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探讨监测传粉者的方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
种子植物的有性生殖依赖于花粉传递, 传粉者是花粉传递的媒介。传粉者为野生植物和农作物提供的传粉服务, 是我们绿色星球最重要的生态过程之一, 在维持生物多样性和农作物生产方面具有重要作用。农业集约化、生境破碎、全球气候变暖等因素加剧了传粉者衰减和灭绝的风险, 对生态系统的功能和农业生产造成了不利影响。为了维系植物与传粉者生态互作关系的稳定性, 人们建立了一系列从局部地区到国际、由普通民众到科研人员参与的传粉者监测项目, 以期掌握传粉生态系统的状况和发展趋势, 为自然和农业生态系统的健康提供预警和反馈。本文强调了监测传粉者的首要前提条件, 即正确区分传粉者和访花者; 总结了监测传粉者的直接和间接方法, 包括群落水平的直接观察监测, 以及利用关联数据进行间接推断与调查; 介绍了具有潜力的由大众参与的公众监测项目。针对7种常见传粉者类群, 讨论了可行的适用于各类群的监测方法, 为监测拓展到更多的传粉者类群提供了可能。期望能为生物多样性的保护、传粉者动态的精准监测提供建议与参考。 相似文献
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张婵;赵苏雅;张欣然;王依凡;王林林 《生物多样性》2025,(2):156-169
随着虫媒作物对传粉服务的需求日益增加,导致人工养殖的外来传粉者在全球范围内数量激增并大面积扩散,对本地植物-传粉者之间的互利关系造成极大影响,严重威胁当地生物多样性和生态系统稳定性。该文综述了外来传粉者对本地植物、本地传粉者以及传粉网络3个方面的影响。(1)外来传粉者与本地传粉者在形态特征和访花行为上的差异,使其对本地植物而言往往是低效或者无效的传粉者,从而对植物的繁殖成功造成负面影响;但是在传粉限制环境中,外来传粉者也可能起到重要的补充授粉作用。外来传粉者特定的访花偏好和对本地传粉者访花行为的影响会改变植物的花粉流和基因流,从而使植物种群的遗传结构发生变化。此外,外来传粉者会对植物的资源分配策略和花部结构发育施加新的选择压力,进而引导花部特征的适应性演变。(2)外来传粉者与本地传粉者会形成资源竞争或捕食关系,还可能干扰本地传粉者的生殖过程或造成病原体传播,从而对本地传粉者的物种多样性和丰富度构成极大威胁。(3)由于大多数外来传粉者都是泛化传粉者,促使它们能够很快整合到新生境的传粉网络中,与本地植物形成大量新的连接,往往使整个传粉网络的泛化水平和嵌套化程度升高,最终对传粉网络的稳定性产生深远影响。目前,我国针对外来传粉者的研究主要侧重于农业授粉应用,今后,应该更加重视外来传粉者进入自然生态系统后对本地开花植物、传粉者以及两者之间互作网络的结构和功能的影响机制研究,需要全面考虑物种、群落和生态系统3个不同的层次,同时扩展研究的地理尺度和时间尺度,在研究中注意结合新技术和新方法,并考虑全球变暖和农业集约化等趋势的影响。在外来传粉者在我国的分布区持续扩大的现状下,为保护本地植物和传粉者物种多样性,维持自然生态系统的原真性和稳定性,需要:(1)做好外来传粉者的引种规划和防控管理工作;(2)建立本地传粉者自然保护区,确定优先保护物种和优先保护区域;(3)大力开发和保护本地传粉者为农作物提供授粉服务,避免引入外来传粉者而导致生态危害。 相似文献
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传粉者是全球生物多样性资源的重要组成部分,它们在提供重要生态服务的同时,也依赖生态系统中的食物和筑巢资源实现自身生长和繁殖。在全球传粉动物多样性呈下降趋势之际,城市生态系统因具有丰富的花资源和高异质性的栖息地,已成为传粉者的庇护所。综述了城市环境中传粉动物的多样性现状以及影响传粉者多样性的主要因素,最后讨论了保护城市传粉者多样性所需采取的措施,旨在为建设传粉者友好型城市和维护生态平衡提供参考依据。 相似文献
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传粉动物多样性的保护与农业景观传粉服务的提升 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
传粉动物为许多植物尤其是作物提供了重要的传粉服务, 在保障全球粮食安全和人类福祉、缓冲气候变化对作物产量的影响等方面都发挥着重要的作用。然而来自全球土地利用变化、化学农药使用、外来物种入侵及气候变化等的威胁, 导致传粉动物的多样性下降并造成了依赖动物传粉的作物产量和品质的下降。针对这一情况, 作者提出了农业景观传粉动物多样性保护和利用的3种主要途径: (1)改善生产管理, 例如减少化学农药的使用、适当地采取有机种植; (2)促进景观多样性, 包括创建适宜野生传粉者的半自然生境、保护高价值的自然生境、作物多样化、合理配置资源和生境的空间分布; (3)加强对本土传粉动物的保护和开发利用。文章最后提出, 为进一步提升传粉服务, 还需加强对传粉者的生物学特征、传粉服务的需求与供给现状、影响传粉动物多样性和传粉服务的农作措施和景观因素等方面的研究。 相似文献
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唐令;张梦园;胡昭岩;周璟;范舒欣;董丽 《生态学杂志》2025,(6):1781-1792
在城市化导致的生物多样性丧失背景下,全球传粉昆虫面临严峻的生存危机。城市绿地因其多样化的生境及植物种类,对维持传粉昆虫生物多样性具有重要作用。蜜粉源植物作为传粉昆虫的主要食物资源,是传粉网络的重要组成部分。但目前对城市生态系统中传粉网络的结构还缺乏深入了解。本研究以城市绿地植物和传粉昆虫为基础构建定量的传粉网络,通过分析蜜粉源植物和传粉昆虫及其功能群组成、物种和网络层级上传粉网络结构特征,重点描述蜜粉源植物的来源、生活型、栽培状况、入侵性和园艺性5个特征,并探讨不同特征的蜜粉源植物对网络结构的影响。研究共记录到北京城市绿地中204种蜜粉源植物和141种传粉昆虫的814种4698次互作,成功识别出10种关键蜜粉源植物。蜜粉源植物的特征对传粉网络的结构具有显著影响,其中乡土植物、多年生草本或灌木、自生或低管理强度植物、非园艺种植物对网络的稳定作用更强。本研究证实了利用网络分析进行城市生物多样性保护科学决策的有效性,研究结果对优化蜜粉源植物的配置和管理,提升城市绿地的生态效益,促进城市生物多样性保护和可持续发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。 相似文献
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开花植物与传粉者之间稳定互惠模式的建立是维持互作双方种群适合度的关键。在全球变化的背景下,植物与传粉者对温度、融雪、人类活动等外界扰动的响应差异,易于引起两者关键物候期的不同步发生,由此可能减少传粉互作的重叠时间,改变相互作用的成本和收益,进而对两者的种群动态产生潜在的深远影响(即物候错配效应)。近年来国内外对植物花期与传粉者活动物候的错配研究主要集中在两方面:一是物候错配现象发生的原因及机制;二是这种物候错配带来的生态后果,尤其是对互惠双方种群动态的影响。但由于研究方法及数据获取等方面的局限性,物候错配研究仍存在一些薄弱环节,如物候匹配模式对环境变化的响应机制、传粉效率对错配效应的调节影响、物候数据获取的独立性等。本文综述了植物-传粉者物候错配效应的最新研究进展,并对未来的研究展望进行初步探讨,以期为物种多样性、动植物种群动态的合理预测等方面的研究提供有益的参考。 相似文献
