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利用人工培养和石蜡切片法研究了多羽实蕨(Bolbitis angustipinna(Hayata)H.Ito)胚胎发育过程。合子第一次分裂面垂直于原叶体纵轴且平行于颈卵器颈部;第二次分裂面平行于原叶体纵轴且垂直于颈卵器颈部;第三次分裂面同时平行于原叶体纵轴和颈卵器颈部。经多次分裂形成球形胚胎,球形胚胎的外上和外下区域几乎同时分别发育出第一叶顶端细胞和第一根顶端细胞,继而分别斜向分裂产生第一叶原基和第一根原基。随后,第一叶原基迅速分裂,最早突破帽状体形成第一幼叶;第一根原基的分裂速度稍慢,晚于第一叶突破帽状体形成第一根。并讨论了胚胎发育的系统学问题。 相似文献
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以鳞毛蕨科的华北鳞毛蕨为材料,在模拟自然条件下人工培养配子体世代,用石蜡切片详细观察记录了胚胎发育全过程,以建立更详细的薄囊蕨胚胎发育模式,为探讨薄囊蕨与其它类群的系统演化关系及生殖生物学提供依据。结果表明:(1)华北鳞毛蕨的胚胎发育垂直于配子体平面和背腹轴,符合俯卧型发育模式,合子第一次分裂平行于颈卵器的长轴方向;胚胎在16细胞时期才能够确定器官发生的原始细胞,且第一叶原基的产生先于第一根原基;海马胚时期第一叶原基和第一根原基突破帽状体形成具有明显维管束结构的第一叶和第一根;胚胎发育过程中有游离核的存在。(2)该文绘制了从合子到第一叶和第一根成熟的发育过程,包括胚胎早期细胞的分裂方式、细胞核及其核仁的特征、器官的发生顺序及其相互关系等14个点线图,总结出薄囊蕨胚胎发育的详细模式;该模式支持Nayar的"根叶学说",并主张薄囊蕨和种子植物的茎在本质上是不同的,二者是平行发展的两个类群。 相似文献
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蕨配子体发育及卵发生的显微结构观察 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
运用显微观察技术对蕨(Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum)配子体发育和卵发生进行了研究。结果表明:(1)蕨孢子黄褐色,四面体形,具三裂缝,接种后3~7 d萌发,经丝状体和片状体阶段发育成原叶体,成熟原叶体雌雄异株或同株。(2)蕨颈卵器产生于生长点下方的表面细胞(颈卵器原始细胞),该细胞经2次分裂形成3层细胞,其上层和下层细胞发育为颈卵器壁细胞,中间细胞为初生细胞,它经2次不等分裂产生3个细胞,分别为卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞;刚产生时,此3个细胞紧贴颈卵器壁,细胞质内液泡较多,随着发育,卵细胞和腹沟细胞之间产生了分离腔,但二者通过孔区相连,在卵细胞上表面可观察到卵膜;此后,颈沟细胞和腹沟细胞逐渐退化,颈卵器壁细胞内具有黑色颗粒物质。连续切片观察发现,成熟卵细胞上表面中央具有受精孔。卵发生的细节尚需超微结构的研究。 相似文献
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扇叶铁线蕨配子体发育及卵发生的显微观察 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用显微观察技术对扇叶铁线蕨配子体发育和卵发生进行了研究.结果显示:(1)扇叶铁线蕨孢子黄褐色,四面体形,具三裂缝,孢子接种后4~7 d萌发,经丝状体和片状体阶段发育为心形的原叶体,成熟原叶体雌雄同株,在原叶体基部产生精子器,在原叶体生长点下方产生颈卵器.(2)切片观察表明,扇叶铁线蕨颈卵器产生于生长点下方的表面细胞(颈卵器原始细胞),该细胞经2次分裂形成3层细胞,其上层细胞发育为颈卵器颈部壁细胞,中间细胞为初生细胞,它经2次不等分裂产生3个细胞--卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞;刚产生时, 3个细胞紧贴颈卵器壁,随着发育,卵细胞和腹沟细胞之间产生了分离腔,同时在卵细胞上表面形成了染色深的卵膜;此后,颈沟细胞和腹沟细胞逐渐退化,在颈沟内产生大量不定形物质,受精作用观察表明,该物质能够吸引精子进入颈卵器.(3)连续切片观察发现,成熟卵细胞上表面卵膜中央具有受精孔,表明受精孔在同型孢子蕨类卵细胞中可能是普遍存在的. 相似文献
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通过人工培养,采用半薄切片和超薄切片法,对中华水韭(Isoetes sinensis Palmer)有性生殖全过程进行了连续观察。结果显示:(1)雌雄配子体均为壁内发育,雌配子着生有假根,发育出多个颈卵器;雄配子体无假根,每个雄配子可产生4个具有8~12条鞭毛的精细胞。(2)颈卵器只有2个颈沟细胞和1个卵细胞,腹壁细胞由配子体营养细胞转化而来。(3)合子初次分裂面与颈卵器长轴之间的夹角约为20°,2~4细胞胚胎易于停止分裂而老化,自数十个细胞后胚胎即出现明显的组织分化。(4)在球形胚时期第一叶还没分化的时候,在胚胎中出现第一叶的叶舌原始细胞,但直到第一叶顶端变绿具有光合能力时,第一叶的叶舌才开始发育。研究结果支持根叶优先发育的观点,认为雄配子体发生率极低、雌配子体存在较多的败育性结构等,是中华水韭生殖濒危的主要原因。 相似文献
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阔鳞瘤蕨颈卵器形成与卵发生的初步研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
运用光学显微镜与透射电镜对阔鳞瘤蕨(Phymatosorus hainanensis(Noot.) S.G.Lu)颈卵器形成和卵发生进行了研究。阔鳞瘤蕨颈卵器产生于雌配子体生长点下方分枝毛状体内侧。切片观察表明颈卵器起源于配子体表面的原始细胞,该细胞经两次不等分裂形成3个细胞,上下两个细胞分别发育为颈卵器的颈部与底部壁细胞,中间的细胞为初生细胞,含有较丰富的细胞器。初生细胞进行两次不等分裂产生颈沟细胞、腹沟细胞与卵细胞。成熟颈卵器内颈沟细胞和腹沟细胞退化,卵细胞上表面产生受精孔。本研究阐述了阔鳞瘤蕨颈卵器形成和卵发生的细胞学过程,对阐明蕨类植物雌性生殖器官的发育特征有一定的科学意义。 相似文献
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Isoetes yunguiensis is a specialty relict fern of Yunnan Guizhou Plateau,which is a national level protected species called living fossil of the study on paleoecology and plant evolutionary in Yunnan and Guizhou area, but its reproduction and endangered mechanism is unclear. On the basis of implementation of artificial breeding and acquisition of adequate research materials, the authors observe the embryonic development of Iyunguiensis using thin sectioning. The main results of observation of the embryonic development are as follows: (1) The zygote doesn’t have the period of dormancy; (2) The angle between the division planes of zygote and the long axis of archegonium is about 30°; (3) The first leaf primordium and the first root primordium develop first. However, the first leaf primordium develop earlier than the first root primordium; (4) The initial cells of ligule begin to divide since the initial stage of the development of leaf; (5) The cells of the open end of archegonium often appear necrosis and affect the embryonic development; (6) The embryo malformation is easy to happen; (7) The sheet structure develop fast, and it provide good protect for the second and third leaf primordium; (8) The order of early vascular development. The article explore the reproductive biology regular and reproductive endangered mechanism of Iyunguiensis. The coalescent form of the original evolution of vegetative organs of vascular plants is analyzed. This article also accumulate technical data for protection of Iyunguiensis. 相似文献
