稻瘟病菌致病变突体的REMI诱变与鉴定

以水稻“爱知旭”为寄主,将带选择标记的质粒ｐＣＳＮ４３和ｐＢＦ１０１为外ＤＮＡ,利用限制酶诱导整合这种新方法转化稻瘟菌原生质体,从筛选到的数百个转化体中分离出３个与致病能力密切相关的突变体Ｒ２Ｈ６５,Ｒ２Ｈ６９和Ｒ２Ｂ１５６５。其中Ｒ２Ｈ６５和Ｒ２Ｈ６９只产生畸形分生孢子,分生孢子的发育和附着胞的形成以及黑色素的合成均受到极大影响,致病性测试证明完全丧失致病能力;     

利用限制性内切酶诱导整合（REMI）获得稻瘟病菌突变体

限制性内切酶诱导整合（ＲｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎＥｎｚｙｍｅ－ｍｅｄｉａｔｅｄＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎ,简称ＲＥＭＩ,下同）已被成功用于创造随机插入突变和提高转化频率。用限制酶消化的线状质粒ｐＣＳＮ４３或ｐＢＦ１０１,并加一定量的同种限制酶,转化稻瘟病菌（Ｍ．ｇｒｉｓｅａ）的原生质体后,得到约４５０个转化子。对一些表型进行测试后,获得两个分生孢子形态突变体。与野生型相比较,突变体的分生孢子细而且长,呈棒形。ＲＥＭＩ非常有用,因其能提高转化频率,较容易地获得期望数目的转化子;限制性内切酶可随机切割寄主染色体,便于插入线状质粒,导致基因突变。可根据异常表型判定基因的功能,根据插入质粒克隆该基因。     

稻瘟菌诱导的水稻 WRKY 基因OsWRKY52 的分离和鉴定

WRKY 蛋白参与植物对生物或非生物胁迫反应和一些发育、代谢过程,在植物中组成一个转录因子大家族 . 从水稻 cDNA 文库中分离到一个新的 WRKY 基因——— OsWRKY52 cDNA ,包括一个 1 719 bp 的开放读码框,推测编码一个由 572 个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,与燕麦 (Avena sativa) AsWRKY1 具有 54 ％的氨基酸一致性 . 该基因被非亲和性稻瘟菌快速诱导 . 凝胶阻滞实验结果表明,原核表达的 OsWRKY52 能与水稻 PR1a 启动子上的 W 盒元件特异结合 . 采用酵母单杂交体系的方法证明了 OsWRKY52 具有转录激活活性 , 其丝氨酸岛、苏氨酸岛和 C 端的富酸性氨基酸区是负责转录激活的区域 . 这些结果提示 OsWRKY52 作为一个转录激活子,可能参与植物对稻瘟菌的应答反应 .     

Transformation of taxol-producing endophytic fungi by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI)

The REMI method was used to introduce the plasmid pV2 harboring the hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) gene controlled by the Aspergillus nidulans trpC promoter and the trpC terminator into a taxol-producing endophytic fungus BT2. REMI transformation yielded stable transformants capable of continuing to grow on PDA medium containing 125 mug mL(-1) hygromycin B. The transformation efficiency was about 5-6 transformants mug(-1) plasmid DNA. The presence of hph gene in transformants was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on the transformation of taxol-producing endophytic fungi by the REMI technique. This study provides an effective approach for improving taxol production of endophytic fungi by the genetic engineering of taxol biosynthetic pathway genes in the future.     

三种捕食线虫真菌的REMI转化

采用REMI(restriction enzyme-mediated integration)技术,成功地用潮霉素磷酸转移酶基因(hygB)转化了捕食线虫真菌白色单顶孢(Monacrosporium candidum)、球状单顶孢(M．sphaeroides)和蠕虫节丛孢(Arthrobotrys vermicola)。这三种菌的转化率分别为10-18、25-35和0．2-3个转化子／μg DNA;它们的转化子的潮霉素抗性稳定性分别为12．5％、82．5％和87．5％。三种菌的野生型的生长在含有150μg／ml潮霉素的PDA培养基上完全被抑制,而它们的转化子一般都能在含有700μg／ml潮霉素的PDA培养基上正常生长。从每种菌中随机选择了40个转化子,在生长速率、菌丝形态、捕器形态及对线虫的捕食能力方面与野生型进行了比较,没有发现有明显差异。     

Identification of plant-regulated genes in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Ustilago maydis</Emphasis> by enhancer-trapping mutagenesis