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<正>进入二十一世纪,中国的科学事业在多个领域得到迅猛发展,回顾一下传粉生物学在我国的发展就可见一斑。传粉生物学是研究与花粉传递有关的生物学过程及其规律的一门交叉学科。2000年我们在《科学通报》发表\"传粉生物学的研究进展\"一文 相似文献
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为了揭示蜜源植物与传粉昆虫的关系,科学的保护和利用传粉昆虫资源,本研究选取东北地区早春常见蜜源植物柳树Salix、延胡索Corydalis和银莲花Anemone为研究对象,对其传粉昆虫种类和访花行为进行调查,分析不同蜜源植物的传粉昆虫种类、优势类群、多样性和访花行为。结果表明:东北地区早春蜜源植物传粉昆虫共采集726头,隶属于5目14科53种,其中膜翅目4科35种,双翅目5科13种,鳞翅目3科3种,同翅目1科 1种,鞘翅目1科1种。柳树的优势传粉昆虫为蜂类,延胡索的优势传粉昆虫为熊蜂类,银莲花的优势传粉昆虫为蝇类。延胡索的传粉昆虫多样性、均匀度和丰富度均最高。蜜蜂对柳树单位时间内访花次数和单花停留时间最高,为94.33次和18.90 s。熊蜂对延胡索单位时间内访花次数和单花停留时间最高,为76.42次和15.37 s,熊蜂在采集延胡索花时有明显的盗蜜行为,该行为有利于其它传粉昆虫生存。东北地区保护生物多样性和传粉昆虫资源,应结合蜜源植物保护,可在早春时期补种柳树、延胡索和银莲花,并合理搭配,为传粉昆虫提供良好食物源和栖息地。 相似文献
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Viktor Szigeti Annamária Fenesi Zoltán Botta-Dukát Michael Kuhlmann Simon G. Potts Stuart Roberts Zoltán Soltész Edina Török Anikó Kovács-Hostyánszki 《Insect Conservation and Diversity》2023,16(4):483-496
Plant invasions can lead to homogeneous communities with decreased functional diversity. However, invasive plants, with various morphological and phenological traits, may drive pollinator communities in a less predictable, more complex way. They can promote pollinators compatible with their floral traits, while leaving others without foraging resources. Our observational study on 10 invasive herbaceous species applied a trait-based approach to investigate plant invasion-driven changes in floral resources, hoverfly and bee communities. We sampled invaded and non-invaded (control) sites before and during the flowering of the invasive plants. We analysed the differences in floral traits between invasive and native plants, functional diversity and trait distributions of flower and pollinator communities between the invaded and control sites. Five invasive plant species differed from natives in floral traits. Plant invasion caused species-specific changes in functional diversity and trait distributions of communities. For instance, invaded sites had a decreased functional diversity of hoverflies before flowering of invasive species, and larger hoverflies during flowering of invasive species compared with control sites. Smaller bees were associated with invasive plants with shallow flowers, while larger and long-tongued bees were associated with two invasive species with restricted floral access. Similar to previous studies, pollinator traits showed mixed or neutral responses to plant invasion. This is probably due to the high integration capability of invasive plants into plant-pollinator systems, or limitations in sampling, trait resolution, and unrevealed environmental factors. We provide recommendations for future studies to better understand the trait-based community composition of flowering plants and pollinators. 相似文献
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Kesavan PC Swaminathan MS 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2008,363(1492):877-891
