创建多层次微生物学实验教学体系培养科研创新型人才

"微生物学"课程是高等教育生命科学教学中一门重要的基础课程。微生物学实验作为独立于微生物学理论课的基础实验课,对学生基本实验技能的培养和综合素质的提高,培养学生探索精神、创新意识和创新能力方面起着至关重要的作用。南开大学微生物学教学实验室依托"微生物学"国家重点学科、"教育部分子微生物学重点实验室"和"国家级生物实验教学示范中心",建立了多级别分层次的微生物学实验教学体系;确立了由基础性实验、综合性实验、创新性实验相结合的实验内容;同时充分利用本校教学科研资源优势,为学生搭建了多级别的科研创新训练实践平台,着重培养学生的科研素质、创新意识和创新能力,在微生物学科研创新型人才的培养中发挥了重要的作用。     

改革微生物学实验教学,提高学生实验技能

微生物学是一门实验性和应用性很强的学科,它具有一套独特的实验技术和方法,微生物学实验技术已被广泛应用于生产实践、科学研究过程中.从课程实验和综合实验两方面就不断改进微生物学实验教学,训练学生基本实验操作技能,培养学生综合创新能力的方法和途径.     

微生物学创新实验教学体系的构建与实践

培养学生的创新能力与实践能力是现代大学教育的共同教育理念。根据多年来微生物学实验教学的改革与实践,对实验内容进行了精心的调整、完善和更新,按"基本技能训练、综合能力培养、研究素质及创新意识培育"的基本宗旨,构建了从"综合实验—探究性自选实验—项目申报"的微生物创新实验教学体系,使实验教学遵循基础性、综合性、研究性、开放性的基本原则,有效提高学生的微生物学实验技能。     

“微生物学”国家精品课程基础实验教学体系的构建与实践

微生物学实验作为独立于微生物学理论课的基础实验课程, 是当代生命科学中一门重要的专业必修课。南开大学“微生物学”国家精品课程教学组针对提升大学生核心竞争力的培养目标, 在实验教学中以夯实基本实验技能为指导思想, 建立了分层次的微生物学实验内容; 采用分级式教学新模式, 以强化基本技能训练为基石, 全面提升学生的综合素质, 激发学生的创新能力; 并将实验素养纳入实验成绩的评价体系, 规范学生的科研道德。     

着眼于基本能力培养的“微生物学实验”教学改革实践

"微生物学实验"是高校生物类专业本科生的必修基础课。以该课程传统教学方法中普遍存在的教学效果欠佳、学生基本技能掌握不牢等问题为出发点,拟把夯实基础、注重基本能力培养的分阶段教学策略应用于微生物学实验教学改革中。具体措施:学生课前预习微课操作视频、课内实践操作和课外参加各类创新实践相结合,通过该方式培养和提升学生的创新能力和应用能力。改革方案实施后,通过基础理论知识和实验操作技能考核及问卷调查对教学效果进行评价。结果表明,该教学方式的改进能通过激发学生的学习积极性和主动性,进而达到切实巩固和提高学生基本实验技能、促进学生基础知识积累的效果,同时也培养了学生的创新能力和实践应用能力。     

体现不同专业特色的微生物学实验教学改革研究

总结了微生物学实验教学的改革与实践.根据专业特点设置基础验证性实验以加强基本操作技能训练,开设有专业特色的综合、设计性实验强化学生综合实践能力培养,利用创新性实验促进培养学生创新能力,并依托网络化的实验教学信息平台与完善的实验室管理制度实施开放实验,构建了体现专业特色的微生物学实验教学体系.实践证明,体现专业特色的微生物学实验教学改革,提高了实验效率与实验教学质量.     

微生物学综合性实验的探讨与实践

随着我国教学改革的逐渐深入, 如何提高微生物学综合性实验的教学效果是实验指导教师需要认真思考的问题。本文对开设综合性实验需要注意的问题进行了探讨, 同时结合我们微生物学实验室多年来开设微生物学综合性实验的教学实践, 认为综合性实验要取得良好的实验效果, 需注意四个“结合”：基础性与专业性的结合, 创新性与系统性的结合, 可操作性与科学评判性的结合, 实验教师与学生团体参与性的结合, 只有把握好上述四个“结合”, 才能通过综合性实验实现培养学生实验技能与创新能力的目的。     

做好实验准备工作,提高微生物学实验教学质量

完善的微生物学实验准备工作是确保实验成功的开始,也是提高微生物学实验教学质量的重要环节。从加强实验室管理,制定详细的实验准备内容,严格进行实验预做等方面介绍做好微生物学实验准备工作的经验,为提高实验教学质量,培养具有创新能力的人才提供参考和借鉴。     

基于岗位需求的“食品微生物学”综合性实验项目设计与教学效果分析

"食品微生物学"是高等院校食品科学与工程、食品质量与安全及其相关专业的一门必修专业基础课,该课程实验技术是食品类专业学生必须掌握的基本技能,而传统的实验教学存在着与就业岗位需求脱节、学生参与度低等诸多问题,难以培养学生独立完成岗位工作的能力。为了培养学生的综合实践能力,适应就业岗位需求,保证该课程的实践教学质量,课题组通过调研30余家就业单位微生物岗位实际,将课程原有实验教学内容整合为两大综合性实验项目,涵盖了食品微生物学全部基本实验技能。实践表明,两大综合性实验项目的开展可有效提高食品微生物学实验教学效果,使学生全面获得食品微生物学的基本实验技能,有助于提高学生的综合能力,实现学生与就业岗位的无缝对接。     

工科院校微生物学实验教学改革与实践

传统的微生物学实验教学方法和内容存在着许多不足。因此, 我们从实验教学内容、教学模式和实验考核方法等方面进行了改革和探索, 将微生物学实验单独设课, 并增设了微生物学综合实验。结果显示新的实验教学模式更有利于培养学生的动手能力、创新能力以及综合能力, 其教学效果大大提高。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.