葡萄、葡萄酒的功能性及其开发利用

本文详述了葡萄和葡萄酒中的功能性成分原花青素、白藜芦醇等及其功效,及其与健康的关系。描述了葡萄及葡萄酒在其他方面的开发利用及发展前景。     

葡萄籽中原花青素的提取及应用现状

原花青素（proanthocyanidins,PC)是目前国际上公认的清除人体内自由基最有效的天然抗氧化剂,广泛分布于多种天然植物中。阐述了葡萄废弃物中原花青素的功能,分析了其应用开发现状。结合常用的提取方法,并综合国内外关于原花青素的研究进展,对葡萄籽中原花青素提取的工艺参数进行优化,从而得出葡萄籽中原花青素最优提取方案。以期为葡萄籽的全面利用和原花青素的工业化生产提供科学依据,使原花青素拥有更广泛的应用。     

超临界CO2萃取刺葡萄籽原花青素的工艺研究

刺葡萄(Vitis davidii Foex．)是属于葡萄属东亚种群的一个种,在湖南西部和南部的山区分布广泛,资源丰富,其果实酸甜、风味浓,但其果粒小,种子多,从种子中提取天然活性物质——原花青素的前景可能更为广阔。目前关于刺葡萄的研究报道少,为此本文以“紫秋”刺葡萄种子为原料,采用单因素试验和正交试验,探讨了超临界CO2萃取刺葡萄籽原花青素的工艺。研究结果表明,超临界CO2萃取刺葡萄籽原花青素的适宜工艺条件为:萃取压力30MPa,萃取温度55℃,料液比1:0．8,60％的乙醇为夹带剂,在此条件下,原花青素的产率为17．58 mg/100g,纯度可达89．7％。     

葡萄花青素苷生物合成研究进展

花青素苷是一类重要的天然色素物质,是植物主要呈色物质之一,并在人类健康保护方面发挥越来越重要的作用。同时,它又是一类复杂性状,不仅与遗传基因相关,还与外界温度、湿度、光质及栽培措施等因素息息相关。葡萄花青素苷是近年来花青素苷研究的热点,主要从葡萄花青素苷的结构多样性和合成途径等方面展开简要综述,以期为葡萄花青素苷复杂性状的遗传机理和调控作用机制与分子育种及葡萄优质早熟栽培研究上提供有益的信息。     

植物原花青素的研究进展及其应用现状

原花青素具有多种对人体有益的性质,如抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌等。本文综述了原花青素提取纯化方法和功能特性及其在食品、医药、化妆品等领域的应用,以期进一步提高原花青素的利用价值,并为原花青素的进一步开发和应用提供帮助。     

花生红衣中高聚原花青素的水解

原花青素抗氧化程度受原花青素平均聚合度的影响很大,低聚原花青素的活性明显高于高聚原花青素的活性.从花生红衣提取物中所得到的原花青素相当一部分是以高聚体的形式存在,将高聚体通过水解,变成低聚体,对于增加人体吸收效率和植物的利用度都有较大作用.以花生红衣原花青素提取物为原料,经水溶解平衡后过滤分离,滤去低聚体,对高聚体原花...     

刺葡萄幼胚愈伤组织诱导及其高产原花青素细胞系筛选

以刺葡萄幼胚为材料,研究不同培养方式、培养基配方和培养条件对其愈伤组织诱导的影响,采用正交试验设计法筛选刺葡萄愈伤组织继代增殖的培养基配方,并对继代保持的培养条件和方式进行优化,同时进行了高产原花青素刺葡萄愈伤组织细胞系的筛选研究。结果表明,刺葡萄幼胚以平放的方式接种到MS＋1.0 mg·L^-1 2,4-D或MS＋1.0 mg·L^-1 2,4-D＋0.5mg·L^-1 KT的固体培养基上,在黑暗的条件下,能有效的诱导出愈伤组织,诱导效率为80%;刺葡萄愈伤组织继代增殖以MS＋1.5 mg·L^-1 2,4-D或MS＋1.5 mg·L^-1 2,4-D＋0.5 mg·L^-1 KT的固体培养基为佳,并且采用此两种培养基交替继代培养,在光照条件下能长期保持旺盛且生长一致的刺葡萄愈伤组织;筛选出了紫红色松脆状的高产原花青素的刺葡萄愈伤组织细胞系,培养35 d后每克鲜样的原花青素含量可达1 671.16μg。     

原花青素提取及微胶囊化研究

作为葡萄加工的副产物,葡萄籽中富含葡萄籽油和低聚原花青素。作者利用超临界二氧化碳萃取葡萄籽后所得的残渣为原料,以含有0.8%醋酸的乙醇溶液为提取剂来提取其中的原花青素,在55℃条件下进行两次重复提取,葡萄籽残渣与提取液的比例控制在1∶8(W/V),每次提取60 min,原料中原花青素的提取率可以达到98.2%;为提高产品的贮藏稳定性,还对以阿拉伯胶与麦芽糊精组合作为原花青素微胶囊壁材来进行微胶囊化的工艺进行研究,结果表明在阿拉伯胶占壁材40%、芯壁材比为3∶7,混合液中固形物含量为20%的条件下,经喷雾干燥后所得原花青素的产率为88.84%,微胶囊化效率达到99.2%。检测结果表明,原花青素紫外吸收光谱在微胶囊化前后没有变化,而其贮藏稳定性得到提高。     

原花青素聚合作用机理研究进展

原花青素是一类通过植物类黄酮次生代谢途径合成的聚多酚类化合物,它具有抗紫外线、抗病、抗虫,清除自由基,调节种子休眠和萌发等生理功能。该文对近年来国内外有关原花青素的结构类型和生物合成机制、原花青素聚合作用机理(包括:原花青素的聚合作用发生在植物细胞中央大液泡、缩合过程中延伸单元前体可能为无色花青素、黄烷-3-醇和花青素等假说)、以及推测参与催化聚合反应的缩合酶(包括:植物多酚氧化酶、植物漆酶和植物过氧化酶)等方面的研究进展进行综述,为深入研究原花青素生物合成机制提供资料。     

低聚原花青素对过度训练大鼠骨骼肌损伤的保护作用机制

为研究低聚原花青素对过度训练大鼠骨骼肌损伤的保护作用机制,将大鼠随机分为安静对照组(C)、过度训练组(OM)、低聚原花青素干预组(OOM).C组无运动干预,其他组采用42 d递增负荷跑台训练.训练期间,OOM组每天灌胃低聚原花青素1次(150 mg/kg,5 mL/kg),其他组给予等体积蒸馏水.末次训练后即刻取材,经...     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism