Photosynthetic Changes in the Inducible CAM Plant Sedum telephium L Following the Imposition of Water Stress. II. Changes in the Activity of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase

In Sedum telephium, the switch from a weak-CAM to a full-CAMmode of photosynthesis in response to water stress, is accompaniedby a marked increase in the activity of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruatecarboxylase (PEPC) during the dark period of a diurnal cycle.Fractionation of the enzyme by non-denaturing polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis gives two active species; the activity ofthe more mobile species increases with the switch into a full-CAMmode of photosynthesis. Fractionation of the enzyme by denaturing electrophoresis andby gel filtration indicates that the molecular species particularlyactive in CAM is a monomeric protein, whilst the other readilyobservable species is a dimer. Sedum telephium, CAM, water stress, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, night-time activation dimer, monomer     

Induction and Repression of CAM in Sedum telephium L. in Response to Photoperiod and Water Stress

Lee, H. S. J. and Griffiths, H. 1987. Induction and repressionof CAM in Sedurn relephluni L. in response to photopcnod andwater stress.—J. exp. Bot. 38: 834–841. The introduction and repression of CAM in Sedurn telephiunmL, a temperate succulent, was investigated in watered, progressivelydrouglited and rewatered plants in growth chambers. Measurementswere made of water vapour and CO₂ exchange, titratable acidity(TA) and xylem sap tension. Effects of photoperiod were alsostudied. CAM was induced by drought under long or short days,although when watered no CAM activity was expressed. C₃-CAM intermediate plants were used for the investigation ofwater supply. Those which had received water and those drought-stressedboth displayed a similar nocturnal increase in TA, with a day-nightmaximum (H+) of 69 µmol g^–1 fr. wt. The wateredplants took up CO₂ at a maximum rate of 2?2 µmol m^–2s^–1 only in the light period, while the droughted plantsshowed a maximum nocturnal CO₂ uptake rate of 0?69 µmolm^–2 s^–1. Subsequently, as CAM was repressed, thewatered S. telephiwn displayed little variation in TA, withconstant levels at 42 µmol g^–1 fr. wt. (day 10).After 10 d of drought stress, the CAM characteristics of S.telephiurn were aLso affected, with reduced net CO₂ uptake andH+. The transition between C₃ and CAM in S. telephium can be describedas a progression in terms of the proportion of respiratory CO₂which is recycled and refixed at night as malic acid, in comparisonwith net CO₂ uptake. Recycling increased from 20% (day 1) to44% (day 10) as a result of the drought stress and was highin both the CAM-C₃ stage (no net CO2 uptake at night) and alsoin the drought-stressed CAM stage (reduced net CO₂ uptake atnight). The complete C₃-CAM transition occurred in less than8 d, and the stages could be characterized by xylem sap tensionmeasurements: CAM = 0?50 MPa C₃-CAM = 0?36 MPa C₃ = 0?29 MPa. Key words: CAM, Sedum telephium L., recycling     

Photosynthesis in enzymatically isolated leaf cells from the CAM plant Sedum telephium L.

A technique has been developed for the enzymatic isolation of leaf cells from the Crassulacean acid-metabolism plant Sedum telephium. The cells exhibited high activity in both ¹⁴CO₂ incorporation (30–70 mol CO₂ mg^-1 chlorophyll h^-1) and O₂ evolution in the presence of bicarbonate (60–110 mol O₂ mg^-1 chlorophyll h^-1). Half-maximum saturation of ¹⁴CO₂ incorporation occurred at a bicarbonate concentration of ca. 2 mM (20 M CO₂) at pH 8.4 and 30°C. Two types of light-dependent O₂ evolution are reported: O₂ evolution in the absence of exogenously supplied bicarbonate (endogenous O₂ evolution), and bicarbonate-stimulated O₂ evolution. Oxygen evolution in the presence of approximately ambient concentrations of CO₂ appeared to be a combination of the endogenous O₂ evolution and O₂ evolution from fixation of the exogenously supplied CO₂.Abbreviations CAM Crassulacean acid metabolism - cirlo chlorophyll - DCMU 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea - PEP phosphoenolpyruvate - RuDP ribulose-1,5-diphosphate     

Isolation of DNA from the Highly Mucilagenous Succulent Plant shape Sedum telephium

The C3-CAM intermediate plant Sedum telephium is very rich in mucilages (gelling polysaccharides) which present a major obstacle to the isolation of DNA. We have developed an extraction procedure that involves a step-wise increase in the concentration of CTAB (cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide) finally yielding a nucleic acid precipitate that is free from polysaccharides. DNA may be further purified by differential precipitation with LiCl and/or RNase digestion. The DNA has excellent spectral qualities, is readily accessible to restriction endonucleases and is usable as a PCR template.     

