血清sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ联合CF-6对新生儿早发型败血症的诊断和预后评估价值研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清可溶性髓系细胞触发受体-1（sTREM-1）、可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体-Ⅱ（sTNFR-Ⅱ）联合偶联因子-6（CF-6）对新生儿早发型败血症（EOS）的诊断和预后评估价值。方法：选取2021年1月～2023年1月上海市儿童医院收治的170例EOS患儿纳入EOS组,根据预后结局分为预后不良组和预后良好组,另选取我院同期100名无感染症状的健康新生儿纳入对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ、CF-6水平。通过多因素Logistic回归模型分析新生儿EOS预后不良的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ、CF-6水平对新生儿EOS的诊断价值和预后不良评估价值。结果：与对照组比较,EOS组血清sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ、CF-6水平升高（P＜0.05）。170例EOS患儿预后不良发生率为29.41%（50/170）。多因素Logistic回归模型分析显示,出生体重≥2.5 kg、血小板计数增加为新生儿EOS预后不良的独立保护因素,胎膜早破和sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ、CF-6升高为独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ联合CF-6诊断新生儿EOS的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.943,大于sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ、CF-6单独诊断的0.802、0.821、0.816;血清sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ联合CF-6评估新生儿EOS预后的AUC为0.928,大于sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ、CF-6单独评估的0.774、0.785、0.779。结论：EOS患儿血清sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ、CF-6水平升高,且与预后不良密切相关,血清sTREM-1、sTNFR-Ⅱ联合CF-6对新生儿EOS的诊断价值和预后不良评估价值较高。     

不同病情手足口病患儿血清肿瘤坏死因子-α、C-反应蛋白、降钙素原的变化及其对预后不良的预测价值研究

摘要 目的：探讨不同病情手足口病（HFMD）患儿血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、降钙素原（PCT）的变化,并分析三者联合检测对预后不良的预测价值。方法：选取2019年1月～2022年1月我院儿科收治的117例HFMD患儿（HFMD组）,根据不同病情分为普通组32例、重症组45例、危重症组40例,根据治疗后预后情况分为预后不良组32例和预后良好组85例,另选取同期50例体检健康儿童作为对照组。收集HFMD患儿基本资料,检测所有研究对象血清TNF-α、CRP、PCT水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析HFMD患儿预后不良的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清TNF-α、CRP、PCT水平对HFMD患儿预后不良的预测价值。结果：HFMD组血清TNF-α、CRP、PCT水平高于对照组（P均＜0.05）。普通组、重症组、危重症组血清TNF-α、CRP、PCT水平依次升高（P均＜0.05）。单因素分析结果显示：预后不良组发热≥39℃、发热持续时间≥3 d比例和病情分级为危重症、中性粒细胞比例、TNF-α、CRP、PCT水平高于预后良好组,淋巴细胞比例、心输出量、氧合指数低于预后良好组（P均＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,发热持续时间≥3 d、病情分级为危重症和TNF-α、CRP、PCT升高为HFMD患儿预后不良的独立危险因素,心输出量和氧合指数增加为独立保护因素（P均＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清TNF-α、CRP、PCT单独与联合预测HFMD患儿预后不良的曲线下面积分别为0.769、0.793、0.799、0.947,血清TNF-α、CRP、PCT联合预测的曲线下面积大于各指标单独预测。结论：血清TNF-α、CRP、PCT水平升高与HFMD患儿病情加重和预后不良有关,联合检测血清TNF-α、CRP、PCT水平对HFMD患儿预后不良的预测价值较高。     

