皂荚化学成分和生物活性的研究进展

我国的皂荚植物主要有皂荚、山皂荚、野皂荚和三刺皂荚.对皂荚的萜类、黄酮类、酚酸类、甾体类等化学成分及其抗菌、杀虫、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节作用等生物学活性进行了综述.     

皂荚刺发育过程中形态与结构观察研究

以皂荚实生苗为研究材料,利用扫描电镜、体式显微镜和石蜡切片法观察记录皂荚刺的发育过程,以明确皂荚刺发育过程的形态与结构变化,为皂荚遗传改良、定向栽培以及开发利用提供理论依据和技术指导.结果表明:(1)皂荚刺为枝刺,起源于皂荚幼苗叶腋内分生组织,发育过程与枝条的发育相似.(2)皂荚刺结构呈椭圆形,其木质部具有环纹导管,且...     

皂荚药用遍通身

皂荚,别名鸡栖子、皂角、大皂荚、长皂荚等,为豆科植物皂荚的果实。野生于路边或村边、山边向阳处。分布于东北、华北、华东、中南及西南各地。主产于四川、山东、陕西、河南等省,华南地区均有产。由于野生资源减少而成为市场上的畅销货。皂荚树,落叶乔木,高5米。     

皂荚EST-SSR分子标记开发与分析评价

本研究旨在开发皂荚EST-SSR分子标记,为今后皂荚种质资源评价与分析提供基础。首先通过对已公布的皂荚转录组数据进行拼接得到41003个Unigenes,总长度70.4 Mb,平均长度1716 bp,N50为2533 bp。进一步在7009个Unigenes中检测到8494个EST-SSR位点,其中1200条Unigenes含有2个及以上的SSR位点,复合型SSRs有369个。针对所有EST-SSR位点设计得到6494条特异性引物,随机挑选60个位点进行试验验证与分析,其中44对引物可扩增出特异性片段,17对具有多态性,PIC值范围为0.195~0.742,均值为0.501,且大部分多态性位点位于UTR区域。通过对皂荚近缘种进行跨种PCR扩增试验,结果显示在开发的44对有效引物中,9个近缘种美国皂荚、日本皂荚、绒毛皂荚、滇皂荚、华南皂荚、小果皂荚、野皂荚、肥皂荚和美国肥皂荚分别有32、31、23、24、7、40、25、18和18对引物可获得有效扩增片段,说明EST-SSR标记在皂荚近缘种之间具有良好的通用性。研究表明利用转录组数据挖掘的EST-SSR位点具有扩增稳定、多态性良好、近缘种间通用等优点,是林木物种开发分子标记的有效途径之一。     

皂荚研究进展

皂荚为豆科皂荚属植物的干燥果实或不成熟果实,目前研究发现其主要含有三萜类、木脂素类等多种化学成分.随着国内外学者对皂荚不断深入的研究,其抗肿瘤、保护心血管、抑菌、抗炎等药理作用逐渐被人们发现.本研究通过整理近30年关于皂荚的化学成分、药理活性以及应用的文献来展开综述,以期为皂荚的深入研究和开发利用提供一定的科学依据.     

皂荚棘刺提取物总黄酮提取测定、除螨活性及抗氧化活性研究

目的：对皂荚棘刺提取物的除螨及抗氧化活性进行探究。方法：检测皂荚棘刺提取物处理前后螨虫的自然死亡率和提取物的灭螨率，同时测定提取物对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基以及Fe3+的清除能力，判断皂荚棘刺提取物的除螨能力及抗氧化能力。结果：所得皂荚棘刺提取物的黄酮提取率为0.136%，其体外抗氧化实验表明皂荚皂素对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基均有明显的清除作用，且48 h除螨活性达到91%。结论：皂荚棘刺提取物具有良好的除螨活性及抗氧化活性，具有良好的应用前景。     

皂荚提取物对肝癌大鼠组织形态及miRNA的影响

为了探讨皂荚提取物对肝癌大组织形态以及mi RNA的影响,本试验通过显微观察肝癌大鼠组织治疗前后的形态变化,以及采用Real-time PCR检测技术检测各组大鼠组织中mi R-21、mi R-181b、mi R-183的表达量。研究表明,皂荚提取物高剂量组相比低剂量组和中剂量组对肝癌大鼠的治疗效果最为明显,与对照药物索拉非尼组效果相似。除皂荚提取物高剂量组和索拉非尼组比较差异无统计学意义(p0.05)。其余各组间均有显著性差异(p0.05)。通过皂荚提起物能够调控mi RNA,进一步验证了皂荚提取物促进肝癌细胞的凋亡的作用机理,同时验证了皂荚提取物的多靶点抗癌效应,为皂荚开发利用提供科学依据。     