The appearance of a new molecular species of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and the rapid induction of CAM in Sedum telephium L.

Abstract. When detached leaves of Sedum telephium are incubated in the absence of water, a rapid switch from C₃ photosynthesis to CAM (as indicated by the onset of day-to-night fluctuations in titratable acidity. ΔH⁺) occurs within the first dark period. The C₃-CAM switch in intact plants occurs within 3 5d. Extractable activity of phospho enol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) increases five-fold in intact plants during CAM induction; however, during rapid CAM induction in detached leaves, there is only a very small increase in PEPC activity. Fractionation by anion exchange chromatography of crude extracts from leaves of intact plants subjected to water deficit shows that CAM induction is associated with the appearance of a molecular species of PEPC termed PEPC I. PEPC I is barely detectable in well-watered plants which are not performing CAM. The major form in these plants is termed PEPC II. In leaves from intact plants, there is a significant positive correlation between PEPC I activity and ΔH⁺ during a period of increasing water deficit. PEPC I exhibits day to night fluctuations in malate sensitivity, being less sensitive during the dark period. In contrast, PEPC II is more sensitive to inhibition by malate and has no day to night fluctuation in sensitivity. In detached leaves deprived of water, a small increase in PEPC I capacity is detected at the end of the first dark period (20 h after the start of treatment). The results suggest that PEPC I is required for attainment of maximum nocturnal malic acid synthesis. There is a significant correlation between leaf water status (relative water content), ΔH⁺, total PEPC and PEPC I activity suggesting that the internal water status of the plant may be a trigger for CAM induction. Abscisic acid applied to detached leaves does not cause nocturnal acidification.     

兼性CAM植物长叶景天叶片在C3和CAM型时的光氧化作用

通过停止浇水产生水分胁迫使兼性CAM植物长叶景天 (SedumspectabileBoreau)叶片光合途径由C3 型转为CAM型。干旱 15d时观察到典型的CAM生理特征 ,且叶片的δ13 C值与含水量成线性相关。水分胁迫改变了叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化能力 ,ΦPSⅡ 和qP 降低 5 0 %和 34% ,NPQ提高约 180 % ,SOD活性和清除DPPH·自由基能力也明显下降 ,但膜半透性变化不大。当将处于C3 (浇水 )和诱导为CAM(缺水 )型的叶圆片用外源甲基紫精 (MV)和强光作光氧化处理后 ,与C3 型叶片相比 ,诱导CAM型叶片的NPQ不能提高 ,qP 和ΦPSⅡ 降至很低水平 ,光系统处于高还原态 ,光能供给与消耗失衡 (1-qP=0 .86和 (1-qP) /NPQ >1) ,膜系统几乎失去完整性。这种严重的光氧化损伤表明 ,与我们以前报告的专性CAM植物不同 ,以兼性CAM植物诱导表达的CAM型未能显示比C3 型较强的耐光氧化优势。讨论了出现这种光氧化敏感性差别的可能原因     

兼性CAM植物长叶景天叶片在C3和CAM型时的光氧化作用

通过停止浇水产生水分胁迫使兼性CAM植物长叶景天(Sedum spectabile Boreau)叶片光合途径由C3型转为CAM型.干旱15 d时观察到典型的CAM生理特征,且叶片的δ13C值与含水量成线性相关.水分胁迫改变了叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化能力,ΦPSⅡ和qP降低50%和34%,NPQ提高约180%,SOD活性和清除DPPH@ 自由基能力也明显下降, 但膜半透性变化不大.当将处于C3(浇水)和诱导为CAM(缺水)型的叶圆片用外源甲基紫精(MV)和强光作光氧化处理后,与C3型叶片相比,诱导CAM型叶片的NPQ不能提高,qP和ΦPSⅡ降至很低水平,光系统处于高还原态,光能供给与消耗失衡(1-qP=0.86和(1-qP)/NPQ>1),膜系统几乎失去完整性.这种严重的光氧化损伤表明,与我们以前报告的专性CAM植物不同,以兼性CAM植物诱导表达的CAM型未能显示比C3型较强的耐光氧化优势.讨论了出现这种光氧化敏感性差别的可能原因.     

