黄曲霉毒素B1抗独特型抗体的制备和应用研究I抗独特型抗体的制备和性质研究

以黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)与牛血清蛋白（BSA)的连接物AFB1-BSA注射免疫兔子获得抗AFB1抗血清,经(NH4)2SO4沉淀、酶切处理与亲和层析分离纯化后,得到抗AFB1独特型抗体Ab1及其酶切片段Fab1,然后再将Fab1注射免疫BALB／c小鼠,得到抗(抗AFB1)独特型抗体Ab2及其酶切Fab2。研究了Ab2和Fab2的性质,结果表明,Ab2和其Fab2部仅与Ab1及其Fab1反应,而不和抗桔霉素等其他抗体反应,有较好的特异性。以AFB1与卵清蛋白(OV)的连接物AFB1-OV为包被抗原,Fab1为反应抗体,Ab2和Fab2为竞争抗原,达到50％的竞争抑制率时,Ab2和Fab2的浓度分别为3．98ug／ml和1．12ug／ml;而以Ab2和Fab2为包被抗原,Fab1为反应抗体,AFB1为竞争抗原,达到50％的竞争抑制率时,AFB1的浓度分别为44．67ug/L和6.31ug／L,这表明无论是Ab2还是Fab2都和AFB1有很好的内影像关系,可以作为AFB1的替代品用于AFB1的免疫学检测。但是相对而言,由于Fab2的分子量小,反应时的空间位阻小,所以Fab2更适合于用作AFB1的替代品。     

黄曲霉毒素B_1抗独特型抗体的制备和应用研究I 抗独特型抗体的制备和性质研究

以黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)与牛血清蛋白(BSA)的连接物AFB1-BSA注射免疫兔子获得抗AFB1抗血清,经(NH4)2SO4沉淀、酶切处理与亲和层析分离纯化后,得到抗AFB1独特型抗体Ab1及其酶切片段Fab1,然后再将Fab1注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,得到抗(抗AFB1)独特型抗体Ab2及其酶切Fab2。研究了Ab2和Fab2的性质,结果表明,Ab2和其Fab2都仅与Ab1及其Fab1反应,而不和抗桔霉素等其他抗体反应,有较好的特异性。以AFB1与卵清蛋白(OV)的连接物AFB1-OV为包被抗原,Fab1为反应抗体,Ab2和Fab2为竞争抗原,达到50%的竞争抑制率时,Ab2和Fab2的浓度分别为3.98ug/ml和1.12ug/ml;而以Ab2和Fab2为包被抗原,Fab1为反应抗体,AFB1为竞争抗原,达到50%的竞争抑制率时,AFB1的浓度分别为44.67ug/L和6.31ug/L,这表明无论是Ab2还是Fab2都和AFB1有很好的内影像关系,可以作为AFB1的替代品用于AFB1的免疫学检测。但是相对而言,由于Fab2的分子量小,反应时的空间位阻小,所以Fab2更适合于用作AFB1的替代品。     

饲喂黄曲霉毒素B_1大鼠肝中AFB_1-DNA加合物的免疫组织化学研究

应用免疫组织化学ＳＰ法对４例饲喂黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠肝组织中ＡＦＢ１－ＤＮＡ加合物的染色及常规ＨＥ染色发现,４例肝细胞核均出现异型性,但未见肝细胞坏死、增生灶及肝细胞癌;免疫组化揭示部分肝细胞核出现棕黄色、不均质状的ＡＦＢ１－ＤＮＡ加合物,阳性细胞数占１０～８５％。结果提示免疫组织化学方法可作为一种ＡＦＢ１的定位方法,ＡＦＢ１在动物致癌过程中ＡＦＢ１－ＤＮＡ加合物可能具有启动作用     

