Belastung des Kiebitzes (Vanellus vanellus) mit Dieldrin und anderen chlorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen

Zusammenfassung 45 Eier und 8 Kükenlebern des Kiebitzes aus den Jahren 1984 und 1986 wurden auf -, -, -HCH, HCB, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin und PCB untersucht. Hohe Konzentrationen an Dieldrin wurden in den Eiern gefunden, während die Lebern von Kiebitzküken geringer belastet waren. Die geringen Konzentrationen der übrigen Pestizide und die mäßige an PCB entsprachen der niedrigen Trophieebene des Kiebitzes. Die Frage, ob die Belastung mit Dieldrin einen Einfluß auf den Rückgang von Kiebitzpopulationen in einigen Gebieten haben könnte, wird kurz diskutiert.

---

The burden of Dieldrin and other chlorinated hydrocarbons on the Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus)

Summary -, -, -HCH, HCB DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, and PCB were determined in 45 eggs and 8 livers of young Lapwings in 1984 and 1986. High concentrations of Dieldrin were found in eggs while those in livers of young Lapwings were lower. The low residues of the other pesticides and the moderate ones of PCB are in accordance with the low trophic level of the Lapwing. The probable influence of the Dieldrin burden on the decline of Lapwing populations in several regions is discussed briefly.

---

---

Gefördert mit Hilfe von Forschungsmitteln des Landes Niedersachsen     

Foam behavior of biological media

Summary The surface tension and foaminess of (a) unlimited, (b) substrate limited, and (c) oxygen transfer limited growth media of Hansenula polymorpha were measured using methanol, ethanol or glucose as a substrate.The time dependence of can be described by the Avrami-Überreiter relationship: log (2.3 log V)=n log t+log b, where V = (_O – _eq/(_t – _eq, and _O, _t and _eq are at t_M=0, t_M=t and t_M (equilibrium value).The constants n and b are functions of the fermentation time t_F as long as the growth is unlimited but they are constant in the state of limited growth. With glucose substrate, the foaminess can be presented as a definite function of the time, t_DG, which is necessary to attain _eq. With alcohol as a substrate no definite (t_DG) function was found.Symbols b constant in Eq. (1) - n constant in Eq. (1) - S substrate concentration - T temperature - t_M time h (measured from the beginning of the determination of the surface tension ) - t_F cultivation time h (measured from the time of inoculation) - t_DG time (min) necessary to attain the equilibrium surface tension ) - X dry biomass concentration (gl^–1) - V (_O – _eq)/(_t – _eq) - V_S equilibrium volume of the foam (cm³) - V_G volumetric gas flow rate during the estimation of (cm³ s^–1) - vvm volumetric gas flow rate with regard to the volume of the medium (min^–1) - w_SG superficial gas velocity (cm s^–1) - _m maximum specific growth rate (h^–1) - V_S/V_G foaminess (s) - surface tension, mMm^–1 (milli Newton m^–1) - _O at t_M=0 - _eq equilibrium surface tension ( at t_M) - _t at t_M=t - HP probes from Hansenula polymorpha cultivation - NLG non limited growth - OTLG oxygen transfer limited growth - SLG substrate limited growth     

Studies on the chemical composition of isolated soil solution and the cation absorption by plants

Summary The effects were studied of varying amounts and forms of N fertilizers on the chemical composition of soil solution and on the uptake of N, K, Na, Ca and Mg by barley.In isolated soil solution the concentrations as well as the ratios of individual cations depended on form and amount of added nitrogen. The concentration of cations increased proportionally with applications of nitrate+sulphate. Cation-activity ratios in isolated soil solution were governed by the ratios of corresponding exchangeable cations. During the entire growth period the absorption by the plants of individual as well as of cations was independent of their concentrations in soil solution. So long as NH₄ ions were present in the soil solution, plants with NH₄ addition contained less cations than those with NO₃ addition. Thereafter the amounts of cations in the plant were closely correlated with N absorption, but not affected by form of applied N. The ratios K/(Ca+Mg) and Ca/Mg in the plant were closely correlated with corresponding activity ratios but independent of concentration ratios of these ions in isolated soil solution. It is postulated that uptake of cations is governed by N-metabolic processes in the plant, whereas ratios of absorbed cations are influenced by cation-activity ratios in the soil solution.     