水分胁迫对云杉光合特性的影响

比较研究了3年生红皮云杉和嫩江云杉苗木在不同水分条件下的光合特征,并探讨其对水分胁迫的适应机制。研究结果表明,不同光强下两种云杉的最大光合速率（P_max）随土壤含水量的降低而逐渐下降,且嫩江云杉的降幅较小;表观量子效率（AQY）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（G_s）也都呈下降的趋势。暗呼吸速率（R_d）和水分利用率（WUE）在逐渐干旱的过程中先上升后下降,而胞间CO₂浓度先下降,后随上升。这表明在水分胁迫较为严重时,光合速率的降低主要是非气孔限制造成的。比较上述指标的变化情况可以看出,嫩江云杉对干旱的适应性要强于红皮云杉。     

Photosynthetic Characteristics in Mulberry during Water Stress and Rewatering

Three-month-old plants of mulberry (Morus alba L. cv. Kanva-2) were subjected to a drought stress by withholding water supply. As the leaf water potential (W) was dropping progressively with the severity of treatment and increasing stress duration, the values of leaf area, dry mass accumulation, total chlorophyll (Chl) content, net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E) were declined. The photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemical efficiency significantly decreased only at a severe stress treatment. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) remained unaltered during a mild stress, yet it increased under moderate and severe stresses. The Ci/gs ratio reflected the mesophyll efficiency during water stress. Rewatering of the plants led to an almost complete recovery of PN, E, and gs, indicating that a short-term stress brings about reversible effects only.     

Rapid triggering of malate accumulation in the C3/CAM intermediate plant Sedum telephium: relationship with water status and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

Sedum telephium is a C₃/CAM intermediate plant in which expressionof CAM is caused by water deficit. The timing of the C₃-CAMswitch and its relationship with water status and phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) carboxylase activity have been investigated. Water deficitwas provided by application of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutionsso that roots were exposed to water potentials from 0 to –2.0 MPa below that of the nutrient solution. The response ofthe plants was measured during the first dark period after PEGaddition and 7 d later. Malic acid accumulation was triggeredduring the first dark period at root water potentials of –0.3MPa or less. This corresponded with very small decreases inleaf water potential and relative water content. The capacityof PEP carboxylase was not altered at any water potential duringthe first dark period. After 7 d the capacity of PEP carboxylaseprogressively increased as water potential declined to –0.4MPa. At this, and more negative, water potentials it was 5-foldhigher than in well-watered leaves. Malic acid fluctuationsincreased with decreasing PEG water potential below a thresholdof –0.1 MPa. Malic acid levels at the end of the lightperiod were progressively lower as water potential decreased.NAD- and NADP-malic enzyme activity were not affected by lowwater potential. Leaves detached from well-watered plants in the middle of thelight period and kept hydrated did not accumulate malic acidduring the following dark period. Allowing the leaves to lose10% of their water content induced malic acid accumulation duringthe same time. Conversely, leaves detached from long-term droughtedplants (which had malate fluctuations and a PEP carboxylasecapacity 5-fold higher than well-watered plants) accumulatedmalate during the night if maintained at the same low hydrationstate (82%RWC), whereas malic acid accumulation was promptlyreduced if they were rehydrated. Malic acid accumulation couldtherefore be rapidly altered by changing the hydration stateof the leaves. The short-term rehydration treatments did notalter PEP carboxylase capacity. However, alteration of leafhydration affected the apparent K_m (PEP) of PEP carboxylaseextracted 1 h before the end of the dark period. The K_m wasincreased by rehydration and decreased by dehydration. Sensitivityto feedback inhibition by malate was not affected by hydrationstate and was high for PEP carboxylase from well-watered leavesand lower for PEP carboxylase from long-term droughted leaves. Taken together, the responses of intact plants and detachedleaves show that malic acid accumulation can be triggered veryrapidly by small water deficits in the leaves. The extent ofnight-time malic acid accumulation is independent of PEP carboxylasecapacity. However, a change in the hydration state of the leavescan rapidly alter the affinity of PEP carboxylase for PEP. Theregulation of malic acid accumulation in relation to the drought-inducedtriggering of CAM is discussed. Key words: Crassulacean acid metabolism, water stress, Sedum telephium, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP carboxylase), malic enzyme     

