A new species of Nasicola Yamaguti, 1968 (Monogenea: Capsalidae) from the nasal cavities of Thunnnus obesus and a redescription of N. klawei (Stunkard, 1962) from T. albacares off Brazil

Two species of Nasicola Yamaguti, 1968 are described from the nasal cavities of tunas ( Thunnus spp.) from off the coast of Brazil: N. brasiliensis n. sp. from T. obesus (Lowe) and the type-species, N. klawei (Stunkard, 1962), from T. albacares (Bonn.). The new species is differentiated from N. klawei on the basis of the large number of testes and from N. hogansi Wheeler & Beverley-Burton, 1986 by its greater body-size, proportionately smaller haptor and smaller number of marginal spines. The host-specificity of Nasicola spp. is commented upon.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Thunnus species inferred from rDNA ITS1 sequence

Intra and interspecific nucleotide sequence variation of rDNA first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) was analysed using all eight species of the genus Thunnus plus two out‐group species within the same family, skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis and striped bonito Sarda orientalis . Intraspecific nucleotide sequence variation in ITS1, including intra‐genomic variation, was low, ranging from 0·003 to 0·014 [Kimura's two parameter distance (K2P)], whereas variation between species within the genus Thunnus ranged from 0·009 to 0·05. The Atlantic and Pacific northern bluefin tunas Thunnus thynnus thynnus and Thunnus thynnus orientalis , recently proposed to be distinct species, were found to share nearly identical ITS1 sequences (mean K2P = 0·006) well within the range of intraspecific variation. The northern bluefin tuna appeared to be a sister group to albacore Thunnus alalunga , with all other Thunnus species in a distinct clade. The ITS1 phylogeny was consistent with mtDNA phylogeny in clustering the three tropical Thunnus species ( T. albacares , T. atlanticus and T. tonggol ). Southern bluefin Thunnus maccoyii and bigeye Thunnus obesus tunas showed a closer affinity to this tropical tuna group than to the northern bluefin tuna and albacore. The molecular data supported mitochondrial introgression between species and contradicted morphological subdivision of the genus into two subgenera Neothunnus and Thunnus .     

Habitat and behaviour of yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares in the Gulf of Mexico determined using pop-up satellite archival tags

This study presents the first data on movement, habitat use and behaviour for yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares in the Atlantic Basin. Six individuals were tracked in the Gulf of Mexico using pop-up satellite archival tags. Records up to 80 days in length were obtained, providing information on depth and temperature preferences as well as horizontal movements. Thunnus albacares in the Gulf of Mexico showed a strong preference for the mixed layer and thermocline, consistent with findings for this species in other ocean basins. Fish showed a diel pattern in depth distribution, remaining in surface and mixed layer waters at night and diving to deeper waters during the day. The vertical extent of T. albacares habitat appeared to be temperature limited, with fish generally avoiding waters that were >6° C cooler than surface waters. The vertical and thermal habitat usage of T. albacares differs from that of bigeye Thunnus obesus and bluefin Thunnus thynnus , Thunnus orientalis and Thunnus maccoyii tunas. These results are consistent with the results of earlier studies conducted on T. albacares in other oceans.     

Some new and known species of the genusDidymocystis Ariola, 1902 (Trematoda: Didymozoidae) from scombrid fishes of the Visakhapatnam coast,Bay of Bengal

