埃塞俄比亚芥与诸葛菜属间杂种的基因组原位杂交分析

用幼胚培养方法重新获得的埃塞俄比亚芥(Brassica carinata A.Braun,2n=34)与诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus (L.)O.E.Schulz,2n=24)的属间杂种仍为混倍体(2n=14～34),2n=34细胞的频率最高;绝大多数花粉母细胞(PMCs)表现正常的17个二价体配对和17：17的分离。基因组原位杂交分析结果表明,在所有体细胞和PMCs中不含有整条的诸葛菜染色体,2n=34的体细胞和PMCs中包含了来自黑芥(B．nigra (L．)Koch,2n=16)的16条染色体。这些具有完全或部分埃塞俄比亚芥染色体组成的细胞,可能来源于以前提出的杂种细胞在有丝分裂中完全或部分亲本染色体组分开和染色体复制,并伴随诸葛菜染色体的消除。     

麦类作物体细胞基因组原位杂交(GISH)效果影响因素的分析

以八倍体小滨麦、八倍体小黑麦、八倍体小偃麦、小麦-中间偃麦草双体异附加系为实验材料对影响麦类作物体细胞GISH技术实验效果的因素进行分析,研究结果表明:细胞分裂相多、染色体分散良好、无杂质影响的高质量的染色体制片是取得理想实验效果的基础;探针DNA浓度与封阻DNA浓度的比例及杂交后洗脱条件的控制是取得理想实验效果的关键。此外,还对麦类作物体细胞基因组原位杂交实验中出现的染色体丢失、外源染色体无杂交信号、杂交信号的强弱、杂交信号过多(杂交背景重)或过少、噪音信号及杂交污点产生的原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的解决方法或注意事项。     

染色体原位杂交技术

原位杂交技术是重复ＤＮＡ序列和多拷贝基因家族物理作图、低拷贝及单拷贝ＤＮＡ序列定位的常规方法,也是检测种间杂种染色体易位、重组的有效手段。可应用于分析染色体的结构和异源多倍体物种的进化,与染色体显带技术结合使用可精确而有铲地进行染色体图谱构建和细胞遗传学鉴定。     

基因组原位杂交技术及其在园艺植物基因组研究中的应用

基因组原位杂交(GISH)技术可以鉴定植物多倍体物种起源、杂种亲本染色体来源和组成,分析栽培种与其近缘野生种的亲缘关系,研究减数分裂染色体行为等。基因组原位杂交包括多色基因组原位杂交、比较基因组原位杂交和自身基因组原位杂交等。基因组原位杂交技术的关键步骤是染色体制片、探针制备及长度优化、探针与封阻的浓度比例和杂交后洗脱强度。该文对近年来国内外有关基因组原位杂交技术的发展及其在园艺植物基因组研究中的应用现状进行了综述,并指出随着多种园艺植物全基因组的测定,未来应从基因组信息中寻找更多的染色体特异性标记,结合荧光显带及荧光原位杂交技术,为深入研究园艺植物的起源以及遗传关系鉴定等提供技术支持。     

基因组原位杂交的新进展及其在植物中的应用

基因组原位杂交 ( Genomic in situ hybridization GISH)是 2 0世纪 80年代末发展起来的一种原位杂交技术。它最初应用于动物方面的研究[1 ] ,但很快被植物方面所借用 ,并且使用频率高于动物方面的研究。它采用来自一个物种的总基因组 DNA作为标记探针 ,用另一物种的总基因组 DNA以适当的浓度进行封阻 ,在靶染色体上进行原位杂交。在封阻DNA和标记 DNA探针之间 ,封阻 DNA优先与一般序列杂交 ,剩下的特异性序列主要被标记探针所杂交。在此基础上 ,人们先后发展了荧光基因组原位杂交、多色基因组原位杂交和比较基因组原位杂交等技术 ,…     

小麦族三属杂种F1小孢子发生过程中染色体的行为(简报)

利用八倍体小黑麦劲松49和八倍体小滨麦950059杂交合成了小麦-黑麦-滨麦草三属杂种,对不同基因组染色体在三属杂种F1减数分裂和小孢子发育过程中的行为进行了研究.基因组原位杂交(GISH)结果表明劲松49和小滨950059均包含44条小麦染色体和12条外源染色体,三属杂种F1中含有6条黑麦染色体和6条滨麦草染色体.减数分裂过程中黑麦和滨麦草染色体很少与小麦染色体配对.常以单价体形态存在.小孢子中的微核主要由外源染色体组成.在三属杂种F1的花粉发育过程中还发现了染色体浓缩不同步的现象.     