土壤水分胁迫下沙漠葳的光合生理特征

以从美国西部引进的沙生灌木——沙漠葳（Chilopsis linearis）的2年生实生苗为材料,通过盆栽试验于7-9份进行轻度、中度和重度土壤水分胁迫处理并分析其光合生理响应特征.结果显示：（1）60 d中度或重度土壤水分胁迫使沙漠葳的净光合速率（Pn）、水分利用效率（WUE）和光补偿点（LCP）显著降低,暗呼吸速率（DRR）减弱,而气孔导度（Cs）增大,气孔限制值（Ls）变小.（2）Pn日变化在7月份的轻度和中度土壤水分胁迫下表现为双峰曲线,其余月份的胁迫处理均为单峰曲线,同期内各胁迫处理Pn峰值出现的时间基本相同,而且8月份各水分胁迫的Pn值显著高于其它月份;WUE的日变化趋势和Pn日变化相似,而且土壤水分胁迫越严重,其水分利用效率越低;各水分胁迫处理的Pn和Tr光响应拟合曲线均基本呈抛物线形或倒抛物线形.（3）在轻度和中度土壤水分胁迫的初期,Pn降低主要受气孔限制因素的影响,随着胁迫期的延长和胁迫的加重,Pn降低由气孔限制为主逐步转向以非气孔限制为主.研究表明,沙漠葳对干旱胁迫具有一定的适应能力,但长期中度或重度干旱胁迫都会影响沙漠葳的正常生长发育,使其光合生产力大大降低.     

干旱胁迫对香紫苏生理特性和光合特性的影响研究

目的:研究土壤干旱胁迫对香紫苏生理特性和光合特性的影响.方法:以香紫苏(Salvia sclarea L)的功能叶为研究对象,分实验组和对照组进行盆栽实验,在随后的5天中,分别测定两组香紫苏叶片中脯氨酸、丙二醛和叶绿素的含量,同时测定并分析蒸腾速率、气孔导度、净光合速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度的变化情况.结果:随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,香紫苏叶片内脯氨酸的含量总体趋势增加,与干旱胁迫的时间正相关;而叶片中丙二醛的含量变化不明显;干旱胁迫时,叶片内叶绿素的含量升高,在第四天时达到最大值,随干旱胁迫的加重,叶绿素含量又呈下降的趋势.其蒸腾速率变化曲线呈双峰型,随干旱时间的延长,蒸腾速率明显下降;香紫苏气孔导度变化曲线为单峰型,当干旱胁迫加重时,香紫苏气孔导度下降明显,气孔导度与胞间CO2浓度呈负相关,净光合速率变化与气孔导度变化曲线较为一致.结论:香紫苏生理因子和光合作用对干旱胁迫有一定的适应能力,但重度胁迫会对其造成严重影响.     

四季桂光合特性的季节变化研究

采用LI-6400光合测定仪测定四季桂光响应曲线和光合特性的季节变化。结果表明,四季桂叶片的光响应曲线变化趋势基本一致,净光合速率和光补偿点由低到高依次为1月< 4月< 10月< 7月,光饱和点依次为7月< 10月< 4月< 1月。四季桂叶片Pn、Tr、VPD、Gs的日变化表现为1月和4月均为单峰曲线,10:00达到峰值;7月和10月均为"双峰型",具有明显的光合"午休"现象。1月,Ci持续下降;4月Ci先逐渐下降,15:00出现小峰值;10月和7月,Ci在10:00最低,15:00达到峰值。     

干旱和复水对崖柏光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

以4年生崖柏(Thuja sutchuenensis Franch.)盆栽实生苗为材料,试验干旱和复水对崖柏光合特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果显示,在自然干旱处理过程中,叶片相对含水量(LRWC)在土壤相对含水量(SRWC)降至30%之后开始出现下降;净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、光饱和点(LSP)和最大光合速率(P_max)随着土壤可利用水分的减少而逐渐降低;而表观量子效率(Q)、表观量子需要量(1/Q)及光补偿点(LCP)未发生明显变化;水分利用效率(WUE)则随着SRWC的下降而逐渐提高。在停止浇水50 d后(SRWC下降约95%),叶片萎蔫,净光合速率接近零,复水后3 d,净光合速率(P_n)恢复至对照的88.59%,WUE降至对照的88.63%。通过干旱-复水一系列生理指标的变化分析认为,崖柏为干旱避免型植物。     