Nine species of didymozoid trematodes referable to the genusDidymocystis Ariola, 1902 are reported from scombrid fishes of the Visakhapatnam coast, Bay of Bengal, India. They are:Didymocystis wedli fromThunnus tonggol; D. dissimilis fromKatsuwonus pelamis; D. alalongae fromT. tonggol; D. superpalati fromT. tonggol; D. bifurcata fromT. tonggol; D. oesophagicola fromT. tonggol; D. pinnicola fromK. pelamis; D. exiguus fromAuxis thazard andEuthynnus affinis; and a new species,D. guttatus, fromScomberomorus guttatus. The generaLagenocystis Yamaguti, 1970,Oesophagocystis Yamaguti, 1970 andDidymosulcus Pozdnyakov, 1990 are synonymised withDidymocystis. The synonymies ofUnivitellodidymocystis Yamaguti, 1970 andDidymocystoides Yamaguti, 1970, but notCoeliodidymocystis Yamaguti, 1970, withDidymocystis, as proposed by Pozdnyakov (1990), are accepted.Didymocystis bifasciatus (Yamaguti, 1970) is considered a synonym ofD. alalongae Yamaguti, 1970 andD. philobranchia Yamaguti, 1970 ofD. bifurcata Yamaguti, 1970. Of the nine species reported, eight constitute new reports from the Bay of Bengal. A key to the species ofDidymocystis from scombrid fishes of the Visakhapatnam coast is presented.     

New data on Oncophora melanocephala (Nematoda: Camallanidae), a little-known parasite of scombrid fishes

The camallanid nematode Oncophora melanocephala (Rudolphi, 1819) is redescribed from specimens collected in tunas, Thunnus thynnus (L.), T. albacares (Bonnaterre), T. atlanticus (Lesson) and Auxis thazard (Lacépède) from the Atlantic littoral of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In addition to a specific structure of the buccal capsule, the species is characterized by the presence of seven pairs of preanal and five pairs of postanal subventral papillae in the male and by an unusual shape of body in the adult female; deirids are described for the first time in O. melanocephala. The structure of the buccal capsule of O. melanocephala, particularly the presence of a large posterior portion of capsule and a colourless connecting ring between buccal capsule and oesophagus, shows close affinities of Oncophora Diesing, 1851 with Paracamallanus Yorke et Maplestone, 1928. The findings of O. melanocephala in T. atlanticus and A thazard represent new host records.     

Differentiation of five tuna species by a multiplex primer-extension assay

A novel methodology based on analysis of mtDNA-cytb diagnostic sites was performed to discriminate four closely related species of Thunnus (Thunnus alalunga, Thunnus albacares, Thunnus obesus and Thunnus thynnus) and one species of Euthynnus (Katsuwonus pelamis) genus in raw and canned tuna. The primers used in the preliminary PCR designed in well conserved region upstream and downstream of the diagnosis sites successfully amplified a 132bp region from the cytb gene of all the species taken into consideration. The sites of diagnosis have been interrogate simultaneously using a multiplex primer-extension assay (PER) and the results were confirmed by fragment sequencing. The applicability of the multiplex PER assay to commercial canned tuna samples was also demonstrated. The proposed test could be useful for detection of fraud and for seafood traceability.     

Association of the abundance and vertical distribution of tuna and beakfish in the southeast of the Caribbean sea

The longline hooks suspension depth was estimated using the Mechanic Imitation of Flexible Systems method. The vertical distribution of tunas and billfish was determined by the relative abundance index, obtained from the catch by 11 to 25 m -long longline vessels, -based at Cumaná, Venezuela, South-eastern Caribbean Sea in depths of 65 to 142 m. The CPUE was evaluated per species, according to depth. High values were found for most of the captured species in the layer from 105 to 125 m. Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) showed the highest yield (3.37 fish/100 hooks) and blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) the lowest (0.04 fish/100 hooks). However, the statistical comparison did not allow to reject the hypothesis of lack of depth efect (Kruskal-Wallis p > .05), and demonstrated a homogeneous distribution of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), albacore (Thunnus alalunga), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), sailfish (Istiophorus albicans), white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) and blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the water column. The conclusion is that fish concentration in the Southern border of the Caribbean Sea is possibly due to several hydroclimatic factors--which affect tuna and billfish catching--such as water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration which limit the distribution according to depth.     

