一致。杏树间作种植模式对棉田牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis、棉蓟马Thripstabaci和棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossyfii的种群发生有一定影响,不利于其在田间发生;对棉蚜Aphis gossyfii、棉叶螨Tetrangchus urticae影响不大。棉田瓢虫和食虫蝽天敌受间作和棉蚜发生量的双重影响。间作有利于蜘蛛数量的增加。     

不同类型棉田棉铃虫天敌功能团的组成及时空动态

比较分析Bt基因棉棉田、常规棉综防棉田棉玲虫天敌功能团的组成、数量、时空和多样性的发生动态。主要结果为：Bt棉田比常规棉综防棉田和化防棉田天敌种类分别增加16.3%和54.1%;百株累计捕食性在敌数量分别增加52.8%和176.3%,棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂数量分别降低42.9%和52.9%;天敌功能团多样性分别增加10.1%和24.1%。常规棉棉田二代、三代棉铃虫幼虫寄生率分别为11.1%－65.0%和4.1%-66.2%,Bt棉田为0.0%-5.0％。就不同类型天敌功能团来说,Bt棉田瓢虫和草蛉的数量比综防棉田分别减少8.4%和5.8%,比化防棉田分别增加34.1%和206.3%;Bt棉田食虫蝽和蜘蛛的数量比综防棉田分别增加180.6%和71.2%,比化防棉田分别增加329.1%和483.7%。棉铃虫捕食性天敌空间生态位发生动态在各类棉田相似。分析认为：Bt棉田有利于保护瓢虫和草蛉,有利于食虫蝽类和蜘蛛类天敌的增殖;Bt棉田棉铃虫天敌群落依次比常规棉综防棉田和化防棉田稳定。不同时期、不同类型棉田的棉铃虫天敌功能团数量和所起的作用不同。6月下旬棉铃虫捕食性天敌控制作用存在“空缺”,7月下旬化防棉田出现天敌控制“空缺”。不同时期捕食性天敌功能团恢复能力有差异。6月底－7月初天敌恢复能力最强,7月下旬,天敌恢复能力最弱。天敌功能团中,瓢虫恢复能力最强,食虫蝽类和蜘蛛类天敌次之。     

边缘效应对棉田害虫和天敌种群的影响

比较了棉田中间棉株与边缘棉株上害虫、天敌的种群动态,分析了边缘效应对棉株-害虫-天敌能量动态的影响。结果表明,棉田边缘棉株上第2代棉铃虫幼虫发生量比其中间棉株高出1．94倍;第3代棉铃虫发生量比棉田中间要低62．12％;第4代棉铃虫比中间棉株高12．5％。棉田边缘棉株上苗蚜发生量比棉田中间要高出1．09倍,伏蚜和秋蚜的数量比棉田中间分别低97．73％和37．70％。棉田边缘棉株上捕食性瓢虫、蝽类、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌的种群数量低于棉田中间的数量,分别为棉田中间的73．81％、35．79％、52．90％和39．11％;棉田边缘棉株上害虫群落多样性高于棉田中间,而天敌群落的多样性低于棉田中间;棉田边缘的光能利用率和生产力比棉田中间的值要高。     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Production of arsine and methylarsines in soil and in culture

Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were added to different soils, and evolution of gaseous arsenical products was determined over 3 weeks. Arsine was produced in all three soils from all substrates, whereas methylarsine and dimethylarsine were produced only from methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, respectively. At least three times more arsine than dimethylarsine was produced in soil incubated with dimethylarsinate. Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes produced arsine as the sole product when incubated anaerobically in the presence of arsenate or arsenite. In all instances, no trimethylarsine was observed, nor could any evidence be shown for the methylation of any arsenical substrate in soil or in culture. It was concluded that reduction to arsine, not methylation to trimethylarsine, was the primary mechanism for gaseous loss of arsenicals from soil.     

Growth and mitogenic effects of arylphorin in vivo and in vitro

In insects, developmental responses are organ- and tissue-specific. In previous studies of insect midgut cells in primary tissue cultures, growth-promoting and differentiation factors were identified from the growth media, hemolymph, and fat body. Recently, it was determined that the mitogenic effect of a Manduca sexta fat body extract on midgut stem cells of Heliothis virescens was due to the presence of monomeric alpha-arylphorin. Here we report that in primary midgut cell cultures, this same arylphorin stimulates stem cell proliferation in the lepidopterans M. sexta and Spodoptera littoralis, and in the beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Studies using S. littoralis cells confirm that the mitogenic effect is due to free alpha-arylphorin subunits. In addition, feeding artificial diets containing arylphorin increased the growth rates of several insect species. When tested against continuous cell lines, including some with midgut and fat body origins, arylphorin had no effect; however, a cell line derived from Lymantria dispar fat body grew more rapidly in medium containing a chymotryptic digest of arylphorin.     

Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of purpurogallin in vitro and in vivo

Enzymatic oxidation of pyrogallol was efficiently transformed to an oxidative product, purpurogallin (PPG). Here, the anticoagulant activities of PPG were examined by monitoring activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and the activities of thrombin and activated factor X (FXa). And, the effects of PPG on expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) were evaluated in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treatment with PPG resulted in prolonged aPTT and PT and inhibition of the activities of thrombin and FXa, as well as inhibited production of thrombin and FXa in HUVECs. In addition, PPG inhibited thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization and platelet aggregation. PPG also elicited anticoagulant effects in mice. In addition, treatment with PPG resulted in significant reduction of the PAI-1 to t-PA ratio. Collectively, PPG possesses antithrombotic activities and offers a basis for development of a novel anticoagulant. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(7): 376-381]     

Growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis thaliana in relation to storage of starch and nitrate in the wild-type and in starch-deficient and nitrate-uptake-deficient mutants

