西伯利亚鲟源嗜水气单胞菌致病菌的分离及其全菌苗的免疫效果

从患细菌性败血症的西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)的体内分离到一株致病菌株X1,其对西伯利亚鲟的半数致死浓度(LC50)为5.62×105 cfu/ml,具有较强毒力;经ATB细菌鉴定仪生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA序列分析,菌株X1为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila);其系统发育分析表明,菌株X1与嗜水气单胞菌ATCC35654(登录号:X74676.1)的亲缘关系最近,其同源性为99%.用0.30%福尔马林灭活,将菌株X1制成灭活全菌苗,对西伯利亚鲟进行注射免疫.研究结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗能够明显提高西伯利亚鲟的血清抗体水平及总蛋白、免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶含量,而且在嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗中加入弗氏不完全佐剂,有利于进一步增强西伯利亚鲟血清抗体水平及总蛋白、免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶含量.此外,嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗对西伯利亚鲟抗嗜水气单胞菌X1人工感染也具有较好的免疫保护作用,其对西伯利亚鲟的免疫保护率为50%,而且在嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗中加入弗氏不完全佐剂,嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗对西伯利亚鲟抗嗜水气单胞菌X1人工感染的免疫保护作用更好,其对西伯利亚鲟的免疫保护率为70%.因此,将嗜水气单胞菌X1全菌苗用于西伯利亚鲟细菌性败血症的防治具有广阔的发展前景.     

西伯利亚鲟嗜水气单胞菌与其它3株气单胞菌间的免疫交叉反应

采用间接免疫荧光技术分析了西伯利亚鲟细菌性败血症致病菌嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophlia)X1菌株、豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviae)XL2-T菌株、致病性温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)W1菌株与无致病性嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophlia)M3菌株等水产养殖主要病原菌与抗血清之间的免疫交叉反应。结果显示具有致病性的同属菌株X1菌株、XL2-T菌株、W1菌株交叉反应程度较大,说明这3株菌表面存在较多相同抗原决定簇。而无致病性菌株M3与其他3株致病性菌株免疫交叉反应程度较小。     

鲟源病原性嗜水气单胞菌拮抗芽孢杆菌的鉴定及其生物学特性

从养殖池污泥中分离筛选了1株优良的鲟源嗜水气单胞菌拮抗芽孢杆菌G1,其对鲟源嗜水气单胞菌S1产生的抑菌圈直径为18.50 mm。通过API50CH细菌鉴定系统以及16S rRNA序列分析法,菌株G1被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),GenBank登录号HM245965.1,其16S rRNA序列与基因库中芽孢杆菌属菌株的16S rRNA序列有99%100%的同源性,而且与解淀粉芽孢杆菌Ba-74501(GenBank登录号:DQ422953.1)的亲缘关系最近。菌株G1的最适生长pH值为7,最适生长温度为30°C,其在30°C、200 r/min条件下的生长曲线为:0 6 h为生长延迟期,6 54 h为对数生长期,54 90 h为稳定期,90 h以后为衰亡期。此外,菌株G1对其他实验选用的病原性嗜水气单胞菌也表现出良好的拮抗活性。本实验结果有利于填补嗜水气单胞菌拮抗菌在分类地位、生物学特性等方面的不足,为鲟鱼嗜水气单胞菌病的生物防控提供科学资料。     

西伯利亚鲟致病性嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白及其抗原性分析

采用十二烷基肌氨酸钠(Sarkosyl)法提取西伯利亚鲟嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)外膜蛋白,电泳显示所提取的主要外膜蛋白分子量为26～120 kDa;为比较该菌株与气单胞菌菌属其他细菌外膜蛋白组分及抗原性异同,以致病性豚鼠气单胞菌(A.caviae)、温和气单胞菌(A.sobria)和无致病力的嗜水气单胞菌为对照,电泳图谱显示4种气单胞菌外膜蛋白的分子量主要集中在26～120 kDa之间;利用抗西伯利亚鲟嗜水气单胞菌血清的免疫印迹试验表明该菌株外膜蛋白中分子量为75 kDa、52 kDa、43 kDa、40 kDa、34 kDa、28 kDa的蛋白条带呈现阳性反应,其他3种气单胞菌外膜蛋白中均有与该抗血清反应的条带,且分子量为28 kDa、34 kDa的反应条带为4株菌共有;43 kDa与75 kDa反应条带为部分菌株共有.为进一步筛选和研究致病性气单胞菌的共同保护抗原提供参考.     

诸氏鲻虾虎鱼出血病病原鉴定及传播途径分析

目的分离鉴定诸氏鲻虾虎鱼(Mugilogobius chulae)出血病病原,并探讨其传播途径,为虾虎鱼微生物质量控制提供技术依据。方法从患出血病虾虎鱼肝脏取样分离病原菌,经菌落形态、生化特性和分子特征鉴定细菌,回归感染确定其致病性,并采用双重PCR方法对虾虎鱼、轮虫、卤虫、水进行嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)检测。结果分离到1株优势菌PYMc15-1,该菌株API生化反应结果与嗜水气单胞菌一致,gry B序列与Gen Bank上的嗜水气单胞菌相应基因序列同源性最高;根据已知序列构建gry B分子系统进化树,分离株PYMc15-1与嗜水气单胞菌聚类;分离株PYMc15-1溶血素基因(hly A)和气溶素基因(aer A)检测结果阳性,对虾虎鱼半致死剂量(median lethal dose,LD_(50))为每尾1. 2×104cfu。野生虾虎鱼、卤虫和野生轮虫致病性嗜水气单胞菌检测出现阳性结果,虾虎鱼封闭群、室内培育的轮虫以及海水样品致病性嗜水气单胞菌检测均为阴性。结论嗜水气单胞菌可自然感染虾虎鱼;野生虾虎鱼和生物饵料是其潜在传播媒介,引进虾虎鱼和生物饵料时应检测该病原。     