Permanent genetic resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 October 2010-30 November 2010

This article documents the addition of 277 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Ascochyta rabiei, Cambarellus chapalanus, Chionodraco hamatus, Coptis omeiensis, Cynoscion nebulosus, Daphnia magna, Gerbillus nigeriae, Isurus oxyrinchus, Lates calcarifer, Metacarcinus magister, Oplegnathus fasciatus, Pachycondyla verenae, Phaethon lepturus, Pimelodus grosskopfii, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Scomberomorus niphonius, Sepia esculenta, Terapon jarbua, Teratosphaeria cryptica and Thunnus obesus. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Austropotamobius italicus, Cambarellus montezumae, Cambarellus puer, Cambarellus shufeldtii, Cambarellus texanus, Chionodraco myersi, Chionodraco rastrospinosus, Coptis chinensis, Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala, Coptis deltoidea, Coptis teeta, Orconectes virilis, Pacifastacus leniusculus, Pimelodus bochii, Procambarus clarkii, Pseudopimelodus bufonius, Rhamdia quelen, Sepia andreana, Sepiella maindroni, Thunnus alalunga, Thunnus albacares, Thunnus maccoyii, Thunnus orientalis, Thunnus thynnus and Thunnus tonggol.     

Discrimination of juvenile yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (T. obesus) Tunas using mitochondrial DNA control region and liver morphology

Yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) and bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) are two of the most economically important tuna species in the world. However, identification of their juveniles, especially at sizes less than 40 cm, is very difficult, often leading to misidentification and miscalculation of their catch estimates. Here, we applied the mitochondrial DNA control region D-loop, a recently validated genetic marker used for identifying tuna species (Genus Thunnus), to discriminate juvenile tunas caught by purse seine and ringnet sets around fish aggregating devices (FADs) off the Southern Iloilo Peninsula in Central Philippines. We checked individual identifications using the Neighbor-Joining Method and compared results with morphometric analyses and the liver phenotype. We tested 48 specimens ranging from 13 to 31 cm fork length. Morpho-meristic analyses suggested that 12 specimens (25%) were bigeye tuna and 36 specimens (75%) were yellowfin tuna. In contrast, the genetic and liver analyses both showed that 5 specimens (10%) were bigeye tuna and 43 (90%) yellowfin tuna. This suggests that misidentification can occur even with highly stringent morpho-meristic characters and that the mtDNA control region and liver phenotype are excellent markers to discriminate juveniles of yellowfin and bigeye tunas.     

Diplectanum yamagutii sp.n.(Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea, Diplectanidae), Parasite de Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskål) à Hawaii

Diplectanum yamagutii sp.n., a gill parasite of Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskål, 1775) off Hawaii is described from amongst the type-material deposited by Professor S. Yamaguti in the National Parasite Collection of the United States National Museum of Natural History at Beltsville (Maryland, USA). Diplectanum yamagutii sp.n., D. diplobulbus Yamaguti, 1968, D. nenue Yamaguti, 1968, D. spiculare Yamaguti, 1968 and D. kyphosi (Yamaguti, 1968) comb.n. are sympatric parasites of Kyphosus cinerascens off Hawaii. These five species are distinguished by the shape and size of the armature of both the cirrus and the haptoral sclerotised pieces.     

Are condition factors powerful proxies of energy content in wild tropical tunas?

The “condition” is used as an indicator of fish health and is generally equated with the quantity of energy reserves. Biometric condition factors have been widely used and preferred over costly and time-consuming biochemical condition. Here, we investigated the relevance of four common condition factors based on biometric measurements (Le Cren’s index, girth-length index, gonado-somatic index and hepato-somatic index) and of size- and weight-based empirical models to describe the physiological condition of tropical tunas. Biometric condition factors of bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) tunas sampled throughout 2013 in the western Indian Ocean region were assessed against benchmark biochemical indices (lipid content, protein content, triacylglycerol:sterol ratio and energy density) estimated in tissues with different physiological functions, i.e. red muscle, white muscle, liver, and gonads. Our findings suggest that tropical tunas do not store lipids in white muscle and that protein content is less variable than lipid content, which largely varies with ontogeny and the seasons according to tissue and species. This variability induced inconsistency between biometric factors, including the empirically adjusted ones, and biochemical indices, with the exception of the gonado-somatic index that fitted well to the composition of the gonads in the three species, and especially in females.     