We have investigated the interactions between resource assimilation and storage in rosette leaves, and their impact on the growth and reproduction of the annual species Arabidopsis thaliana. The resource balance was experimentally perturbed by changing (i) the external nutrition, by varying the nitrogen supply; (ii) the assimilation and reallocation of resources from rosette leaves to reproductive organs, by cutting or covering rosette leaves at the time of early flower bud formation, and (iii) the internal carbon and nitrogen balance of the plants, by using isogenic mutants either lacking starch formation (PGM mutant) or with reduced nitrate uptake (NU mutant). When plants were grown on high nitrogen, they had higher concentrations of carbohydrates and nitrate in their leaves during the rosette phase than during flowering. However, these storage pools did not significantly contribute to the bulk flow of resources to seeds. The pool size of stored resources in rosette leaves at the onset of seed filling was very low compared to the total amount of carbon and nitrogen needed for seed formation. Instead, the rosette leaves had an important function in the continued assimilation of resources during seed ripening, as shown by the low seed yield of plants whose leaves were covered or cut off. When a key resource became limiting, such as nitrogen in the NU mutants and in plants grown on a low nitrogen supply, stored resources in the rosette leaves (e.g. nitrogen) were remobilized, and made a larger contribution to seed biomass. A change in nutrition resulted in a complete reversal of the plant response: plants shifted from high to low nutrition exhibited a seed yield similar to that of plants grown continuously on a low nitrogen supply, and vice versa. This demonstrates that resource assimilation during the reproductive phase determines seed production. The PGM mutant had a reduced growth rate and a smaller biomass during the rosette phase as a result of changes in respiration caused by a high turnover of soluble sugars ( Caspar et al. 1986 ; W. Schulze et al. 1991 ). During flowering, however, the vegetative growth rate in the PGM mutant increased, and exceeded that of the wild-type. By the end of the flowering stage, the biomass of the PGM mutant did not differ from that of the wild-type. However, in contrast to the wild-type, the PGM mutant maintained a high vegetative growth rate during seed formation, but had a low rate of seed production. These differences in allocation in the PGM mutant result in a significantly lower seed yield in the starchless mutants. This indicates that starch formation is not only an important factor during growth in the rosette phase, but is also important for whole plant allocation during seed formation. The NU mutant resembled the wild-type grown on a low nitrogen supply, except that it unexpectedly showed symptoms of carbohydrate shortage as well as nitrogen deficiency. In all genotypes and treatments, there was a striking correlation between the concentrations of nitrate and organic nitrogen and shoot growth on the one hand, and sucrose concentration and root growth on the other. In addition, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was correlated with the total carbohydrate concentration: low carbohydrate levels in starchless mutants led to low NRA even at high nitrate supply. Thus the concentrations of stored carbohydrates and nitrate are directly or indirectly involved in regulating allocation.     

Development and comparison of in vivo and in vitro models for endometritis in cows and mares

In order to investigate pathogenic mechanisms of acute endometritis in cows and mares, we established an in vivo model in both species. Based on the results of an in vitro transmigration system, human recombinant interleukin-8 (rhIL-8; 1.25 microg per mare and 5 microg per cow in 50 ml phosphate-buffered saline) was used to attract polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) into the uteri. Peak numbers of uterine neutrophils were attracted after 6h, in both cows and mares. On average, mares responded more sensitively than cows, with 15 times higher numbers of rhIL-8-attracted uterine neutrophils (72+/-8 x 10(7)cells). In contrast to in vitro studies, in vivo migrated neutrophils (uterine neutrophils) of both species displayed a significantly reduced MHC class I expression. Expression of the CD11a molecule was significantly enhanced on equine uterine neutrophils but downregulated on bovine cells. Compared with untreated autologous peripheral neutrophils, both uterine and in vitro migrated neutrophils showed no alteration of phagocytic capacity. The ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly upregulated in bovine and equine uterine neutrophils. This was also observed after in vitro migration of equine neutrophils, whereas ROS generation by bovine neutrophils was significantly depressed. In summary, the concept of inducing endometritis directly by local application of human interleukin-8 has been reliably successful in cows and mares. The model permits the analysis of PMN migration into the uterus under defined and controlled conditions. The observed differences between cows and mares with respect to phenotypical and functional characteristics of in vivo attracted uterine cells point to species-related features of neutrophil migration. In vitro transmigrated bovine and equine cells partially differ in phenotype and function from uterine neutrophils. Therefore, the in vitro transmigration assay cannot completely represent the in vivo endometritis model described here.     

Interactions of cadmium and selenium in rat plasma in vivo and in vitro

⁷⁵Se and ¹⁰⁹Cd tracers were used to study the binding of Se and Cd to plasma proteins at various SeO₃^2? doses and times up to 24 h after the simultaneous subcutaneous administration of SeO₃^2? and CdCl₂ to adult male rats. The simultaneous injection of CdCl₂ and SeO₃^2? markedly increased both Se and Cd plasma levels over that in control animals. Gel permeation chromatography of plasma indicated that at all times up to 24 h Cd and Se were bound in an atomic ratio of approx. 1 : 1 in 330 000 and 130 000 dalton fractions. From 4 to 24 h, Cd and Se appeared in the 420 000 dalton fraction, also with an atomic ratio of approx. 1 : 1. The 330 000 dalton molecules appeared to have a maximal binding capacity for the Cd-Se complex at a concentration of approx. 30 μmol/ml of plasma, while the 130 000 and 420 000 dalton molecules show a higher binding capacity. Studies in vitro revealed that SeO₃^2? does not interact directly with Cd and plasma proteins. It is metabolized by erythrocytes to a form that interacts in an atomic ratio of 1 : 1 with Cd to form a protein-bound complex of 130 000 daltons.