鼠疫菌F1抗体/抗原酶联免疫诊断试剂盒的应用评价

目的对兰州生物制品研究所有限责任公司研制的鼠疫菌F1抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂盒和鼠疫菌F1抗原酶联免疫诊断试剂盒进行临床应用评价。方法采用双抗原/抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、间接血球凝集试验(IHA)、胶体金免疫层析试验(GICA)3种方法的诊断试剂对比检测云南省地方病防治所中心实验室保藏的和现场采集的血清样品和脏器样品,对血清样品做鼠疫菌F1抗体检测,对脏器样品做鼠疫菌F1抗原检测。结果在358份血清样品中,ELISA试剂检出F1抗体阳性52份(14.52%),IHA试剂检出阳性37份(10.34%),GICA试剂检出阳性45份(12.57%)。ELISA与IHA试剂的符合率为95.23%,与GICA试剂的符合率为96.92%。经统计学χ2检验,ELISA试剂检出F1抗体阳性率高于IHA试剂(χ2=11.53,P=0.000 7),与GICA试剂检出的差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.27,P=0.070 4)。进一步分析滴度差值频数,ELISA试剂检测人血清的敏感性高于IHA试剂的样品占87.5%。在117份脏器样品中,3种试剂均检出F1抗原阳性15份(12.82%),符合率100%。滴度差值频数比较,ELISA试剂检测敏感性高于反向间接血球凝集试验(RIHA)试剂的样品为78.57%。结论兰州生物制品研究所有限责任公司研制的鼠疫菌F1抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂盒和鼠疫菌F1抗原酶联免疫诊断试剂盒性质特异,其敏感性优于IHA试剂盒和GICA试剂条,值得在鼠疫的监测和快速诊断中推广应用。     

乙肝病毒S抗原和preS1抗原表位融合蛋白(S/preS1) 在CHO细胞中的稳定高效表达

含前S蛋白的重组乙型肝炎疫苗是第3代乙肝疫苗研发的重点,有望替代现在广泛使用的基因工程疫苗。构建表达乙肝病毒S抗原和preS1抗原表位 (21-47位氨基酸) 融合蛋白 (S/preS1) 的真核表达载体HMRCHEF53u/Neo-S/preS1并转染CHO-S细胞,经ELISA和有限稀释克隆筛选获得了S/preS1表达效率高、体外培养生物学性状好的CHO细胞系10G6。Western blotting分析证实10G6表达的S/preS1同时保留S和preS1的天然免疫原性。10G6细胞在以活细胞密度和preS1/S浓度为评价指标的连续批次培养过程中保持着稳定的目的产物表达效率和良好的生长特性。采用无血清流加培养工艺,10G6细胞的活细胞密度和preS1/S浓度分别达到7×106～10×106 cells/mL和17～20 mg/L。     

牛流行热病毒糖蛋白G1抗原表位在毕赤酵母中的表达和抗原性鉴定

从包含牛流行热病毒G蛋白基因的质粒pMD-G中克隆G₁抗原表位区基因,亚克隆进表达载体pPIC9K,构建重组载体pPIC9K-G₁,线性化后电转化毕赤酵母GS115,通过G418压力和PCR法筛选阳性重组酵母进行诱导表达。经SDS-PAGE、脱糖基化分析、Western blot、ELISA、兔体免疫实验和特异性分析,表明该基因在GS115中表达并进行了适度的糖基化,表达蛋白有良好的生物学活性和特异性,可作为包被抗原,开发ELISA诊断试剂盒。     

牛流行热病毒糖蛋白G1抗原表位在毕赤酵母中的表达和抗原性鉴定

从包含牛流行热病毒G蛋白基因的质粒pMD-G中克隆G₁抗原表位区基因,亚克隆进表达载体pPIC9K,构建重组载体pPIC9K-G₁,线性化后电转化毕赤酵母GS115,通过G418压力和PCR法筛选阳性重组酵母进行诱导表达。经SDS-PAGE、脱糖基化分析、Western blot、ELISA、兔体免疫实验和特异性分析,表明该基因在GS115中表达并进行了适度的糖基化,表达蛋白有良好的生物学活性和特异性,可作为包被抗原,开发ELISA诊断试剂盒。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒HA蛋白抗原表位及受体结合位点突变特性的对比研究