Demonstration of ‘cardiac-specific’ myosin heavy chain in masticatory muscles of human and rabbit

Summary Human and rabbit masticatory muscles were analyzed immuno-and enzyme-histochemically using antibodies specific to cardiac , slow and fast myosin heavy chain isoforms. In human masseter, temporalis, and lateral pterygoid muscle cardiac myosin heavy chain is found in fibres that contain either fast, or fast and slow myosin heavy chain. In rabbit masseter, temporalis and digastric muscles, fibres are present that express cardiac myosin heavy chain either exclusively, or concomitantly with slow myosin heavy chain or fast myosin heavy chain. Our results demonstrate a much broader distribution of cardiac myosin heavy chain than hitherto recognized and these might explain in part the specific characteristics of masticatory muscles. The cardiac myosin heavy chain is only found in skeletal muscles originating from the cranial part of the embryo (including the heart muscle) suggesting that its expression might be determined by the developmental history of these muscles.     

Geographische Herkunft und Anpassung beim Apfel

Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1961 und 1962 wurden Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der Exosmose-Methode durchgeführt, um sich über die Frostresistenz von nahezu 100 Apfelsorten zu orientieren. Die Versuchsergebnisse (ausgedrückt in RLF-Werten, d. h. als Proportion des elektrolytischen Widerstandes zwischen den Kontrollen und den kältebehandelten Pflanzenteilen) zeigen gute Übereinstimmung mit den Resultaten anderer Härtebeurteilungsmethoden, z. B. mit den Gefrierversuchen in Gefrierkammern und mit den amerikanischen, deutschen und schweidischen Freilandbeobachtungen. Die berechneten Korrelationskoeffizienten gaben Werte von r=>+0,750 mit einer statistischen Sicherheit von P=<0,001. Es gibt jedoch Sorten, welche sich unter den verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen nicht gleichartig verhielten. In diese Gruppe gehören die Sorten Goldparmäne, James Grieve, Lanes Prince Albert, Schöner aus Nordhausen, Slava Petersburga und Transparente de Croncels. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der geographischen Herkunft und der Frostresistenz ist augenfällig. Die durchschnittlichen RLF-Werte der frostempfindlichen oder sehr frostempfindlichen französischen Sorten liegen bei ungefähr 150, die der finnischen und baltischen frostharten Sorten dagegen unter 110. Die Rangordnung der verschiedenen Klimagebiete erfolgte entsprechend der geographischen Lage. Es gab Sorten, die der allgemeinen Tendenz nicht folgten und sich abweichend verhielten. Hierzu gehören: Transparente de Croncels, (Frankreich), Wealthy (USA), Cox Pomona und Ribston (Großbritannien). Über eine wesentlich schlechtere Resistenz, als auf Grund des Ursprungsgebietes zu erwarten war, verfügt Ontario (Kanada).     

Distribution of greenhouse gases, nitrite, and δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon in Lake Biwa: Implications for hypolimnetic metabolism

The vertical distribution of dissolved greenhouse gases (CH₄,CO₂ and N₂O), NO ,and ¹³C of CO₂ in Lake Biwa during a stagnantperiod was precisely determined. CO₂ as well as NO was accumulated in the hypolimnion, whereas NO and CH₄concen\-trations were generally higher in theepilimnion than in the hypolimnion. In August, NO andCH₄ were ephemerally accumulated at the thermocline. Theconcentration of CH₄ always exceeded equilibrium with respectto air/water exchange. N₂O was rather uniformly distributed inboth time and space, and remained near equilibrium with respect toair/water exchange. All of these observations are similar to otherstratified, oligotrophic lakes, in which the hypolimnia were welloxygenated. The ¹³C of CO₂ became morenegative with increasing depth, and showed a strong negativecorrelation with apparent oxygen utilization. From the data, the ¹³Cvalue of organic matter decomposed into CO₂ inthe hypolimnion was calculated by isotope mass-balance, and found tobe in a similar range to ¹³C of phytoplankton and benthic algaeand distinctively higher than ¹³C of both terrestrial andsedimentary organic matters. This suggests that autochthonous organicmatter was the major source of CO₂.     