嗜水气单胞菌对四环素类药物诱导耐药表型及机理研究

【目的】初步探讨利用四环素类药物体外诱导嗜水气单胞菌耐药后,嗜水气单胞菌对四环素类药物敏感性的变化及其耐药机制。【方法】筛选临床分离嗜水气单胞菌的四环素类敏感株,从含有1/4×MIC的强力霉素的TSA固体培养基开始,等比2倍提高诱导药物质量浓度对受试菌进行连续传代培养,以获得高耐诱导株;测定诱导菌对强力霉素和16种非诱导药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)及添加外排泵抑制剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)后的MIC,分析其敏感性变化与外排作用的关系;提取诱导菌的DNA,PCR扩增其5个tet基因并测序。【结果】诱导后菌株对强力霉素的MIC显著升高,对非诱导四环素类药物也有不同程度提高,对氟喹诺酮类药物的MIC比诱导前增加几十至上千倍;对氨基糖苷类药物和利福平的MIC则有不同程度的降低;添加NMP后,所有诱导菌株对强力霉素的MIC值均有不同程度的下降;四环素类耐药基因的检测结果表明,在诱导后7号菌株中同时检测到tet A和tet E;在诱导前后的2号菌株中检测到tet C;在诱导前后的1、3、4、5、6、7号菌株中均检测到tet E。【结论】本研究表明tet E基因可能是介导气单胞菌分离株对四环素类药物耐药的优势基因,为阐明嗜水气单胞菌对四环素类药物耐药机制及耐药性与耐药基因之间的关系提供理论依据。     

CP7抗菌蛋白对嗜水气单胞菌的抑杀作用机理

[目的]研究多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa) CP7菌株的抗菌蛋白(CP7ACP)对嗜水气单胞菌的抑杀作用机理,为防治嗜水气单胞菌引起的鱼病提供新的潜在天然药物.[方法]采用抑菌试验、钼锑抗比色法和紫外光谱法研究其对嗜水气单胞菌S12菌株生长、磷泄漏和生物大分子的影响,并利用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了嗜水气单胞菌细胞结构遭受的破坏作用.[结果]CP7ACP对嗜水气单胞菌的抑菌圈直径约8.1 mm,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为原液浓度的1/8和1/4;嗜水气单胞菌受CP7ACP处理后,电镜观察发现其细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞器以及菌体均受到不同程度的破坏,胞内的生物大分子和磷泄漏明显,基因组DNA发生增色效应.[结论]CP7ACP抑制嗜水气单胞菌生长,可用于防治嗜水气单胞菌引起的鱼病.     

我国鱼类病原——嗜水气单胞的耐药性研究*

采用琼脂扩散法和稀释法研究 2 6株嗜水气单胞菌对 2 1种抗菌药物的敏感性 ,分析了其耐药状况。结果表明 :从不同地区分离收集到的 2 6株嗜水气单胞菌 (Aeromonashydrophila)对青霉素类和头孢菌素类药物全部具耐药性 ,对万古霉素多数不敏感。 2 1种药物中最敏感的是氟哌酸、氯霉素、呋喃唑酮 ,总体耐药率分别为 7.7%、7.7%和 11.5%。氨基糖甙类药物和四环素类药物的耐药频率介于其间。对磺胺药的耐药菌比例也很高 ,高达 73.1%的A.hydrophila<     

山姜素对鱼源耐药性嗜水气单胞菌体外抗菌作用的研究

旨为探究山姜素对耐药性嗜水气单胞菌的体外抑菌效果及其作用机制.通过测定山姜素对嗜水气单胞菌生长、细菌形态、电导率、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、蛋白质代谢和DNA的影响,研究山姜素对耐药性嗜水气单胞菌的抑菌机制.山姜素对5株鱼源耐药性嗜水气单胞菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为128-256μg/mL和5...     

嗜水气单胞菌国内分离株的毒力因子分布与致病性相关性分析

为了研究分析国内致病性嗜水气单胞菌的毒力因子的分布及与致病性的相关性及其防治,选取5种主要毒力因子气溶素(aerA)、溶血素(hlyA)、丝氨酸蛋白酶(ahpA)、抗金属蛋白酶(ast)、肠毒素(altA)设计5对特异性引物,用PCR方法进行检测,采用急性毒性实验方法测定菌株对异育银鲫的半数致死量(50%lethal dose,LD50),细菌药物敏感试验纸片扩散(K-B)法检测对抗生素的敏感性,结果显示:除菌株Hong12的LD50约为109 cfu,毒力弱外,其他毒力均较强,LD50均在106 cfu左右。aerA、ahpA、hlyA、altA、ast 5种毒力基因的携带率分别为77.8%、88.9%、100%、100%、77.8%。通过比较嗜水气单胞菌毒力基因的分布情况与其对鲫鱼致病性试验结果可以发现,aerA、ahpA为嗜水气单胞菌致病的主要毒力因子,与致病性存在相关性,ast与致病力存在一定相关性,但不是主要毒力因子,hlyA、altA与致病性不存在相关性。9株嗜水气单胞菌对青霉素、羧苄青霉素、万古霉素不敏感,对复合磺胺、头孢噻肟、利福平中毒敏感,对呋喃妥因、氯霉素、四环素、氧氟沙星高度敏感。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.