皂荚提取物的杀螺活性

[目的]研究皂荚生物农药活性,开发利用皂荚资源,发展环境友好的绿色植物源农药。[方法]采用室内生测和田间试验研究皂荚壳乙醇提取物的杀螺活性。[结果]皂荚提取物对福寿螺有显著的毒杀活性,对幼螺和成螺72 h的LC₅₀分别为40.56、109.83 mg·L^-1。田间试验表明,皂荚提取物对福寿螺有较好的防效,施用40 g·m^-2的皂荚提取物处理7 d后卵块减少率为100.00%（成螺失去产卵的能力）,防效为（99.12±1.26）%。[结论]皂荚提取物对福寿螺较好的生物防治效果,是一种潜在的生物杀螺剂。     

皂荚种质资源SCoT遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱的构建

采用SCoT标记分析了18个皂荚种质的遗传多样性,并采用UPGMA法对18个皂荚种质进行了聚类分析。在此基础上,通过筛选出的多态性条带构建了18个皂荚种质的SCoT指纹图谱。扩增结果表明:从51个SCoT引物中筛选了15个引物进行PCR扩增,共扩增出226条带,其中多态性条带216条,多态性比率为96.61%。各引物多态性信息含量(PIC)、观测等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon’s信息指数(I)的平均值分别为0.875 9、1.964 9、1.440 1、0.272 6、0.426 1。18个皂荚种质的遗传相似系数在0.491 4~0.938 1之间,表明供试材料之间具有较丰富的遗传多样性。聚类分析结果表明:在遗传相似系数为0.60处可将18个皂荚种质分为3组,其中野皂荚单独为一组,山皂荚和皂荚-T聚为一组,其它皂荚材料聚为一组。利用3个引物扩增的8个多态性位点构建了18份皂荚种质资源的DNA指纹图谱,可以将其区分并精准鉴定。该研究结果为皂荚种质的鉴定和新品种选育提供了一定的理论依据。     

皂荚皂甙提取工艺的研究

研究了以皂荚为原料,对传统有机溶剂提取与水提取和超临界CO2萃取三萜皂甙进行了比较,得出水最适合提取皂荚皂甙;水提工艺部分,在单因素实验的基础上采用正交设计实验优化工艺,得出提取皂荚皂甙的最佳工艺。     

The simple-septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis

The simple-septate basidiomycetes comprise more than 8,000 species that show a high morphological and ecological heterogeneity. To gain insight in the phylogenetic relationships within this group, we compared several ultrastructural features such as septal pore apparatus, form, and behavior of the spindle pole bodies, types of host–parasite interaction, presence or absence of colacosomes, symplechosomes, atractosomes, and cystosomes as well as nuclear rDNA sequences coding for small- and large-subunit rRNA. Based on our integrated analysis, we propose a new classification system for the simple-septate basidiomycetes with the subphylum Pucciniomycotina and the classes Agaricostilbomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Classiculomycetes, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Mixiomycetes, and Pucciniomycetes. We also propose the pucciniomycotinous taxa Cystobasidiales, Erythrobasidiales, Helicobasidiales, Mixiales, Naohideales, Pachnocybales, Spiculogloeales, and Kondoaceae and the new subphyla Agaricomycotina (equivalent to the current Hymenomycetes) and Ustilaginomycotina (equivalent to the current Ustilaginomycetes).     

Unusual metals as carcinogens

A review of the literature on unusual metals as carcinogens was carried out. The metals covered are some of the rare earths, copper, silver, gold, mercury, germanium, tin, antimony, lead, platinum, palladium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, manganese, scandium, yttrium, indium, rhodium, and gallium.     

Neutrino intergalactic communication,metal life,and viruses: Part 1 quo vadis ex machina

At one spectrum extreme, Astrobiology conjectures that for exoplanets with Goldilocks conditions, terrestrial-like life is inevitable. Moreover, it is envisaged that via panspermia, terrestrial-like life and its precursors are transferred among galaxies, stars, and within solar systems via transiting comets, asteroids, and planetoids. In addition, expelled stars, which have solar systems, it is inferred, transfer life as well. However, at the other extreme, we propose a paradigm shift that on some planets, subject to non- Goldilocks conditions, metal machine life could arise, ab initio, and evolve viruses, intelligence, and civilizations, conjointly. Accordingly, intelligent mechanized civilizations could readily and efficiently commence space exploration. Furthermore, as a counter paradigm shift, such civilizations could experiment and produce non-metallic life, based on carbon and other non-metal elements, under suitable conditions, related to Goldilocks life. Even a single example of validated interstellar or intergalactic communication received on the Earth would support the existence of life elsewhere. However, the communication platform should not be restricted to electromagnetic radiation. Other platforms should be included as well - one such example, which would require sophisticated technology, is neutrino communication. This is the case for any advanced civilization, be it metal-machine based, biological-based, and carbon-based. In sum, civilizations based on machine life, would be highly productive due to the longevity and hardiness of machine life. However, significant caveats are raised in this brief report, because possibly dissimilar psychologies and intelligence may lead to conflicts between metal machine life and biological life, inter-paradigm conflict.     

Molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)

The phylogeny of groups within Gobioidei is examined with molecular sequence data. Gobioidei is a speciose, morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes, most of which are small, benthic, and marine. Efforts to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups have been hampered by the prevalence of reductive evolution among goby species; such reduction can make identification of informative morphological characters particularly difficult. Gobies have been variously grouped into two to nine families, several with included subfamilies, but most existing taxonomies are not phylogenetic and few cladistic hypotheses of relationships among goby groups have been advanced. In this study, representatives of eight of the nine gobioid familes (Eleotridae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Gobiidae, Kraemeriidae, Schindleriidae, Microdesmidae, and Ptereleotridae), selected to sample broadly from the range of goby diversity, were examined. Complete sequence from the mitochondrial ND1, ND2, and COI genes (3573 bp) was used in a cladistic parsimony analysis to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups. A single most parsimonious topology was obtained, with decay indices indicating strong support for most nodes. Major phylogenetic conclusions include that Xenisthmidae is part of Eleotridae, and Eleotridae is paraphyletic with respect to a clade composed of Gobiidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, Kraemeriidae, and Schindleriidae. Within this five-family clade, two clades are recovered. One includes Gobionellinae, which is paraphyletic with respect to Kraemeriidae, Sicydiinae, Oxudercinae, and Amblyopinae. The other contains Gobiinae, also paraphyletic, and including Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, and Schindleriidae. Previous morphological evidence for goby groupings is discussed; the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the morphological reduction observed in many goby species has been derived several times independently.     

Systematics and phylogeny of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia), with descriptions of a new genus and four new species from Indo-Pacific deep waters

The phylogenetic relationships of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are studied, based on the examination of the type species of all the genera previously described. The phylogenetic hypothesis supports that the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are a monophyletic group and the sister group of the clade formed by Astemnotus Ehrenberg, 1831 and Halgerda Bergh, 1880. Several genera previously considered as valid or regarded as uncertain are here synonymized: Peronodoris Bergh, 1904, Trippa Bergh, 1877, Phlegmodoris Bergh, 1878, Petelodoris Bergh, 1881, Kentrodoris Bergh, 1876, Audura Bergh, 1878, Centrodoris P. Fischer, 1883, Anisodoris Bergh, 1898, Awuka Er. Marcus, 1955, Rhabdochiia P. Fischer, 1883, Boreodoris Odhner, 1939, Dictyodoris Bergh, 1880, Gravieria Vayssiere, 1912, Aporodoris Ihering, 1886. The following genera are regarded as valid: Astemnotus, Atagema J.E. Gray, 1850, Jorunna Bergh, 1876, Platydoris Bergh, 1877, Diaulula Bergh, 1878, Rostanga Bergh, 1879, Halgerda Bergh, 1880, Baptodoris Bergh, 1884, Gargamella Bergh, 1894, Alloiodoris Bergh, 1904, Sclerodoris Eliot, 1904, Taringa Er. Marcus, 1955, Thorybopus Bouchet, 1977. The new genus Nophodoris is described based on two new species from New Caledonia deep waters. Two additional new species from New Caledonia belonging to the genera Atagema and Gargamella are also described. Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are discussed, and several type species, neotypes and lectotypes are selected.     

Nicotinic Agonists, Antagonists, and Modulators From Natural Sources

1. Acetylcholine receptors were initially defined as nicotinic or muscarinic, based on selective activation by two natural products, nicotine and muscarine. Several further nicotinic agonists have been discovered from natural sources, including cytisine, anatoxin, ferruginine, anabaseine, epibatidine, and epiquinamide. These have provided lead structures for the design of a wide range of synthetic agents.2. Natural sources have also provided competitive nicotinic antagonists, such as the Erythrina alkaloids, the tubocurarines, and methyllycaconitine. Noncompetitive antagonists, such as the histrionicotoxins, various izidines, decahydroquinolines, spiropyrrolizidine oximes, pseudophrynamines, ibogaine, strychnine, cocaine, and sparteine have come from natural sources. Finally, galanthamine, codeine, and ivermectin represent positive modulators of nicotinic function, derived from natural sources.3. Clearly, research on acetylcholine receptors and functions has been dependent on key natural products and the synthetic agents that they inspired.     