现蕾期水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光合特性的影响

水分是作物生长的基础, 揭示不同水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光合作用的影响有助于阐明紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和产量的响应规律。以甘农3号紫花苜蓿为供试材料, 设充分灌溉(CK)、轻度水分胁迫(LD)、中度水分胁迫(MD)、重度水分胁迫(SD)4个水分处理, 研究了现蕾期水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光合特征的影响。结果表明: (1)随着水分胁迫的加剧, 紫花苜蓿的光饱和点降低, 暗呼吸速率、光补偿点升高, 表明水分胁迫的加剧降低了紫花苜蓿对弱光的吸收和利用效率; (2)水分胁迫下紫花苜蓿叶片的净光合速率(Pn, μmol•m-2•s-1)、气孔导度(Gs, mmol•m-2•s-1)、和蒸腾速率(Tr, mmol•m-2•s-1)均呈下降趋势, LD的胞间CO2浓度(Ci, μmol•mol-1)下降, 气孔限制值(Ls)上升, 表明是由气孔因素所致, 而MD和SD则由非气孔因素所致。(3)随着水分胁迫的加剧, 水分利用效率(WUE)呈先上升后下降的趋势, 表明适度的水分胁迫会提高紫花苜蓿的水分利用效率。     

水分对胡杨幼苗光合及生长特性的影响

采用盆栽控制实验方法对不同水分条件下胡杨幼苗的光合日变化以及生长特性进行分析研究.结果显示:(1)不同水分条件下胡杨幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化曲线均呈单峰型,峰值时间均在12:00;当土壤含水量为21.6%～24.0%时,幼苗的水分利用效率(WUE)日变化曲线呈不明显的双峰型,峰值时间分别在8:00和18:00,其他处理均为单峰型,但峰值时段有差异;随着土壤含水量的减小,胡杨幼苗的Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr日均值逐渐降低,当土壤含水量为12.0%～19.2%时,幼苗的WUE日均值显著高于其他处理.(2)幼苗的株高、基径、各器官的生物量及总生物量均随土壤含水量的减小而降低,当土壤含水量为12.0%～19.2%时,幼苗地下生物量的降低程度大于地上生物量,且幼苗的根冠比也增大.研究表明,土壤含水量对胡杨幼苗的光合特性及其生长具有显著影响,当土壤含水量大于12.0%时,幼苗能够通过增大水分利用效率,改变根冠比提高抗旱性;当土壤含水量小于9.6%时,幼苗自我调节能力减弱,生长受到抑制.     

Properties of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Carbohydrate Accumulation in the C3-CAM Intermediate Sedum telephium L. Grown Under Different Light and Watering Regimes

A comparison of the activity and properties of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxylase (PEPC) was made for plants of Sedum telephium L.grown under low (70 µmol m^–2 s^–1) or high(500µmol m^–2 s^–1) PPFD and subjected to varyingdegrees of water stress. Under well-watered conditions onlyplants grown under high PPFD accumulated titratable acidityovernight and the extractable activity of PEPC was almost 2-foldhigher in these plants than in plants grown under low PPFD.Increasing drought stress resulted in a substantial increasein the activity of PEPC extracted both during the light anddark periods and a decrease in the sensitivity to inhibitionby malic acid. The magnitude of these changes was determinedby the severity and duration of drought and by light intensity.A comparison of the kinetic properties of PEPC from severelydroughted plants revealed that plants droughted under high PPFDhad a lower K_m for PEP than plants under low PPFD. Additionof 2·0 mol m^–3 malate resulted in an increase inthe K_m for PEP, with plants draughted under low PPFD havinga significantly higher K_m in the presence of malic acid comparedto those under high _PPFD. Response to the activator glc-6-P,which lowered the K_m for PEP, also varied between plants grownunder the two light regimes. Under well-watered conditions PEPCextracted from plants under high PPFD was more sensitive toactivation by glc-6-P than those under low PPFD. After the severedrought treatment, however, the K_m for PEP in the presence ofglc-6-P was similar for enzyme extracted from plants grown underboth light regimes. Soluble sugars and starch were depletedovernight and were both possible sources of substrate for PEPC.With increasing drought, however, the depletion of starch relativeto soluble sugars increased under both light regimes. The propertiesof PEPC and the characteristics of carbohydrate accumulation/depletionare discussed in relation to the regulation of CAM in S. telephiumgrown under different light and watering regimes. Key words: PEP carboxylase, CAM, carbohydrates, Sedum telephium     

