菜豆炭疽菌有性态研究

在引起菜豆炭疽病的Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍ ｌｉｎｄｅｍｕｔｈｉａｕｍ（Ｓａｃｃ．ｅｔ Ｍａｇｎ．）Ｂｒ．ｅｔ Ｃａｖ．大量培养物中,发现一个在低温培养保存中丧失产生分生孢子能力而仅产生子囊壳的菌系。对其形态学、培养特征、单子囊孢子培养的研究及与有关种的形态比较结果表明,这个源于分子孢子的子囊菌培养物是菜豆小丛壳Ｇｌｏｍｅｒｅｌｌａ ｌｉｎｄｅｍｕｔｈｉａｎｕｍ Ｓｈｅａｒ。这个培养物经人工接     

菜豆炭疽菌生理小种鉴定及普通菜豆种质的抗性评价

对来源于黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、河北、云南等8个省（市）的15个菜豆炭疽菌分离物进行生理小种鉴定,鉴别出5个菜豆炭疽菌生理小种,其中81号小种出现的频率高达67％,是中国的优势小种。用81号小种对181份菜豆进行抗性鉴定,发现高抗材料2份,抗病材料43份,高感材料33份,说明我国菜豆种质资源对炭疽菌81号小种抗感差异显著,抗病资源丰富。     

江苏省稻瘟病菌有性态的研究

用标准菌株对1997－1999年在江苏吴江市、宜兴市、通州市、高邮市和赣榆县采集的325个稻瘟病菌单孢分离菌株的可育性和交配型进行了测定,结果表明江苏省稻瘟病菌菌株的育性较低,可交配率为22．77％,可育率仅为7．08％。不同年份、不同地区采集的稻瘟病菌菌株的性亲和力和交配型有较大的差异,三年的交配率分别为26．61％、8．26％和33．64％;通州地区和赣榆地区菌株的交本相对较高,分别为26．15％和25．42％,宜兴地区菌株的交配率较低,只有15．38％。江苏省稻瘟病菌菌株的交配型在不同年份亦出现很大差别,1997年29个可交配菌株中有21个菌株表现为MAT1－2交配型,而1999年36个可交配菌株均为MAT1－1交配型。用江苏省稻瘟病菌的可育菌株进行互交,25个组合中只有6个组合能产生子囊壳和子囊,但均不产生子囊孢子,提示江苏省稻瘟病菌在田间产生健康有性后代的几率不大。对杂交后代的遗传学分析表明,菌株的交配型是受单基因控制的。     

江苏省稻瘟病菌有性态的研究*

用标准菌株对１９９７～１９９９年在江苏省吴江市,宜兴市、通州市、高邮市和赣榆县采集的３２５个猪瘟病菌单孢分离菌株的可育性和交配型进行了测定,结果表明江苏省稻瘟病菌菌株的育性较低,可交配率为２２．７７％,可育率仅为７．０８％。不同年份、不同地区采集的猪瘟病菌茵株的性亲和力和交配型有较大的差异,三年的交配率分别为２６．６１％、８．２６％和３３．６４％;温州地区和赣榆地区菌株的交配率相对较高,分别为２６．１５％和２５．４２％,宜兴地区菌株的交配率较低,只有１５．３８％。江苏省稻瘟病菌菌株的交配型在不同年份亦出现很大差别,１９９７年２９个可交配菌株中有２１个菌株表现为ＭＡＴ１－２ 交配型,而１９９９年３６个可交配茵株均为ＭＡＴ１－１交配型。用江苏省稻瘟病菌的可育菌株进行互交,２５个组合中只有６个组合能产生子囊壳和子囊,但均不产生子囊孢子,提示江苏省稻瘟病菌在田间产生健康有性后代的几率不大。对杂交后代的遗传学分析表明,菌株的交配型是受单基因控制的。     