The genus Deretrema Linton, 1910 (Digenea: Zoogonidae) from southern Great Barrier Reef fishes,with a description of Deretrema woolcockae n. sp.

Two species of Deretrema (Zoogonidae) are reported from labrid fishes from the Great Barrier Reef. D. nahaense Yamaguti, 1942 is recorded from the gall-bladders of the labrids Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett), T. jansenii (Bleeker), T. lunare (Linnaeus) and T. lutescens (Lay & Bennett). This species is recognised, despite having been formerly synonymised with D. pacificum Yamaguti, 1942. In addition to morphological distinction, D. nahaense appears to have strict host-specificity for the genus Thalassoma. D. woolcockae n.sp. is described from the gallbladder of Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch). The new species is close to D. acutum Pritchard, 1963 and D. plotosi Yamaguti, 1940, but differs slightly in the distribution of the vitelline follicles, the sucker-ratio and the position of the cirrus-sac. In addition, this species also appears to have a distinct host-specificity, being restricted to one labrid species.     

Type and ultrastructure of Didymocystis wedli and Koellikerioides intestinalis (Digenea,Didymozoidae) cysts in captive Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus Linnaeus, 1758)

Tissue encapsulation, one of the most common tissue reactions to invading parasites, is the hallmark sign of didymozoid (Digenea, Didymozoidae) infections in fish. Investigated were the types of intermediate filaments and ultrastructure of the connective tissue capsule elicited by the presence of didymozoids in the gills and intestine of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus Linnaeus, 1758). The evaluation was done performing TEM microscopy of two tissue‐embedded didymozoid species, along with monoclonal antibodies labeling (anti‐fish collagen type I, anti‐human cytokeratin, anti‐vimentin antibodies). Ultrastructure of Didymocystis wedli (Ariola, 1902) (prevalence = 61.75%, abundance = 28.91) encapsulated in gill filaments and Koellikerioides intestinalis ( Yamaguti, 1970 ) (prevalence = 54.65%, abundance = 10.96) in the intestinal submucosa showed that the thin parasitic hindbody tegumentum was directly embedded in layers of connective tissue bands. Only a few cellular elements (lymphocytes, fibroblasts and fibrocytes) infiltrated the connective tissue capsule, which differed between the two didymozoid species in thickness, not in the type of filaments expressed. Cysts showed positive reaction to extracellular collagen as well as appearing positive for the cytoskeletal intermediate filaments vimentin and cytokeratin.     

A new species of Philometra (Nematoda: Philometridae) from the sand perch Diplectrum formosum (Serranidae) off Florida, northern Gulf of Mexico

A new nematode species, Philometra diplectri n. sp. (Philometridae), is described from male and female specimens found in unidentified tissues of head and anterior trunk (males) and subcutaneously in the mouth and under the operculum (females) of sand perch, Diplectrum formosum (Linnaeus) (Serranidae, Perciformes), from the northern Gulf of Mexico off Florida (Florida Middle Grounds). Based on light and scanning electron microscopy examination, the new species differs from other congeners parasitizing the subcutaneous tissues, fins, tissues of the buccal cavity, and gill covers or gill arches of marine and brackish-water fishes, mainly in having 8 conspicuously large cephalic papillae of the external circle, the absence of caudal projections, and the shape and small size of the anterior inflation of the esophagus in gravid females, and in possessing 5 pairs of caudal papillae and spicules 66-78 μm long in males. Philometra diplectri is the first known species of this genus whose gravid females are parasitic in the head tissues of serranid fishes.     