The green revolution of the 1960s and 1970s which resulted in dramatic yield increases in the developing Asian countries is now showing signs of fatigue in productivity gains. Intensive agriculture practiced without adherence to the scientific principles and ecological aspects has led to loss of soil health, and depletion of freshwater resources and agrobiodiversity. With progressive diversion of arable land for non-agricultural purposes, the challenge of feeding the growing population without, at the same time, annexing more forestland and depleting the rest of life is indeed daunting. Further, even with food availability through production/procurement, millions of marginal farming, fishing and landless rural families have very low or no access to food due to lack of income-generating livelihoods. Approximately 200 million rural women, children and men in India alone fall in this category. Under these circumstances, the evergreen revolution (pro-nature, pro-poor, pro-women and pro-employment/livelihood oriented ecoagriculture) under varied terms are proposed for achieving productivity in perpetuity. In the proposed 'biovillage paradigm', eco-friendly agriculture is promoted along with on- and non-farm eco-enterprises based on sustainable management of natural resources. Concurrently, the modern ICT-based village knowledge centres provide time- and locale-specific, demand-driven information needed for evergreen revolution and ecotechnologies. With a system of 'farm and marine production by masses', the twin goals of ecoagriculture and eco-livelihoods are addressed. The principles, strategies and models of these are briefly discussed in this paper. 相似文献
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陆地植物群落物种多样性演替研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
植物群落物种多样性在不同梯度上,其变化规律不一致.物种多样性与纬度呈反相关关系,与水分关系密切,表现出不同变化规律,与海拔主要表现为反相关关系和中间高度膨胀规律.土壤盐度、水分、肥力对物种多样性也有影响.在不同演替阶段物种多样性出现不同变化规律,群落结构最复杂的演替阶段,物种多样性最高. 相似文献
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Franklin Alongi Jana H. Rüthers Justyna Giejsztowt Katrina LaPaglia Anke Jentsch 《Ecology and evolution》2022,12(2)
Medium‐to‐high elevation grasslands provide critical services in agriculture and ecosystem stabilization, through high biodiversity and providing food for wildlife. However, these ecosystems face elevated risks of disruption due to predicted soil and climate changes. Separating the effects of soil and climate, however, is difficult in situ, with previous experiments focusing largely on monocultures instead of natural grassland communities. We experimentally exposed model grassland communities, comprised of three species grown on either local or reference soil, to varied climatic environments along an elevational gradient in the European Alps, measuring the effects on species and community traits. Although species‐specific biomass varied across soil and climate, species'' proportional contributions to community‐level biomass production remained consistent. Where species experienced low survivorship, species‐level biomass production was maintained through increased productivity of surviving individuals; however, maximum species‐level biomass was obtained under