研究报告: 大鼠感觉运动系统静息态脑网络研究

为了理解啮齿类动物的脑功能连接,本文利用9.4T fMRI获得轻度麻醉状态下大鼠静息状态及刺激激活的数据,通过互相关分析构建节点之间的相关系数矩阵并计算相应的网络参数．结果发现：给予前爪电刺激时,刺激对侧初级感觉皮层(S1)、丘脑(Tha)有较强的正激活,双侧尾状壳核(CPu)有较强的负激活．静息状态时大鼠感觉/运动皮层内部、丘脑内部的连接性较强,而感觉/运动皮层与丘脑之间的连接较弱,双侧感觉运动系统之间存在较强的同步低频振荡,感觉运动系统在静息态时的脑网络具有小世界属性．结果提示,啮齿类动物在大脑信息处理中的功能分离和整合可能与人类存在某些相似性,支持哺乳动物中枢神经系统的基本功能存在遗传保守性的观点．     

新丛赤壳属真菌DNA条形码研究

以新丛赤壳属19个种为材料,选择ITSrDNA,β-tubulin,EF—1α和RPB2作为候选基因,对获得的205个序列片段采用不同方法进行分析,筛选该属的DNA条形码．将种内与种间序列差异以及序列获得的难易程度作为评价指标．结果表明,任何一个单独的基因都不宜作为其DNA条形码,EF-1α与RPB2基因组合可以准确识别种内与种间差异,建议作为该类真菌的DNA条形码．研究过程中,将形态学与序列分析相结合,发现顶环新丛赤壳和小孢新从赤壳两个隐存种．     

新生隐球菌交配型分析试验方法和培养基的研究

比较观察了Hayagar(HA)、Matingagar (MA)、Haycubeagar (HCA)、稻壳琼脂(RSA)、富营养Hayagar(IHA)以及沙保弱培养基 (SDA) 6种培养基的新生隐球菌交配试验效果。按 2周内产生阳性结果排列培养基的次序是HCA(95% )、RSA(95% )、HA(86% )、MA(38% )、SDA(38% )和IHA(2 4 % )。采用点状可以替代划线接种方法用于处理大批量标本并节省材料。此外 ,先将诱导菌株和受试菌株混合预培养可以使原方法不能交配的菌株产生阳性结果     

日本菟丝子的生防研究——寄生真菌的筛选和利用

对日本菟丝子有较强致病力的刺盘孢菌,其在PDA培养基上的特点是,菌落桔红色,产孢量大,气生菌丝稀疏,不形成分生孢子盘和刚毛。 不太可能筛选出一个对所有寄主上的日本菟丝子都有较强致病力的菌株,但完全有可能筛选出对其中少数几个主要寄主上的菟丝子均有较强致病力的菌株。 高温高湿和伤口对菌株的侵染有利;菌株的孢子悬浮液中加入2％蔗糖或少量菟丝子压榨液可促使孢子提早萌发并提高其萌发率。 菟丝子的茎蔓尤其幼嫩部分比花穗更易感病。 固体扩大培养基的成分中,用80％麦麸加20％玉米粉配制较好,菌株的产孢量大。     

Purification and Characterization of Extracellular Chitin Deacetylase from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Chitin deacetylase, active in the presence of acetate (96% of the enzymatic activity was retained in the presence of 100 mm sodium acetate), was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from a culture filtrate of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (944-fold with a recovery of 4.05%). The enzyme was induced in the medium after the eighth day of incubation simultaneously with the blackening of the medium. The molecular mass of the enzyme was 31.5 kDa and 33 kDa as judged by SDS–PAGE and gel filtration, respectively, suggesting that the enzyme is a single polypeptide. The optimum temperature was 60°C and the optimum pH was 11.5–12.0 when glycol chitin was used as substrate. The enzyme was active toward glycol chitin, partially N-deacetylated water soluble chitin, and chitin oligomers the degrees of polymerization of which were more than four, but was less active with chitin trimer and dimer, and inactive with N-acetylglucosamine. The K_m and k_cat for glycol chitin were 2.55 mm and 27.1s^?1, respectively, and those for chitin pentamer were 414 μm and 83.2s^?1, respectively. The reaction rates of the enzyme toward glycol chitin and chitin oligomers seemed to follow the Michaelis–Menten kinetics.     