急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿血清PGRN、XCL1与危险度分层和预后的关系

摘要 目的：探讨急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）患儿血清颗粒蛋白前体（PGRN）、X-C基序趋化因子配体1（XCL1）与危险度分层和预后的关系。方法：选取2018年1月～2020年1月我院收治的102例ALL患儿为ALL组，根据危险度分层分为低危组27例、中危组42例、高危组33例，根据生存结局分为死亡组和存活组，另选取同期50名于我院体检健康儿童为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清PGRN、XCL1水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析ALL患儿死亡的影响因素，受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清PGRN、XCL1水平对ALL患儿死亡的评估价值。结果：与对照组比较，ALL组血清PGRN、XCL1水平升高（P＜0.05）。低危组、中危组、高危组血清PGRN、XCL1水平依次升高（P＜0.05）。随访2年，102例ALL患儿死亡率为34.31%（35/102）。单因素分析显示，白细胞计数（WBC）、混合谱系白血病（MLL）重排、危险度分层、PGRN、XCL1为ALL患儿死亡的影响因素（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，WBC≥50×10⁹/L、MLL重排阳性、危险度分层高危和PGRN、XCL1升高为ALL患儿死亡的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示，血清PGRN联合XCL1评估ALL患儿死亡的曲线下面积（AUC）大于PGRN、XCL1单独评估。结论：ALL患儿血清PGRN、XCL1水平升高，与危险度分层和预后有关，血清PGRN联合XCL1评估ALL患儿预后的价值较高，可能成为ALL患儿预后辅助评估指标。     

APACHEⅡ评分联合动脉血乳酸水平对危重症产妇预后的预测价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分联合动脉血乳酸水平对危重症产妇预后的预测价值。方法：选取2019年3月至2022年3月期间上海市第一妇婴保健院收治的危重症产妇84例,根据住院期间危重症产妇的生存预后情况将其分为预后良好组（n=74）及预后不良组（n=10）。所有纳入本研究的危重症产妇均于入院24 h内完成APACHEⅡ评分评估;对所有危重症产妇应用动脉血气分析仪测定其动脉血乳酸水平。对比两组危重症产妇APACHEⅡ评分及动脉血乳酸水平;采用Pearson相关系数分析危重症产妇APACHEⅡ评分与其动脉血乳酸水平的相关性;单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析危重症产妇预后不良的危险因素;采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析APACHEⅡ评分、动脉血乳酸水平单项指标及联合检测对危重症产妇预后的预测效能。结果：预后不良组APACHEⅡ评分、动脉血乳酸水平均高于于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。采用Pearson相关系数分析显示,危重症产妇APACHEⅡ评分与其动脉血乳酸水平呈正相关（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄≥35岁、孕前体质指数（BMI）≥25 kg/m²、剖宫产、产后并发心力衰竭、高APACHEⅡ评分、动脉血乳酸水平升高是危重症产妇预后不良的危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,APACHEⅡ评分、动脉血乳酸水平联合检测的预测效能高于单项指标检测。结论：危重症产妇动脉血乳酸水平随着APACHEⅡ评分升高而升高,两者呈正相关关系。高APACHEⅡ评分、动脉血乳酸水平升高是影响危重症产妇预后不良的危险因素,联合检测上述两项指标对危重症产妇预后的预测价值较高。     

血清APN、PGRN联合检测对脓毒症患儿疾病的预测价值及与其预后的相关性分析

摘要 目的：研究脂联素（APN）和颗粒体上皮蛋白前体（PGRN）在脓毒症患儿血清中的变化,并探讨其临床意义。方法：纳入2019年1月到2021年6月在我院接受治疗的脓毒症患儿90例,并纳入同期在我院进行体检的健康儿童30例作为对照组。根据脓毒症患儿预后将其分为存活组（n=67）和死亡组（n=23）。采集所有研究对象外周血,通过酶联免疫吸附剂测定测定血清APN、PGRN、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白介素1β（IL-1β）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）和降钙素原（PCT）。分析血清APN、PGRN与脓毒症患儿血清炎症因子、疾病严重程度的相关性。结果：脓毒症患儿血清APN、PGRN均显著低于对照组健康儿童（P<0.05）。在脓毒症患儿中,血清APN、PGRN与血清TNF-α、IL-1β、CRP以及PCR含量均呈负相关（P<0.05）。存活组脓毒症患儿血清APN、PGRN以及小儿危重病例评分（PCIS）均显著高于死亡组脓毒症患儿（P<0.05）,并且脓毒症患儿血清APN、PGRN与PCIS评分呈正相关。多因素Logstic回归分析结果显示：小儿危重病例评分表（PCIS）评分（OR=2.691,95%CI=1.052-4.352）、血清APN（OR=3.026,95%CI=1.628-4.692）和PGRN（OR=2.824,95%CI=1.328-6.824）水平均是影响脓毒症患儿预后的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：脓毒症患儿血清APN、PGRN均显著降低,其含量与脓毒症疾病严重程度和外周血炎症反应具有相关性。     