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用光镜观察海金沙(Lygodium japonicum)配子体发育和卵发生。海金沙孢子为四面体形,具三裂缝,孢子萌发方式为密穗蕨型(Anemia-type);配子体的发育形态多样,通常丝状体长至3~5个细胞时通过顶细胞纵分裂发育为片状体,进而发育为心形原叶体,在心形原叶体上可产生精子器和颈卵器。但在培养过程中也可产生10个细胞以上的丝状体,这种丝状体发育成的片状体和原叶体形态通常不规则,只产生精子器,不产生颈卵器。原叶体发育是铁线蕨型(Adiantum-type),性器官是薄囊蕨型(Leptosporangiate-type)。切片观察海金沙颈卵器产生于生长点下方表面细胞,经两次分裂形成了顶细胞、初生细胞和基细胞。其中初生细胞再经两次不等分裂产生卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞,此时三个细胞紧密相连,随发育,颈沟细胞和和腹沟细胞退化,卵周围形成了分离腔,光镜观察显示成熟卵细胞上无典型卵膜形成,未观察到受精孔的结构。 相似文献
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This comprehensive study of early embryology in Ceratopteris richardii combines light microscopy with the first ultrastructural evaluation of any pteridophyte embryo. Emphasis is placed on ontogeny of the foot and placental transfer cells. The embryology of C. richardii shares many similarities with that of other polypodiacious ferns while exhibiting distinctive division patterns. Formative embryonic stages have been reconstructed into three-dimensional models for ease of interpretation. The zygote divides perpendicular to the gametophyte plane and anterioposterior axis. This division establishes a prone embryological habit that maximizes rapid independent establishment of a leaf-root axis in a cordate gametophyte. After the formation of a globular eight-celled stage, initials of the first leaf, and root and shoot apical meristems are defined early by discrete formative divisions. Concomitantly, the foot expands and differentiates to transport nutrients from the gametophyte for the developing embryonic organs. Transfer cell wall ingrowth deposition begins in the gametophyte placental cells before the adjacent sporophyte cells just after the eight-celled stage. These observations provide an anatomical framework for future comparative developmental genetic studies of embryogenesis in free-sporing plants. 相似文献
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Benedict F. Neubauer 《American journal of botany》1971,58(7):655-664
A study was made of the ontogeny of the achene of Polygonum pensylvanicum L. from fertilization to maturity. The proembryo is classified as the Polygonum Variation, Asterad Type. Cotyledons are initiated three days after anthesis, and by the fifth day procambium is present in the embryo axis. At approximately seven days after anthesis, the embryo begins to curve and occupy a marginal position in the ovary. By ten days the first foliage leaf primordium is initiated at the stem apex of the embryo. At maturity the embryo consists of two cotyledons, a plumule composed of the stem apex and one leaf primordium, and a hypocotyl with a well-developed radicle. Endosperm nuclei begin to divide before the first division of the zygote. Cell wall formation begins in the endosperm at the micropylar end of the embryo sac and proceeds toward the chalazal region. By the fifth day the endosperm is completely cellular, except for a basal projection; and a peripheral meristem has been established. At approximately ten days the peripheral meristem ceases periclinal cell division and becomes the aleurone. At the time of fertilization the ovary wall has its full complement of cell layers. The walls of the outermost cells elongate and become convoluted. Subsequent thickening and lignification of these cell walls produce the hard epicarp of the mature achene. 相似文献