high survivorship. Species responded directionally to climatic variation, spatially separating differentially by plant traits (including height, reproduction, biomass, survival, leaf dry weight, and leaf area) consistently across all climates. Local soil variation drove stochastic trait responses across all species, with high levels of interactions occurring between site and species. This soil variability obscured climate‐driven responses: we recorded no directional trait responses for soil‐corrected traits like observed for climate‐corrected traits. Our species‐based approach contributes to our understanding of grassland community stabilization and suggests that these communities show some stability under climatic variation. 相似文献
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Ippolito A Fernandes GW Holtsford TP 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2004,58(12):2634-2644
The role of pollinators in plant speciation and maintenance of species boundaries is dubious because most plant species are visited by several types of pollinators, and most pollinator species visit several species of plants. We investigated pollinator preferences and their efficacy as ethological isolation mechanisms between two interfertile species, Nicotiana alata and N. forgetiana and their F1 hybrids. Hawkmoths pollinate N. alata, while primarily hummingbirds and occasionally small hawkmoths visit N. forgetiana. F1 hybrids are easily produced in the greenhouse and although the species grow in similar habitats, hybrids have not been found in nature. In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, near where both species are found, experimental plots were studied containing both species, and both species plus F1 hybrids. In the mixed-species plots, hawkmoths showed a strong preference for N. alata. Hummingbirds were less common and only visited N. forgetiana. Hybrid seed was produced but plants made significantly fewer hybrid offspring than predicted by the frequency of interspecific pollinator movements. Nicotiana forgetiana was the seed parent of 97% of the F1 offspring, suggesting an asymmetry in pollen delivery or postpollination processes. In plots containing F1 hybrids plus both parental species, hawkmoths preferred N. alata and undervisited the other two phenotypes, except that in the third plot they visited hybrids in proportion to the hybrid frequency. Hummingbirds strongly preferred N. forgetiana in all plots but also visited F1 hybrids in proportion to their frequency in the third plot. Overall, F1 hybrids were well pollinated and were frequently visited immediately before or after one of the parental species. Thus hybrids could facilitate gene flow between the parental species. We conclude that pollinator discrimination among species is strong but is an imperfect isolation mechanism, especially if hybrids are present. 相似文献