Crystal formation in cultures of fungi II

Summary The present study offers the picture of crystal formation in cultures of dermatophytes photographed in white light. Isometric and anisometric crystal forms are profusely depicted. Pranks and mimics of crystal forms are pointed out. Photomicrographic data are given.

---

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird das Bild der Krystallbildung in Dermatophytenkulturen in weissem Licht dargestellt. Isometrische und anisometrische Krystallformen werden reichlich illustriert. Auf Streiche und Nachahmungen der Krystallformen wird hingewiesen. Photomikrographische Daten sind gegeben.

---

Résumé La présente étude offre le tableau des formations des crystaux des dermatophytes photographiées en lumière blanche. Des formes isométriques et anisométriques des crystaux ont été illustrées abondamment. Des coups et des mimiques des crystaux sont présentés. Les données photomicrographiques ont été élucidées.

     

Beiträge zur Züchtungsforschung an Pflaumen

Zusammenfassung 1. In den Wintern 1960/61, 1961/62 und 1962/63 wurde mit künstlicher Kälte (–13 bis –25 °C), die ein fahrbares Kälteaggregat erzeugte, die Frostresistenz von Pflaumenzuchtmaterial und einer Reihe von Pflaumenunterlagen im Freiland geprüft. Besondere Berücksichtigung fand dabei der natürliche Temperaturverlauf.2. Von den geprüften Pflaumengehölzen zeigte die geringste Frostresistenz eine Auslese von Prunus insititia und die Auslesen von Prunus cerasifera, besonders der tetraploide Klon B IV, 19,13, die diploiden Klone B IV, 20,6 und B IV, 17,15. Diese Typen erfroren nach einer zweitägigen, natürlichen Abhärtung im Dezember bei –20 °C; erst nach einer längeren Abhärtungszeit von 4 Tagen und mehr war ihre Frostresistenz gesteigert worden, so daß sie –20 °C schadlos überlebten. Nach kurzfristigen, witterungsbedingten Erwärmungen im Mittwinter wurden diese Formen derart schnell enthärtet, so daß sie bei Temperaturen um –15 °C erfroren. Nach längerem Tauwetter im Mittwinter erlangten sie nur sehr langsam eine erneute Frostresistenz.3. Insgesamt etwas besser zu beurteilen waren einige hexaploide Unterlagensorten, wie Ackermann, Brünker und Schwamborn 103. Sie tolerierten nach ztägiger Abhärtung –20 °C; Naundorf 102 und Brompton jedoch erst nach 4 Tagen. Ebenso stellt sich nach einer kurzfristig erfolgten Erwärmung nach ztägiger, erneuter Abhärtung wieder eine hohe Frostresistenz ein. Die relative Frostempfindlichkeit der geprüften Unterlagen kam darin zum Ausdruck, daß sie nach einer eintägigen Erwärmung im Mittwinter bei –24 °C total erfroren.4. Die beste Frostresistenz zeigten Vertreter der nordamerikanischen Pflaumen, wie Prunus americana und Assiniboine. Bereits nach einer zweitägigen Abkühlung Anfang Dezember überlebten sie schadlos –20 °C; nach 4 Tagen –25 °C. Ihre erreichte Frostresistenz war auch bedeutend stabiler als die der geprüften Auslesen von Prunus cerasifera und der hexaploiden Unterlagen.5. Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, einige der geprüften Pflaumentypen nach ihrer Frostverträglichkeit zu gruppieren, wobei die Merkmale Abhärtung und Enthärtung Berücksichtigung fanden.6. Zur Verbesserung der Frostresistenz der Pflaumen werden der Züchtung zwei Wege vorgeschlagen: 1. Herstellung von Nachkommenschaften aus genügend frostresistenten hexaploiden Formen; 2. Artbastardierungen mit bekannt frostresistenten Arten nordamerikanischer Herkunft.7. Neue Wege müssen auch in der Unterlagenzüchtung beschritten werden. Es wäre sinnvoll, dafür besonders diploide frostharte Arten als Kreuzungspartner zu berücksichtigen.