Antioxidative protection in the inducible CAM plant Sedum album L. following the imposition of severe water stress and recovery

The antioxidative protection during the C₃-CAM shift induced by water stress was investigated in the temperate succulent Sedum album L. The C₃-CAM shift was characterized in terms of CO₂ exchange, titratable acidity and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity. Well-watered plants displayed C₃-like patterns of gas exchange and exhibited a mild day-night acid fluctuation indicating that those plants were performing CAM-cycling metabolism. Imposed drought highly stimulated CAM cycling, decreasing the net CO₂ uptake during the day, eliminating net CO₂ efflux at night and stimulating tissue acid fluctuations. As water deficit developed, chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed a decrease in the Fv/Fm ratio, indicating that photoinhibition could follow after severe drought. Protection might be performed by the increased activity of enzymes involved in the destruction of free radicals and oxidants, but their response depended on the water status of the plant. Ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities increased in plants subjected to mild stress but declined during severe water stress. Catalase activity, however, was quite stable under mild water stress and was clearly inhibited under severe water stress. At this stage, glutathione reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase seemed to be very important in the protection against oxidants, both increasing considerably their activities under severe water stress. Even if recycling has been shown to alleviate photoinhibition, our results clearly demonstrate that antioxidative enzymes play an important role in the protection of plants from oxidants during the C₃-CAM shift induced by water stress.     

干旱胁迫对宁夏枸杞叶片蔗糖代谢及光合特性的影响

以宁夏枸杞品种‘宁杞1号’为材料,采用防雨棚内盆栽控水法研究了轻度干旱(LD)、中度干旱(MD)、重度干旱(SD)和正常灌水(CK)4种土壤水分条件下枸杞叶片糖分含量、蔗糖代谢酶活性和光合参数的响应规律,为宁夏枸杞在干旱地区高产栽培提供参考依据。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫降低了枸杞青果期叶片蔗糖和淀粉含量,轻度干旱胁迫可提高枸杞色变期叶片果糖和蔗糖含量,而成熟期叶片淀粉含量则随着干旱加重而升高。(2)干旱胁迫降低了青果期枸杞叶片中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性,降低了色变期和成熟期叶片酸性转化酶(AI)和SS的活性,但提高了色变期和成熟期叶片NI的活性。(3)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈降低趋势,瞬时水分利用率(WUE)呈现:LD>CK>SD>MD的变化趋势。研究认为,轻度干旱胁迫能促进宁夏枸杞成熟期叶片蔗糖积累和水分利用率提高,有利于更多光合同化物输送到果实中。     

Photorespiratory Enzyme Activities in C3 and CAM Forms of the Facultative CAM Plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallimum L.

The extent to which photorespiration occurs in CrassulaceanAcid Metabolism (CAM) plants has received limited attention.No comparative studies of C₃ and CAM development have been made.To address this problem, activities of several photorespiratoryenzymes were measured in a facultative CAM plant—Mesembryanthemumcrystallinum L.—during induction of CAM by water stress(NaCl-treatment). Salt-treatment over a 22 d period produceda progressive change in metabolism from C₃ to CAM. This wasconfirmed by (I) changes in gas exchange from C₃ fixation tothe characteristic CAM pattern of nocturnal CO2 uptake; (2)increases in did acid fluctuation and (3) a 30-fold increasein phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) carboxylase activity. In contrast,no significant changes were observed in the activities of glycollateoxidase (GO), NAD-dependent-hydroxypyruvate reductase (HPR),glutamine synthetase (GS) or glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) whenplants were induced into CAM. Ion exchange chromatography onDEAE Sephacel detected only one GS isoenzyme (GS2, chloroplastic)at all stages of CAM induction, Western blot analysis, however,detected an additional, although minor, band of GS1 (cytosolic),in C₃ plants, which disappeared following CAM induction. Ourresults show that, after development of CAM, these plants stillretain the capacity to photorespire. This may be an essentialrequirement of CAM plants growing in habitats with variablerainfall. When water availability is high, stomata may openin the light allowing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase(Rubisco) activity and photorespiration to occur. The inherentcapacity to photorespire would allow plants to survive variableperiods of rainfall. Key words: Mesembryanthemum, C₃, CAM, photorespiration