人群中流行的H1N1病毒按其来源可分为两类:人感染的猪H1N1病毒与人类季节性H1N1流感病毒。这两类病毒在流行频率、易感性和致病性等方面存在明显差异。文章收集了1918～2009年间17株人感染的猪甲型H1N1毒株以及21株季节性H1N1毒株,通过序列比对、氨基酸残基保守性分析及3D结构对比等生物信息学方法,揭示造成这两类病毒流行病学和感染性差异的机制。研究发现这两类病毒HA蛋白的进化路径并不相同,且两者具有不同的突变特征,人感染的猪H1N1病毒中,Ca1、Ca2、Sa和Sb四个位点均较为保守,仅Cb位点的突变较快;季节性H1N1病毒仅有Ca1位点较为保守,其他四个抗原性位点均具有较快的突变速率,且较多的突变为新类型的氨基酸。另外,对受体结合位点的研究也显示,这两类病毒的该区域存在5个氨基酸水平的差异(ALA138SER、GLN192LYS、GLN196HIS、ALA198GLU和ALA227GLU),这些位点的差异使得人感染的猪H1N1流感病毒比人类季节性H1N1病毒的易感性更强。这些研究结果可为阐明两类H1N1流感病毒感染性及致病性差异提供更多的信息,并有助于进一步认识H1N1流感病毒的进化机制。     

用免疫信息学技术设计新型H1N1流感神经氨酸酶抗原表位肽

神经氨酸酶(NA)是一种具有唾液酸酶活性的流感毒粒表面糖蛋白,切断病毒HA与细胞膜上神经氨酸残基之间的连接,使病毒能够从宿主细胞表面释放.检测了新型H1N1流感NA基因核苷酸序列,用免疫信息学方法预测、筛选和鉴定B细胞表位;人工合成NA抗原多肽SE8和RE6,并免疫新西兰兔制备抗血清.两种抗血清具有体外中和新型H1N1流感病毒能力(微量中和实验),而且还具有拮抗血凝释放作用.根据2009年全球毒株NA基因序列检测和比对结果,发现多肽SE8和RE6序列未变异.实验揭示,多肽SE8和RE6可以作为新型H1N1流感候选多肽疫苗.     

ZNF185基因抗原表位分析及合成肽免疫避孕效果研究

目的:预测ZNF185基因的抗原表位,并研究相应合成多肽诱导的免疫应答和免疫避孕效应。方法:应用DNA Star软件预测ZNF185蛋白二级结构、亲水性、可塑性、表面可及性与抗原指数。合成携带ZNF185抗原表位的多肽,进行小鼠免疫实验,检测小鼠血清中IgG抗体水平、交配率、妊娠率及每窝产仔数,并观察生殖器官是否发生病变。结果:筛选ZNF185两段氨基酸序列合成多肽,该多肽能够诱导小鼠产生较高的抗体水平,实验组小鼠交配率和妊娠率显著低于对照组,生殖器官并无发生明显的组织病理学变化。结论:ZNF185具有一定的抗生育作用。     

一种新的检测黄曲霉毒素B1的酶生物传感器的制作

本文报道了一种新的检测黄曲霉毒素B1的生物传感器,该传感器以开管的多壁纳米碳管固定化黄曲霉毒素氧化还原酶制作传感电极检测黄曲霉毒素B1,其线性范围达到0.16μM-3.2μM,当把特异性的黄曲霉毒素B1抗体与黄曲霉毒素氧化还原酶通过多壁纳米碳管共固定化制作修饰电极,传感器的检测限提高到16nM,灵敏度提高了10倍。用这种方法制作黄曲霉毒素酶生物传感器,使黄曲霉毒素酶生物传感器向实用化迈进了一步。     

Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by an aqueous extract from leaves of Adhatoda vasica Nees