早产儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征血清1,25-(OH)2D3、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3水平与炎症反应和预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨不同病情严重程度早产儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）血清1,25-二羟维生素D₃（1,25-(OH) ₂D₃）、颗粒体蛋白前体（PGRN）、沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1（SIRT1）、C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白3（CTRP3）的变化，分析其与炎症反应和预后的关系。方法：选择2018年10月至2019年12月安徽省妇幼保健院收治的ARDS早产儿100例作为ARDS组，另选取同期在我院出生的健康新生儿60例作为对照组。根据《"新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征"蒙特勒标准（2017年版）》的病情判定标准将ARDS早产儿分为轻度组（n=40）、中度组（n=32）、重度组（n=28），比较不同病情严重程度ARDS早产儿血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3、炎症反应指标肿瘤坏死子因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）水平变化，采用Pearson法分析ARDS早产儿血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3与炎症反应指标的相关性。另根据ARDS组患儿预后情况分为预后良好组（n=65）和预后不良组（n=35），采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析影响ARDS早产儿预后不良的危险因素。结果：ARDS组血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、SIRT1、CTRP3、PGRN水平明显低于对照组（P<0.05），ARDS组血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。不同病情严重程度ARDS早产儿血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3、炎症反应指标比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。ARDS早产儿血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3水平与TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平呈负相关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，低出生体重、肺表面活性物质（PS）使用次数≥3次、出现低白蛋白血症是影响ARDS早产儿预后不良的危险因素（P<0.05），血清1,25-(OH)2D3（较高）、PGRN（较高）、SIRT1（较高）、CTRP3（较高）是ARDS早产儿预后不良的保护因素（P<0.05）。结论：血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3可能参与ARDS早产儿的炎症反应过程，与ARDS早产儿的病情进展及预后密切相关，检测血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3有助于评估ARDS早产儿的预后。     

血清PCT、CRP、GPBB、HMGB1与脓毒症患儿心肌损伤指标的相关性及与预后的关系

摘要 目的：探讨血清降钙素原（PCT）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、糖原磷酸化酶脑型（GPBB）、高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）水平与脓毒症患儿心肌损伤指标以及预后的关系。方法：选择2019年3月至2022年3月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九二六医院收治的271例脓毒症心肌损伤患儿（心肌损伤组）和同期收治的227例脓毒症感染性疾病但未发生心肌损伤患儿（对照组）。检测两组血清PCT、CRP、GPBB、HMGB1水平以及心肌损伤指标水平。应用Pearson相关系数分析血清PCT、CRP、GPBB、HMGB1与心肌损伤指标之间的相关性。根据心肌损伤组患儿28d的预后情况分为死亡组和存活组，脓毒症心肌损伤患儿死亡的危险因素通过多因素Logistic回归分析。结果：心肌损伤组血清PCT、肌红蛋白（Mb）、CRP、GPBB、心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、HMGB1、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。血清PCT、CRP、GPBB、HMGB1水平均与血清Mb、CK-MB、cTnI水平呈正相关（P＜0.05）。死亡组脓毒症休克比例、APACHE Ⅱ评分、SOFA评分、尿素氮、血肌酐、血清PCT、CRP、GPBB、HMGB1水平高于存活组（P＜0.05）。前白蛋白低于存活组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，高APACHE Ⅱ评分、存在脓毒症休克、高PCT、高CRP、高GPBB、高HMGB1、高cTnI是脓毒症患儿预后的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：脓毒症心肌损伤患儿血清PCT、CRP、GPBB、HMGB1水平增高，且与预后不良以及心肌损伤指标有关。     