To identify plant-induced genes in the maize pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis we have developed a genetic screen that combines REMI (restriction enzyme mediated integration) mutagenesis with enhancer trapping using the gene for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as vital reporter. Of 2350 insertion mutants isolated, three were shown to express GFP only after the fungus had come into contact with the host maize plant. One of the genes tagged was mfa1, which encodes the pheromone precursor, while the second gene, pig2 , codes for a product that showed similarity to protein disulfide isomerase. The third integration event had occurred in a locus which we designated the p -locus. This locus contains 11 genes in a 24-kb stretch. Of these, pig3 , 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 show a plant-regulated expression pattern, while the other genes found at the locus (designated npi) do not. Of the plant-regulated genes only two were found to be similar to database entries: the pig4 product is related to membrane transporters of the major facilitator family, while the pig6 protein shows similarity to multidrug transporters. Detailed expression studies revealed that the five plant-regulated genes at the p -locus differ in their expression profiles. Mutants deleted for each of them showed no apparent phenotype, while the npi1 gene appeared to be essential. A viable deletion encompassing the entire p -locus could be generated when npi1 function was provided ectopically. This deletion mutant also showed no obvious alteration in virulence.Communicated by C. P. HollenbergThe first three authors contributed equally to this work     

Genetic Mapping of Magnaporthe grisea Avirulence Gene Corresponding to Leaf and Panicle Blast Resistant QTLs in Jao Hom Nin Rice Cultivar

The avirulence characteristic of Magnaporthe grisea isolate TH16 corresponding to Jao Hom Nin (JHN) rice cultivar was studied by mapping population of 140 random ascospore progenies derived from the cross between B1-2 and TH16 isolates. Segregation analyses of the avirulence characteristic performing on JHN rice at the seedling and flowering stages were performed in this mapping population. We used the reference map of Guy11/2539 to choose microsatellite DNA markers for mapping the avirulence gene. The genetic map of this population was constructed from 39-microsatellite markers. The genetic map was spanned by covering seven chromosomes with an average distance of 11.9 cM per marker. In mapping population the distribution of pathogenic and non-pathogenic progenies on JHN rice were found to be fitted to 1 : 1 ratio for two of the rice stages, seedling and flowering stages. The Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis for avirulence genes corresponding to two rice stages were located at the same region on chromosome 2 between markers Pyms305 and Pyms435. The LOD score and percentage of phenotypic variance explained (PVE) on two rice stages were 5.01/16.69 and 6.73/20.26, respectively. These loci were designated as Avr-JHN(lb) and Avr-JHN(pb) corresponding to leaf and panicle blast characteristics. The findings of this study can be the initial step for positional cloning and identifying any function of avirulence genes corresponding to leaf and panicle blast characteristics.     

Transgenesis procedures in Xenopus

Stable integration of foreign DNA into the frog genome has been the purpose of several studies aimed at generating transgenic animals or producing mutations of endogenous genes. Inserting DNA into a host genome can be achieved in a number of ways. In Xenopus, different strategies have been developed which exhibit specific molecular and technical features. Although several of these technologies were also applied in various model organizms, the attributes of each method have rarely been experimentally compared. Investigators are thus confronted with a difficult choice to discriminate which method would be best suited for their applications. To gain better understanding, a transgenesis workshop was organized by the X-omics consortium. Three procedures were assessed side-by-side, and the results obtained are used to illustrate this review. In addition, a number of reagents and tools have been set up for the purpose of gene expression and functional gene analyses. This not only improves the status of Xenopus as a powerful model for developmental studies, but also renders it suitable for sophisticated genetic approaches. Twenty years after the first reported transgenic Xenopus, we review the state of the art of transgenic research, focusing on the new perspectives in performing genetic studies in this species.     

稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)诱导的水稻早期反应基因ER1的5' 端cDNA片段克隆及序列分析

研究高等生物基因表达与调控的一个重要方面是分离基因的编码区及其上游的调控序列（ＤｅＶｅｅｒ等１９９７）,这需要获得一个基因的ｃＤＮＡ全长及从植物基因组获取全基因。在前文（周建明等１９９９）中曾经分离了稻瘟病菌侵染诱导的水稻早期反应基因ＥＲ１的ｃＤＮＡ片段,但是运用ｍＲＮＡ差异显示技术分离的ｃＤＮＡ片段往往只有近ｍＲＮＡ３’端的一部分,难以反映基因的结构及功能特点,因此,必须进一步分离其５’端的部分才有可能比较全面地了解此基因的特点。ＲＡＣＥ（ｒａｐｉｄａｍｐｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃＤＮＡｅｎ…     

Generation and characterization of reduced virulence Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici mutants through plasmid-vector insertion

Pathogenicity-impaired mutants, B02 and H15, of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycorpersici (FOL) were obtained using restriction enzyme-mediated integration. Disease severities of Fusarium wilt caused by these mutants were significantly reduced, and their disease development rates were correlated with their colonization rates in tomato vessels. Both B02 and H15 produced significantly smaller amounts of extracellular proteins as well as fusaric acid than the wild-type. Southern blot analyses suggested that B02 and H15 likely contain a single and three copies of transformation vector, respectively. These mutants may thus be useful in isolating genes involved in pathogenicity of FOL.