基因组原位杂交鉴定栽培稻与广西药用野生稻杂交后代染色体构成

广西药用野生稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｉｓ）具有多种优良特性,是水稻遗传育种的重要种质资源之一。本实验以ｂｉｏｔｉｎ标记的的药用野生稻总ＤＮＡ作探针,未标记的载培稻（Ｏｒｙｚａｘａｔｉｖａ）总ＤＮＡ作封阻,以ＨＰ－ＤＡＢ系统进行信号检测,对栽培稻与广西药用野生稻的杂种Ｆ１植株的根尖染色体制片进行了基因组原位杂交。采用封阻比例１：２０～３０时,杂交效果较９为理想,药用野生稻的１２条染色体显深     

基因组原位杂交鉴定栽培稻与广西药用野生稻杂交后代染色体构成

广西药用野生稻 (Oryza officinalis)具有多种优良特性 ,是水稻遗传育种的重要种质资源之一。本实验以 Biotin标记的药用野生稻总 DNA作探针 ,未标记的栽培稻 (Oryzasativa)总 DNA作封阻 ,以 HRP- DAB系统进行信号检测 ,对栽培稻与广西药用野生稻的杂种F1植株的根尖染色体制片进行基因组原位杂交。采用封阻比例 1∶ 2 0～ 30时 ,杂交效果较为理想 ,药用野生稻的 1 2条染色体显深棕色 ,而栽培稻的 1 2条染色体着色很浅。在有丝分裂间期的细胞核中 ,也检测到大量杂交信号分布于核的周边。     

双探针原位杂交揭示稻属BB,CC和EE基因组之间的分化

利用双探针原位要交技术,揭示了稻属Ｏｒｙｚａ ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｉｓ复合体中ＢＢ、ＣＣ和ＥＥ基因组之间的分化。以标记的ＢＢ基因组（来自二倍体的Ｏ．ｐｕｎｃｔａｔａＫｏｔｅｃｈｙ ｅｘ Ｓｔｅｕｄ．）的总ＤＮＡ为探针,同ＢＢＣＣ基因组（Ｏ．ｍｉｎｕｔａＪ．Ｓ．Ｐｒｅｓｌ．ｅｔ．Ｃ．Ｂ．Ｐｒｅｓｅｌ）的中期染色体杂交,结果表明,ＢＢ基因组的ＤＮＡ探针同与四倍体Ｏ．ｍｉｎｕｔａ中的ＢＢ基因组的染色体之间     

高频率产生芸苔属非整倍体和纯合植株及基因组原位杂交分析

进行了芥菜型油菜(Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. &; Coss.)和埃塞俄比亚芥(B. carinata A. Braun)与新油料植物资源诸葛菜(Orychophrogmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz)之间的属间杂交, 并对产生的后代植株进行了基因组原位杂交分析. 结果表明, 芥菜型油菜与诸葛菜的杂交后代由3类混倍体组成, 第一类的体细胞和花粉母细胞(PMC)主要含有芥菜型油菜的36条染色体和附加的诸葛菜染色体(2n = 36 ~ 44); 第二类(2n = 30 ~ 36)主要产生具有芥菜型油菜染色体的PMC(2n = 36)和1 ~ 4对芥菜型油菜染色体被诸葛菜染色体所代换的代换型PMC(2n = 36); 第三类(2n = 30 ~ 36)植株的PMC则只具有芥菜型油菜染色体(2n = 36). 而埃塞俄比亚芥与诸葛菜的杂交后代由两类混倍体(2n= 29 ~ 34)组成, 第一类的绝大多数PMC的染色体数目(2n= 34)及行为与母本埃塞俄比亚芥植株的一样, 只是部分PMC包含1 ~ 3对诸葛菜染色体, 而第二类的PMC只具有埃塞俄比亚芥的34条染色体. 从以上杂种的后代中获得了芸苔属亲本种的附加系、代换系、 亚倍体和纯合植株. 这些结果为在芸苔属与诸葛菜属间杂交中可能发生的亲本种染色体组分开现象提供了分子细胞遗传学证据.     