The effectiveness of aqueous extracts of various medicinal plants in detoxification of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was tested in vitro by thin-layer chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among the different plant extracts, the leaf extract of Vasaka (Adhatoda vasica Nees) showed the maximum degradation of AFB1 (≥98%) after incubation for 24 h at 37 °C. The aflatoxin detoxifying activity of the A. vasica leaf extract was significantly reduced by heating to 100 °C for 10 min or autoclaving at 121 °C for 20 min. Dialysis had no effect on aflatoxin detoxifying ability of A. vasica extract and the dialyzed extract showed similar level of detoxification of AFB1 as that of the untreated extract. A time course study of aflatoxin detoxification by A. vasica extract showed that 69% of the toxin was degraded within 6 h and ≥95% degradation was observed after 24 h of incubation. Detoxification of AFB1 by A. vasica extract was further confirmed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids in methanolic extract of A. vasica leaves. A partially purified alkaloid from A. vasica leaves by preparative TLC exhibited strong AFB1 detoxification activity.     

Lophirones B and C Extenuate AFB1‐Mediated Oxidative Onslaught on Cellular Proteins,Lipids, and DNA through Nrf‐2 Expression

The capability of lophirones B and C to extenuate aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁)‐mediated onslaught on cellular proteins, lipids, and DNA was investigated for 6 weeks. Lophirones B and C significantly (P < 0.05) increase the expression and specific activity of cytoprotective enzymes (glutathione‐S‐trans‐ferase, nioctinamide adenine dicludeotide:quinone oxidoreductase‐1, epoxide hydrolase, and uridyl glucuronosyl transferase). There was significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the level of antioxidant system in AFB₁‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, lophirones B and C significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated AFB₁‐mediated decrease in the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes. Oxidative stress biomarkers, malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides, conjugated dienes, protein carbonyl, and fragmented DNA were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in AFB₁‐treated rats. Although lophirones B and C did not significantly (P < 0.05) alter these biomarkers, an AFB₁‐mediated increase in these biomarkers was significantly attenuated. Results obtained showed that lophirones B and C extenuate AFB₁‐mediated onslaught on cellular proteins, lipids, and DNA by enhancing nuclear erythroid–related factor‐2 expression.     

食用菌对黄曲霉毒素B1的脱毒作用研究

目的 研究平菇、金针菇、黑木耳等七种食用菌对黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）的脱毒效果。方法 首先通过降解圈直径与菌落直径之比（Da/Dm）筛选出具有脱毒作用的株菌;然后通过AFB1残留量筛选出脱毒能力最强的菌株;最后将该菌株接种于含AFB1的玉米粉和大米中,考查其对粮食中AFB1的脱毒效果。结果 初筛发现平菇、黑木耳、金针菇对AFB1有较强脱毒作用,其Da/Dm分别为1.6±0.02、1.5±0.01、1.4±0.02;复筛发现黑木耳的脱毒能力最强,与AFB1共培养10 d后能清除88.16%的AFB1;进一步发现黑木耳对玉米粉和大米中AFB1有一定去除作用,清除率分别为62.4%和15.73%。结论 黑木耳对受AFB1污染的粮食作物有较好的脱毒作用,可用其控制食品与饲料中的AFB1。     

NirN Protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Novel Electron-bifurcating Dehydrogenase Catalyzing the Last Step of Heme d1 Biosynthesis