脓毒症患儿血清SAA、PCT、CRP水平与预后的关系及其诊断价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨脓毒症患儿血清淀粉样蛋白A（SAA）、降钙素原（PCT）、C反应蛋白（CRP）与预后的关系,并分析三者对脓毒症的诊断价值。方法：纳入我院于2016年8月～2020年6月期间收治的脓毒症患儿60例开展回顾性研究,作为脓毒症组,选取同期于我院进行体检的健康儿童40例作为对照组,比较两组血清SAA、PCT、CRP水平。根据脓毒症患儿1个月内的生存、死亡情况,分成生存组（n=42）、死亡组（n=18）,比较两组临床资料及血清SAA、PCT、CRP水平,经COX回归模型分析脓毒症患儿死亡的危险因素。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清SAA、PCT、CRP对脓毒症的诊断价值。结果：脓毒症组血清SAA、PCT、CRP水平显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。死亡组器官障碍数量＞2个、脓毒性休克患儿占比分别为55.56%、44.44%,显著高于生存组的19.05%、9.52%（P＜0.05）;死亡组入院后1 h内使用抗菌治疗患儿占比为38.89%,显著低于生存组的69.05%（P＜0.05）;死亡组血清SAA、PCT、CRP水平高于生存组（P＜0.05）。COX多因素分析结果显示,器官障碍数量＞2、脓毒性休克及血清SAA、PCT、CRP水平升高是脓毒症患儿死亡的危险因素（P＜0.05）,而入院后1 h内使用抗菌治疗是脓毒症患儿死亡风险的保护性因素（P＜0.05）。血清SAA、PCT、CRP单独及三者联合诊断脓毒症的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.808、0.780、0.761、0.912。结论：脓毒症患儿血清SAA、PCT、CRP明显升高,三者升高均为脓毒症患儿死亡的危险因素,且对脓毒症具有一定诊断价值。     

小儿危重病例评分联合脑脊液降钙素原、白细胞介素-6对重症病毒性脑炎患儿预后不良发生风险预测作用的初步研究

摘要 目的：探讨小儿危重病例评分（PCIS）联合脑脊液降钙素原（PCT）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）对重症病毒性脑炎（SVE）患儿预后不良的预测价值。方法：回顾性分析2020年1月至2021年12月我院收治的104例SVE患儿的临床病历资料,根据儿童格拉斯哥预后量表（CGOS）将患儿分为预后不良组（CGOS评级1~4级,n=39）和预后良好组（CGOS评级5级,n=65）。采用PCIS对患儿病情严重程度进行评估,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测患儿脑脊液PCT和IL-6水平。采用多因素logistic回归分析SVE患儿预后不良的影响因素,绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估PCIS联合脑脊液PCT及IL-6对预后不良的预测价值。结果：预后不良组意识障碍、惊厥、合并脏器损伤发生率、脑脊液白细胞计数、PCT、IL-6水平高于预后良好组（P<0.05）,视频脑电图（VEEG）重度异常构成比大于预后良好组（P<0.05）,预后不良组PCIS评分低于预后良好组（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示：合并脏器损伤、VEEG重度异常、脑脊液白细胞计数（较高）、PCT（较高）和IL-6水平（较高）是SVE患儿预后不良的危险因素（OR=1.449、3.732、1.355、1.483、1.388,P<0.05）,PCIS评分（较高）是SVE患儿预后不良的保护因素（OR=0.769,P<0.05）。PCIS评分、脑脊液PCT和IL-6预测预后不良的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.869,灵敏度、特异性分别为0.85、0.78,均高于单一指标检测。结论：PCIS、脑脊液PCT及IL-6均是SVE患儿预后的影响因素,联合检测有助于预测患儿预后不良发生风险,从而指导临床制定针对性诊疗方案以改善患儿预后。     