Genome Analysis of a Natural Hybrid with 2n= 63 Chromosomes in the Genus Elytrigia Desv. (Poaceae) Using the GISH Technique

Abstract: Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), using genomic DNA probes from Thinopyrum elongatum (E genome, 2 n = 14), Th. bessarabicum (J genome, 2 n = 14), Pseudoroegneria stipifolia (S genome, 2 n = 14), Agropyron cristatum (P genome, 2 n = 28) and Critesion californicum (H genome, 2 n = 14), was used to identify the genome constitution of a natural hybrid population morphologically close to Elytrigia pycnantha and with somatic chromosome number of 2 n = 63. The GISH results indicated the presence of a chromosomal set more or less closely related to the E, P, S and H genomes. In particular, two sets of 14 chromosomes each showed close affinity to the E genome of Th. elongatum and to the P genome of A. cristatum. However, they included 2 and 10 mosaic chromosomes, respectively, with S genome specific sequences at their centromeric regions. Two additional sets (28 chromosomes) appeared to be very closely related to the S genome of Ps. stipifolia. The last genome involved (7 chromosomes) is related to the H genome of C. californicum but includes one chromosome with S genome-specific sequences around the centromere and two other chromosomes with a short interstitial segment also containing S genome related sequences. On a basis of GISH analysis and literature data, it is hypothesized that the natural 9-ploid hybrid belongs to the genus Elytrigia and results from fertilization of an unreduced gamete (n = 42) of E. pycnantha and a reduced gamete (n = 21) of E. repens. The genomic formula SSSSP^SP^SE^SE^SH^S is proposed to describe its particular genomic and chromosomal composition.     

Triploid Citrus Plants Obtained from Crossing the Diploids with Allotetraploid Somatic Hybrids

Hybridizing the diploid monoembryonic pummelo (Citrus grandis) and polyembryonic tangerine (C. reticulata cv. Huanongbendizao) with allotetraploid somatic hybrids from protoplast fusion were conducted. Seeds of pollinated fruits were found to be abortive 90 days after pollination. The aborted seeds were then cultured on media of MT supplement with 1 mg/L GA3 or with 500 mg/L of malt extract. 25.6% of the seeds germinated or developed into embryoids: The entire plants were transplanted into soil after grafting shoots on the root-stocks of trifoliate orange in vitro, if the germinated embryos have poor roots or no root at all. A total of 73 plants from 6 different combinations were obtained, among which 20 were verified as triploids with 2n= 3x=27 chromosomes, 32 diploids 2n= 2x= 18, 8 a- neuploids and the rest 13 unconfirmed.     

Determination of the frequency of wheat-rye chromosome pairing in wheat x rye hybrids with and without chromosome 5B

Genomic in-situ hybridization (GISH) was used to determine the amount of wheat-rye chromosome pairing in wheat (Triticum aestivum) x rye (Secale cereale) hybrids having chromosome 5B present, absent, or replaced by an extra dose of chromosome 5D. The levels of overall chromosome pairing were similar to those reported earlier but the levels of wheat-rye pairing were higher than earlier determinations using C-banding. Significant differences in chromosome pairing were found between the three genotypes studied. Both of the chromosome-5B-deficient hybrid genotypes showed much higher pairing than the euploid wheat hybrid. However, the 5B-deficient hybrid carrying an extra chromosome 5D had significantly less wheat-rye pairing than the simple 5B-deficient genotype, indicating the presence of a suppressing factor on chromosome 5D. Non-homologous/non-homoeologous chromosome pairing was observed in all three hybrid genotypes. The value of GISH for assessing the level of wheat-alien chromosome pairing in wheat/alien hybrids and the effectiveness of wheat genotypes that affect homoeologous chromosome pairing is demonstrated.     