---

Contributions to breeding research on plumsIV. Experiments on frost resistance of plum clones and rootstocks

Summary 1. During the winters of 1960/61, 1961/62 and 1962/63 a number of plum clones and stocks were tested outdoors for frost resistance. Artificial cold (–13 to –25 °C) was produced by means of a portable cooling system, taking natural temperature conditions into account.2. Of the plum woods tested, the lowest frost resistance was found in Prunus insititia and Prunus cerasifera, particularly in the tetraploid clone B IV, 19.13 and the diploid clones B IV, 20.6 and B IV, 17.15. These types froze in December after 2 days of hardening at –20 °C; only after 4 or more days of hardening was their frost resistance increased sufficiently to allow survival at –20 °C. After short warm spells in mid winter they became less hardy rapidly and froze at –15 °C. Prolonged thaw delayed their ability to acquire renewed frost resistance.3. The hexaploid plum rootstocks Ackermann, Brünker and Schwamborn 103 survived a temperature of –20 °C after a two day period of hardening; Naundorf 102 and Brompton required four days. A short warm spell followed by two days of hardening reinstated their high frost resistance, but the relatively high sensitivity of these plums to frost made them lose this resistance again after only one day's exposure to warm weather: they froze at 24 °C.4. Representatives of North American plum varieties such as Prunus americana and Assiniboine showed the highest resistance to frost. After two days of hardening they survived –20 °C undamaged, a temperature of –25 °C after four days. Their resistance to cold was more stable than that of Prunus cerasifera and of the hexaploid strains.5. An attempt was made to group the plums tested, using the characteristics hardening and loss of hardening as criteria.6. Two methods for improving frost resistance in plums are suggested to breeders: 1. The production of progeny from hexaploid forms that show adequate resistance to frost; 2. Interspecific hybridization with North American species known to be frost resistant.7. New means for the breeding of plum rootstocks must be used, and hardy diploid species are particularly suitable for this purpose.

     

An efficient cryopreservation procedure for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) utilizing the new ice blocking agent, Supercool X1000

Cryopreservation has been recognized as a practical and efficient tool for long-term storage of vegetatively propagated plants. This study was conducted to investigate effects of modified vitrification techniques on cryopreservation of potato. In vitro plants of potato cultivars Superior and Atlantic were cold acclimated, and axillary buds were precultured, osmoprotected, exposed to PVS-2 solution, plunged into liquid nitrogen, thawed, and finally planted in the regeneration medium. In the modified vitrification technique an ice-blocking agent, Supercool X1000, was added with PVS-2 solution. Cold acclimation affected survival of cryopreserved shoot tips, and the highest survival (46.7%) was obtained after 3 weeks of acclimation at 10°C. Shoot tips exposed to 2M glycerol plus 0.6M sucrose for 40 min gave 51.5% and 11.7% survival in Atlantic and Superior at 10°C, respectively. Cold acclimated and osmoprotected shoot tips were dehydrated with PVS-2 containing different concentrations of Supercool X1000 prior to a plunge into liquid nitrogen. Treatments with 0.1% and 1% of Supercool X1000 significantly improved survival by 55% in Superior and 71.3% in Atlantic, respectively. After cryopreservation, vitrified shoot tips resumed growth within a week in a medium (1 mg l^–1 GA₃, 0.5 mg l^–1 zeatin, and 0.1 mg l^–1 IAA) with a low level of Pluronic F-68 (0.005%) and survival was 33.7% higher in Atlantic and 14.7% higher in Superior than the control (without Pluronic F-68).