NLR、25-（OH）D3、IL-6、PCT与重症肺炎支原体肺炎患儿免疫功能和预后不良的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、25-羟维生素D3 [25-（OH）D3]、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、降钙素原（PCT）与重症肺炎支原体肺炎（MMP）患儿免疫功能和预后不良的关系。方法：选取2019年2月至2021年12月我院收治的106例重症MMP患儿作为重症组,同期收治的101例轻症MMP患儿（轻症组）作为对照。检测外周血中性粒细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、T淋巴细胞亚群以及血清25-（OH）D3、IL-6、PCT水平,计算NLR。分析NLR、25-（OH）D3、IL-6、PCT与T淋巴细胞亚群的相关性。重症MMP患儿治疗后随访半年,根据重症MMP患儿的预后情况分为预后良好组（75例）和预后不良组（31例）,多因素Logistic回归分析影响重症MMP患儿预后的因素。结果：重症组NLR、IL-6、PCT水平,CD8⁺高于轻症组（P＜0.05）,25-（OH）D3水平、CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺低于轻症组（P＜0.05）。NLR、IL-6、PCT水平与CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺呈负相关（P＜0.05）,与CD8⁺呈正相关（P＜0.05）;25-（OH）D3与CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺呈正相关（P＜0.05）,与CD8⁺呈负相关（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：肺大片实变影、NLR（较高）、IL-6（较高）、PCT（较高）是重症MPP患儿预后不良的危险因素（P＜0.05）,25-（OH）D3（较高）是保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：重症MMP患儿NLR、IL-6、PCT水平升高,25-（OH）D3水平降低,且与细胞免疫功能低下以及预后不良有关,检测NLR、IL-6、PCT、25-（OH）D3有助于评估重症MMP患儿的预后。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Cultural, Biochemical, and Immunological Properties of Mima, Herellea, and Flavobacterium Species

From study of cultural and biochemical characteristics of 40 strains of Herellea, Mima, or Flavobacterium species, a proposed schema for identification was developed. The reactions observed by agglutination, gel diffusion, and immunofluorescence suggest antigenic heterogeneity of this group of organisms.     

Pet Loss and Representations of Death,Attachment, Depression,and Euthanasia

Studies that have examined pet loss hypothesize that attachment, representations of death, and the belief in an afterlife for animals may influence owners’ bereavement and depressive outcomes. The following instruments were administered to 159 Italian participants recruited through snowball sampling: the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS), the Pet Bereavement Questionnaire (PBQ), the Testoni Death Representation Scale (TDRS), and Beck’s Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Questions concerning pet euthanasia-related issues and the relationship between owners and veterinarians were also submitted to the participants. A path model was conducted, showing that the representation of death and the attachment to a pet had a direct effect on pet grief, which in turn had a direct effect on depression. The results show a positive correlation between the LAPS and PBQ factors, particularly with the PBQ factor Grief. The LAPS factors positively correlated with the TDRS representation of Death as a Passage and negatively correlated with the TDRS representation of Death as Annihilation. The LAPS People Substituting factor positively correlated with the total score and the Cognitive-Affective factor of the BDI-II. The PBQ factors positively correlated with the BDI-II, whereas only the TDRS Death as Annihilation factor positively correlated with the BDI-II. Belief in a transcendent dimension was associated with higher scores on the PBQ Guilt factor and the TDRS factors of Death as a Passage and Death as Change, whereas these beliefs were associated with lower scores on the TDRS factor Death as Annihilation.

The results indicated that the sensitivity of the veterinarian and a veterinarian who helps owners make conscious and informed decisions for their pet and choose the right time to perform euthanasia are important variables in the management of pet loss. However, these factors are not sufficient and psychological support should be improved to help owners better cope with grief.     

Count data, detection probabilities, and the demography, dynamics, distribution, and decline of amphibians

The evidence for amphibian population declines is based on count data that were not adjusted for detection probabilities. Such data are not reliable even when collected using standard methods. The formula C = Np (where C is a count, N the true parameter value, and p is a detection probability) relates count data to demography, population size, or distributions. With unadjusted count data, one assumes a linear relationship between C and N and that p is constant. These assumptions are unlikely to be met in studies of amphibian populations. Amphibian population data should be based on methods that account for detection probabilities.