Metarhizium brachyspermum sp. nov. (Clavicipitaceae), a new species parasitic on Elateridae from Japan

Ascomata of a Metarhizium species were collected from Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. The ascomata were similar to M. kalasinense in its host preference for elaterids, olive-green clavate stromata, and obliquely immersed perithecia, but the asci and ascospores were significantly shorter in length than those of the latter species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the elongation factor 1-alpha gene showed that the Japanese species was phylogenetically distinctive in the M. anisopliae lineage, including M. kalasinense. Accordingly, we describe a new species, M. brachyspermum. Isolates of this species produced olive-green conidial masses on the surface of the colony. Also, hyphal anastomoses between two metulae were often observed on conidiophores.     

陕西省炭疽菌的研究

本文报道陕西省炭疽菌属Colletotrichum Corda的14种,其中新种1个,由异名恢复的合格种1个,中国新记录种1个。新种为宽孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum latium J.Y.Li et X.M.Wang sp.nov.,由异名恢复的合格种为卫矛炭疽菌C.griseum Heald et Waif,中国新记录种为尾孢炭疽菌C.caudatum(sace.)Peck。新种有拉丁文和汉文特征描述,模式标本保存于西北农业大学真菌标本室。     

轮枝菌形态的低温扫描电镜观察

本文报道寄生在昆虫、锈菌、蜘蛛及植物上的7株轮枝菌(Verticillium)和虫草菌(Cordyceps)的轮枝菌无性型的低温扫描电镜观察结果。试验表明该方法可以清晰地观察到保持完好而未变形的轮枝菌头状分生孢子球及分生孢子链,蜡蚧轮枝菌寄生在昆虫与锈菌号的形态具有较大差异。     

Application of endophytic bacteria for controlling anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) on bean plants

Over 100 endophytic bacterial isolates were isolated from surface-sterilised roots of the Fabaceae family in East Azerbaijan farms. These isolates were screened for their in vitro biocontrol activity against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum by dual culture technique using potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Eight bacterial isolates (Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. tequilensis, B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii, Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus, S. flavofuscus, S. parvus, S. acrimycini) showed promising inhibition on mycelial growth of C. lindemuthianum , and thus, these isolates were selected for greenhouse experiments. The disease control rate using these selected endophytic bacteria was varied from 40 to 76.80% in greenhouse without any negative effects on different growth performance, suggesting that these selected endophytic bacteria are potential to be developed as biocontrol agents.     

Biochemical aspects of bean resistance to anthracnose mediated by silicon

This study investigated the effect of silicon (Si) on resistance of bean plants (cv. ‘Peróla’) to anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, grown in a nutrient solution containing 0 (?Si) or 2 mmol Si L^?1 (+Si). The concentration of Si in leaf tissue and the incubation period increased by 55.2% and 14.3%, respectively, in +Si plants in relation to ?Si plants. The area under anthracnose progress curve and the severity estimated by the software QUANT significantly decreased by 32.9% and 27%, respectively, for +Si plants. Si did not affect the concentration of total soluble phenolics. Chitinases activity was higher in the advanced stages of infection by C. lindemuthianum for leaves of ?Si plants. β‐1,3‐Glucanase activity increased after C. lindemuthianum infection, but it was not enhanced by Si. Peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities had no apparent effect on the resistance of bean plants to anthracnose, regardless of the presence of Si. The increase in lignin concentration as well as on the phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and lipoxygenase activities were important for the resistance of +Si plants against anthracnose. The results of this study suggest that Si may increase resistance to anthracnose in bean plants by enhancing certain biochemical mechanisms of defence as opposed to just acting as a physical barrier to penetration by C. lindemuthianum.