多胚水稻品系APⅣ的多卵遗传行为分析

通过多胚水稻品系APⅣ与单胚水稻品种IR36、明恢77和龙特浦B正反杂交, 研究APⅣ的多卵遗传行为,表明APⅣ的多卵性状可能不是由孢子体基因型决定的,而是由雄配子体基因型决定,属配子体遗传的范畴。 Abstract:The inheritance of poly-eggs was investigated by crossing and reciprocally crossing APIV with monoembryonic rice variety IR36,Minghui No.77 and Longtepu B,respectively.It was suggested that the production of poly-eggs is probably controlled by gametophytic genotypes,rather than sporophytic ones.     

普通小麦×大麦杂交后代中间材料的GISH及PAGE鉴定

利用基因组荧光原位杂交 (GISH)及种子贮藏蛋白聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (PAGE)对普通小麦×大麦杂交后代中间材料进行了鉴定分析。GISH结果表明 ,WBA984和WBA9812为二体小大麦异附加系 ,WBS0 2 15和WBS0 2 6 4为小大麦二体异代换系 ,WBT0 2 12 5和WBT0 2 183为端部易位系 ;种子贮藏蛋白PAGE分析表明 ,WBA9812和WBS0 2 6 4含有大麦特有的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和在γ区含有大麦特有的醇溶蛋白带型 ,WBA9812为大麦 5H附加系 ,WBS0 2 6 4为 1B/ 5H代换系 ,WBT0 2 12 5为 1BL/ 5HL端部易位系。     

应用G显带染色体荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术研究复杂的染色体易位

建立常规Ｇ显带染色体标本的荧光原位杂交（ＦＩＳＨ）技术,用于分析患者复杂的染色体易位。原位杂交前,用甲醛固定Ｇ显带标本,是获得良好显带和荧光杂交效果的关键步骤。仅用常规细胞遗传学方法分析,显示一例习惯性流产患者的核型为４６,ＸＸ,ｔ（１;５;１２）（１ｐｔｅｒ→１ｑ２５：：１２ｑ２４→１２ｑｔｅｒ;５ｑｔｅｒ→５ｐ１１：：１ｑ２５→１ｑｔｅｒ,１２ｐｔｅｒ→１２ｑ２４：．５ｐ１１→５ｐｔｅｒ）,而采用本方法确定患者的核型实际为４６,ＸＸ,ｔ（１;５,１２）（１ｐｔｅｒ→１ｑ２３：：１２ｑ２２→１２ｑｔｅｒ,５ｑｔｅｒ→５ｐ１１：：１ｑ２５→１ｑｔｅｒ;１２ｐｔｅｒ→１２ｑ２２：：１ｑ２３→１ｑ２５：５ｐ１１→５ｐｔｅｒ）。结果表明,新建立的Ｇ显带染色体荧光原位杂交（ＦＩＳＨ）技术能更有效地检测患者复杂的染色体易位。     

Three stages of meiotic homologous chromosome pairing in wheat: cognition, alignment and synapsis

 Chromosome painting enabled the study of homologous chromosome behaviour prior to and during meiosis. Total genomic DNA from rye, used as a probe for in situ hybridization, identified the rye chromosome arm in a wheat-rye translocation line (T5AS·5RL) at meiotic prophase and the preceding interphase. Accurate staging of the development of the meiocytes was attained by parallel studies of chromatin morphology, nucleolar behaviour and synaptonemal complex formation in electron microscopy thin sections and silver-stained surface spreads. Three stages of pairing were identified for the large cereal genomes that are organized in a Rabl configuration: first, cognition occurs during the long interphase before leptotene, bringing the homologous chromosome domains into close proximity and possibly starting at the centromere; second, homologous chromosome segments align at late leptotene; and third, zygotene synapsis initiates near the telomere, although it was also observed to occur near the centromere. A pairing model is proposed for wheat, with a genome size of 17000 Mbp, that shows prallels to and notable differences from yeast and mammalian models of meiosis. Received: 25 January 1997 / Revision accepted: 14 July 1997