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采用显微镜和透射电镜对阔叶鳞盖蕨(Microlepia platyphylla)的配子体发育和卵发生过程进行了观察,以阐明其卵发生的细胞学机制,探讨其演化地位。阔叶鳞盖蕨孢子褐色,四面体形,具三裂缝,接种5~10d后孢子萌发,经丝状体和片状体阶段发育为心形原叶体,原叶体发育是铁线蕨型,通常为雌雄异株,精子器产生于不规则配子体的表面,颈卵器产生于心形原叶体生长点的下方,性器官是薄囊蕨型。卵发生研究表明,阔叶鳞盖蕨颈卵器产生于生长点下方表面细胞,经两次分裂形成了顶细胞、初生细胞和基细胞。其中初生细胞再经两次不等分裂产生卵细胞、腹沟细胞和颈沟细胞,此3个细胞通过胞间连丝紧密相连,随发育,腹沟细胞与卵细胞间形成了分离腔,但在孔区处始终通过胞间连丝相连,成熟卵细胞上形成了卵膜和受精孔,卵核表面产生了核外突,通过比较表明阔叶鳞盖蕨卵发生与蕨(Pteridium aquilinum)卵发生相似。 相似文献
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A. Vasilenko J. K. McDaniel B. V. Conger 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2000,36(1):51-56
Summary Somatic embryos initiate and develop directly from single mesophyll cells in in vitro-cultured leaf segments of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Embryogenic cells establish themselves in the predivision stage by formation of thicker cell walls and dense cytoplasm.
Electron microscopy observations for embryos ranging from the pre-cell division stage to 20-cell proembryos confirm previous
light microscopy studies showing a single cell origin. They also confirm that the first division is predominantly periclinal
and that this division plane is important in establishing embryo polarity and in determining the embryo axis. If the first
division is anticlinal or if divisions are in random planes after the first division. divisions may not continue to produce
an embryo. This result may produce an embryogenic cell mass, callus formation, or no structure at all. 相似文献
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Summary Preprophase in the monoplastidic mitotic cells ofPhaeoceros andNotothylas is characterized by the establishment of a division site in the absence of a typical preprophase band. The future cytokinetic plane is predicted by plastid orientation and development of an elaborate preprophasic microtubule system perpendicular to the division plane. Division of the single plastid is initiated early in preprophase and the constricting plastid migrates to a position perpendicular to the future plane of division. Plastid orientation assures that division of the plastid by mid-constriction will result in distribution of a plastid to each daughter cell. Microtubules parallel the long axis of the plastid and are most numerous adjacent to the nucleus which becomes elongated in the future spindle axis. We conclude that the division site is a fundamental component of the cytokinetic apparatus involved in the determination of cleavage plane prior to nuclear division. 相似文献
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This study investigated male and female gametophytes in Ginkgo biloba, while a droplet of fluid was present in the fertilization chamber and found that the central cell, the generative cell and the neck mother cell divided simultaneously prior to fertilization. In male gametophytes, the generative cell divided to yield two sperm cells. Concomitantly, the two neck mother cells of the archegonium increased in size then divided asymmetrically resulting in two big cover cells and two small base cells. Each cell had a fixed end in direct contact with an adjacent jacket cell and a free end overlapping its counterpart. This unique arrangement could allow for their free ends to swing into the fertilization chamber as a result of the force from the interior of the archegonium where a polar periclinal division had occurred to produce a canal cell and an egg. The subsequent withdrawal of the content of the archegonium may facilitate the entry of sperm into the archegonium. The neck apparatus closed after the fertilization occurred. The concurrence of the above divisions and the delicate structure of neck apparatus suggest that the gametophytes undergo a synchronization process to become receptive at the time of fertilization. However, the formation of neck cells and the opening time of neck apparatus of the archegonia within the same ovule were slightly different, which could lead to the formation of zygotes at a temporally distinct interval. The earlier formed zygote may progress as the only mature embryo in the ovule. 相似文献