Oxypred： Prediction and Classification of Oxygen-Binding Proteins

This study describes a method for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding pro- teins. Firstly, support vector machine (SVM) modules were developed using amino acid composition and dipeptide composition for predicting oxygen-binding pro- teins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 85.5% and 87.8%, respectively. Sec- ondly, an SVM module was developed based on amino acid composition, classify- ing the predicted oxygen-binding proteins into six classes with accuracy of 95.8%, 97.5%, 97.5%, 96.9%, 99.4%, and 96.0% for erythrocruorin, hemerythrin, hemo- cyanin, hemoglobin, leghemoglobin, and myoglobin proteins, respectively. Finally, an SVM module was developed using dipeptide composition for classifying the oxygen-binding proteins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 96.1%, 98.7%, 98.7%, 85.6%, 99.6%, and 93.3% for the above six classes, respectively. All modules were trained and tested by five-fold cross validation. Based on the above approach, a web server Oxypred was developed for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding proteins(available from http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/oxypred/).     

Foliar nutrient levels of broad-leaved tropical trees: A tabular review

Foliar nutrient levels (N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B), of about 40 tropical and subtropical broad-leaved trees, are listed and classified as deficient, low, intermediate, high, and toxic in each case according to the interpretation and evaluation of the reviewed author(s).     

A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)

Based on recent molecular and morphological studies we present a modern worldwide phylogenetic classification of the ± 12074 grasses and place the 771 grass genera into 12 subfamilies (Anomochlooideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, Bambusoideae, Chloridoideae, Danthonioideae, Micraioideae, Oryzoideae, Panicoideae, Pharoideae, Puelioideae, and Pooideae), 6 supertribes (Andropogonodae, Arundinarodae, Bambusodae, Panicodae, Poodae, Triticodae), 51 tribes (Ampelodesmeae, Andropogoneae, Anomochloeae, Aristideae, Arundinarieae, Arundineae, Arundinelleae, Atractocarpeae, Bambuseae, Brachyelytreae, Brachypodieae, Bromeae, Brylkinieae, Centotheceae, Centropodieae, Chasmanthieae, Cynodonteae, Cyperochloeae, Danthonieae, Diarrheneae, Ehrharteae, Eragrostideae, Eriachneae, Guaduellieae, Gynerieae, Hubbardieae, Isachneae, Littledaleeae, Lygeeae, Meliceae, Micraireae, Molinieae, Nardeae, Olyreae, Oryzeae, Paniceae, Paspaleae, Phaenospermateae, Phareae, Phyllorachideae, Poeae, Steyermarkochloeae, Stipeae, Streptochaeteae, Streptogyneae, Thysanolaeneae, Triraphideae, Tristachyideae, Triticeae, Zeugiteae, and Zoysieae), and 80 subtribes (Aeluropodinae, Agrostidinae, Airinae, Ammochloinae, Andropogoninae, Anthephorinae, Anthistiriinae, Anthoxanthinae, Arthraxoninae, Arthropogoninae, Arthrostylidiinae, Arundinariinae, Aveninae, Bambusinae, Boivinellinae, Boutelouinae, Brizinae, Buergersiochloinae, Calothecinae, Cenchrinae, Chionachninae, Chusqueinae, Coicinae, Coleanthinae, Cotteinae, Cteniinae, Cynosurinae, Dactylidinae, Dichantheliinae, Dimeriinae, Duthieinae, Eleusininae, Eragrostidinae, Farragininae, Germainiinae, Gouiniinae, Guaduinae, Gymnopogoninae, Hickeliinae, Hilariinae, Holcinae, Hordeinae, Ischaeminae, Loliinae, Melinidinae, Melocanninae, Miliinae, Monanthochloinae, Muhlenbergiinae, Neurachninae, Olyrinae, Orcuttiinae, Oryzinae, Otachyriinae, Panicinae, Pappophorinae, Parapholiinae, Parianinae, Paspalinae, Perotidinae, Phalaridinae, Poinae, Racemobambosinae, Rottboelliinae, Saccharinae, Scleropogoninae, Scolochloinae, Sesleriinae, Sorghinae, Sporobolinae, Torreyochloinae, Traginae, Trichoneurinae, Triodiinae, Tripogoninae, Tripsacinae, Triticinae, Unioliinae, Zizaniinae, and Zoysiinae). In addition, we include a radial tree illustrating the hierarchical relationships among the subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. We use the subfamilial name, Oryzoideae, over Ehrhartoideae because the latter was initially published as a misplaced rank, and we circumscribe Molinieae to include 13 Arundinoideae genera. The subtribe Calothecinae is newly described and the tribe Littledaleeae is new at that rank.