Heme d₁ plays an important role in denitrification as the essential cofactor of the cytochrome cd₁ nitrite reductase NirS. At present, the biosynthesis of heme d₁ is only partially understood. The last step of heme d₁ biosynthesis requires a so far unknown enzyme that catalyzes the introduction of a double bond into one of the propionate side chains of the tetrapyrrole yielding the corresponding acrylate side chain. In this study, we show that a Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strain lacking the NirN protein does not produce heme d₁. Instead, the NirS purified from this strain contains the heme d₁ precursor dihydro-heme d₁ lacking the acrylic double bond, as indicated by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and resonance Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the dihydro-heme d₁ was extracted from purified NirS and characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and finally identified by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Moreover, we show that purified NirN from P. aeruginosa binds the dihydro-heme d₁ and catalyzes the introduction of the acrylic double bond in vitro. Strikingly, NirN uses an electron bifurcation mechanism for the two-electron oxidation reaction, during which one electron ends up on its heme c cofactor and the second electron reduces the substrate/product from the ferric to the ferrous state. On the basis of our results, we propose novel roles for the proteins NirN and NirF during the biosynthesis of heme d₁.     

假单胞菌胞外酶降解黄曲霉毒素B1的酶学性质

[背景]黄曲霉毒素B1(AflatoxinB1,AFB1)毒性强、污染普遍,目前尚无有效的防治办法.[目的]为了发掘高效的AFB1降解菌并探索其降解特性,对红树林污泥样品中一株AFB1降解菌株(HAI2)的酶学性质进行分析.[方法]以AFB1结构类似物为唯一碳源,筛选出一株高效的AFB1降解菌,利用16SrRNA基因测...     

Divergent Primary Immune Responses Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 gp120 and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Determine Antibody Recall Responses

The development of a vaccine based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) that elicits potent protective antibodies against infection has been challenging. Recently, we compared the antibody production patterns of HIV-1 Env gp120 and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) to provide insights into how we may improve the protective efficacy of Env-based immunogens. Our previous study showed that HIV Env and HBsAg display different mechanisms of antibody elicitation and that T cells facilitate the responses to repeated immunizations. Here, to elucidate the detailed roles of primary immunization in immune memory response formation and antibody production, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with each antigen and evaluated the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, germinal centers, and the memory responses involved in prime and boost immunizations. We found that after prime immunization, compared with HBsAg, gp120 induced higher frequencies of Tfh cells and programmed death (PD)-1⁺ T cells, greater major histocompatibility complex II expression on B cells, comparable activated B cells, but weaker germinal center (GC) reactions and memory B cell responses in the draining lymph nodes, accompanied by slower antibody recall responses and poor immune memory responses. The above results suggested that more PD-1⁺ T cells arising in primary immunization may serve as major contributors to the slow antibody recall response elicited by HIV-1 Env.     

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A,and their combination in cultured Vero cells

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are important food‐borne mycotoxins that have been implicated in human health. In this study, independent and combinative toxicities of AFB1 and OTA were tested in cultured monkey kidney Vero cells. The experiments reported here were conducted to evaluate the effect of these toxins on cell viability followed by the determination of cell death pathways, using the quantification of DNA fragmentation and the expression of p53 and bcl‐2 protein levels. Our results showed that AFB1 and OTA caused a marked decrease of cell viability in a dose‐dependent manner. Under the same conditions, these mycotoxins increased fragmented DNA levels. In addition, p53 was activated in response to DNA damage and the expression of the antiapoptotic factor bcl‐2 decreased significantly. According to these data, AFB1 and OTA seemed to be involved in an apoptotic process. Moreover, combined AFB1 and OTA induced all the toxicities observed with the mycotoxins separately. Therefore, this combination was classified as an additive response of the two mycotoxins. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 24:42–50, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20310     

In vitro microsome-mediated aflatoxin B1-DNA binding and its inhibition by cytosol of various organs of the hamster and quail

We studied thein vitro activation of aflatoxin B1 (B1) by microsomes and its inactivation by the cytosol of various quail and hamster organs, using B1-DNA binding as an index. The microsomal activity of the liver to bind B1 to DNA was not largely different between the two species and was higher than that of the other organs examined in either species. The microsomal activity of the kidney and lung was very low in the quail compared with the hamster, indicating the very small contribution of the lung and kidney microsomes to the activation of B1 in birds. Only the hamster liver cytosol showed strong inhibition of microsome-mediated B1-DNA binding.