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对南山区5个主要天然森林群落(铁榄群落、鼠刺 降真香群落、鸭脚木群落、假苹婆群落、水翁 假苹婆群落)的组成结构及物种多样性进行分析,并与相邻的香港地区地带性森林群落(黄桐群落)作比较。结果表明,依照亚热带及南亚热带森林群落演替规律,南山区天然林处于不同的演替发育阶段:铁榄群落处于演替第3阶段;鼠刺 降真香群落处于第4阶段;其它3个群落处于第5阶段,均未达到稳定的顶极群落阶段。随着铁榄群落、鼠刺 降真香群落、鸭脚木群落、假苹婆群落、水翁 假苹婆群落这个演替序列,物种丰富度的变化规律是:先逐渐上升,到达一个峰值,再缓慢下降。Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielous均匀度指数的变化规律与物种丰富度相同,Simpson指数变化曲线与这些指数相反。但这些指数反映的结果是一致的。综合多个指数分析,鸭脚木群落物种多样性最大,即当群落中阳生性树种与中生性树种优势度相差不大时。群落具有最大的物种多样性。多样性比较结果显示,南山森林群落物种多样性大大低于香港黄桐群落。5个群落的Shannon—Wiener指数在2.04~2.953之间,明显低于黄桐群落,其Shannon—Wiener指数为4.74;Simpson指数0.1~0.268,黄桐群落为0.05;Pielous均匀度指数64.2%~74%,黄桐群落为79%。南山森林群落物种多样性水平低下的状况与长期的人类干扰有关,必须尽快采取“封山育林”等相应措施来促进群落的保护和恢复。 相似文献
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Sven Matern Matthias Emmrich Thomas Klefoth Christian Wolter Robert Nikolaus Nicola Wegener Robert Arlinghaus 《Journal of fish biology》2019,94(6):865-881
Gravel pit lakes are novel ecosystems that can be colonized by fish through natural or anthropogenic pathways. In central Europe, many of them are managed by recreational anglers and thus experience regular fish stocking. However, also unmanaged gravel pits may be affected by stocking, either through illegal fish introductions or, occasionally, by immigration from connected water bodies. We sampled 23 small (< 20 ha) gravel pit lakes (16 managed and 7 unmanaged) in north-western Germany using littoral electrofishing and multimesh gillnets. Our objective was to compare the fish biodiversity in gravel pit lakes in the presence or absence of recreational fisheries. Given the size of the sampled lakes, we expected species poor communities and elevated fish diversity in the managed systems due to regular stocking of game fish species. Our study lakes were primarily mesotrophic and did not differ in key abiotic and biotic environmental characteristics. Lakes of both management types hosted similar fish abundances and biomasses, but were substantially different in terms of fish community structure and species richness. Fish were present in all lakes, with a minimum of three species. Higher α-diversity and lower β-diversity was discovered in managed gravel pit lakes compared to unmanaged lakes. Consequently, recreational-fisheries management fostered homogenization of fish communities, by stocking a similar set of fish species desired by anglers such as piscivorous fish and large bodied cyprinids. However, unmanaged gravel pit lakes were also affected by human-mediated colonization, presumably by illegal fish releases. Hardly any non-native species were detected, suggesting that recreational-fisheries management did not foster the spread of exotic species in our study region. 相似文献
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当前,西双版纳地区大面积橡胶单一种植林已引发了诸多的生态环境问题,为解决这些问题同时协调当地的经济发展,农林复合系统被生态学者们认为是最好的解决办法。然而目前关于不同间作模式下橡胶树水分利用效率研究还很少。因此,于2013-2014年的雨季中期(8月)和末期(11月)、雾凉季(1月)、干热季(3月),分别测定了中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园内四种不同胶农(林)复合系统(橡胶—叶茶、橡胶—咖啡、橡胶—大叶千斤拔、橡胶—可可复合系统)及单层橡胶林的土壤含水量、橡胶树及其林下间作植物的枝条凌晨水势和正午水势,以及它们植物叶片的δ13 C值,分析了各胶农(林)复合系统内橡胶树的水分利用效率,以期遴选出水分关系配置合理的复合橡胶林栽培模式,为环境友好型橡胶种植林的建设和推广提供相关的参考依据和理论支持。结果表明:除橡胶—可可复合系统以外,其余胶农(林)复合系统内的橡胶树水分利用效率值均高于单层橡胶林;橡胶—大叶千斤拔复合系统的土壤含水量显著高于其它复合系统;橡胶—叶茶复合系统的土壤含水量虽然低于橡胶—大叶千斤拔复合系统,但其最为稳定、季节变化小;橡胶—咖啡复合系统的水分利用效率最高最稳定,即使受到寒害也没有引起明显变化;而橡胶—可可复合系统的作用不明显,所有特征都与单层橡胶林相似。这表明除了橡胶—可可复合系统外,其他3种胶农(林)复合系统都显著地缓解了橡胶树在旱季所遭受的水分胁迫,同时也能有效地抵御突发性天气灾害。 相似文献