The taxonomic status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Opegaster</Emphasis> Ozaki, 1928 and the description of four new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Opecoelus</Emphasis> Ozaki, 1925 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) from marine teleosts in Australian waters

The similarities between Opecoelus Ozaki, 1925, Coitocaecum Nicoll, 1915, Opegaster Ozaki, 1928 and Paropecoelus Pritchard, 1966 and the difficulty of separating Opecoelus and Opegaster are discussed. It is proposed that Opegaster be reduced to synonymy with Opecoelus and the diagnosis of the latter amended to accommodate both forms. Four new species of Opecoelus are described from marine teleosts in Australian waters. These are Opecoelus woolcockae n. sp. from Acanthopagrus butcheri and A. australis from off South Australia, New South Wales and southern Queensland, O. pomatomi n. sp. from Pomatomus saltatrix off New South Wales, O. crowcrofti n. sp. from Atherinomorus ogilbyi off southern Queensland and O. queenslandicus n. sp. from Apogon fasciatus off southern Queensland. The following new combinations are formed: Opecoelus gonorhynchi (Gavrilyuk, 1979) n. comb., O. elongatus (Yamaguti, 1959) n. comb., O. pentadactylus (Manter, 1940) n. comb., O. apogonichthydis (Yamaguti, 1938) n. comb., O. cameroni (Caballero & Caballero, 1969) n. comb., O. dendrochiri (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. hawaiiensis (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. jamunicus (Srivastava, 1968) n. comb., O. longivesiculus (Yamaguti, 1952) n. comb., O. mastacembalii (Harshey, 1937) n. comb., O. mehrii (Harshey, 1937) n. comb., O. synodi (Manter, 1947) n. comb., O. tamori (Yamaguti, 1938) n. comb., O. bothi (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. caulopsettae (Manter, 1954) n. comb., O. beliyai (Pande, 1937) n. comb., O. brevifistulus (Ozaki, 1928) n. comb., O. cryptocentri (Yamaguti, 1958) n. comb., O. dactylopteri (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. dermatogenyos (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. ditrematis (Yamaguti, 1942) n. comb., O. gobii (Yamaguti, 1952) n. comb., O. hippocampi (Shen, 1982) n. comb., O. iniistii (Yamaguti, 1970) n. comb., O. lobulus (Wang, 1977) n. comb., O. macrorchis (Yamaguti, 1938) n. comb., O. parapristipomatis (Yamaguti, 1934) n. comb., O. pritchardae (Overstreet, 1969) n. comb., O. syngnathi (Yamaguti, 1934) n. comb., O. lutiani (Bravo-Hollis & Manter, 1957) n. comb., O. ovatus (Ozaki, 1928) n. comb., O. plotosi (Yamaguti, 1940) n. comb. and O. rectus (Ozaki, 1928) n. comb.; all the new combinations were previously species of Opegaster.     

Diaphus pallidus sp.n., a new lanternfish from the Gulf of Aden (Pisces, Myctophidae)

A new myctophid species, Diaphus pallidus sp.n., was captured in the Gulf of Aden. The species can be distinguished from most of its congeners by the high number of dorsal fin rays and low number of gill rakers. It can be distinguished from D. lucidus (Goode & Bean) by the form of the operculum and by the situation of some of the body photophores.     

Myxosoma pendula n. sp. (Protozoa,Myxosporida) from the Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus*

SYNOPSIS. A new species, Myxosoma pendula, was found surrounded by tissue fluid with granulocytes in pedunculated cysts formed from the mucous membrane of the gill arches of Semotilus atromaculatus collected in the Kewaunee River in Wisconsin. This species has a spherical vegetative stage with 2-layered ectoplasm composed of an outer homogeneous layer and an inner layer with canaliculi, and avoid spores that differentiate in the central area of the endoplasm.     

A revision of the species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saturnius</Emphasis> Manter, 1969 (Digenea: Hemiuridae), parasites of mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae)

The genus Saturnius Manter, 1969 is defined, its species re-examined and a key to the species presented. S. overstreeti n. sp. is described from Mugil soiuy Basilewsky and M. cephalus L. from the Russian coast of the Sea of Japan and distinguished from the morphologically related S. papernai Overstreet, 1977 and S. maurepasi Overstreet, 1977. S. segmentatus Manter, 1969 is redescribed on the basis of the type- and newly collected material from M. cephalus on the Russian coast of the Sea of Japan. The morphometric variation of S. papernai is studied based on newly collected material from Liza aurata (Risso) in the Ebro Delta and off Santa Pola, Spain. The comparisons reveal lower ranges of most metrical features than previously known. A principal component analysis, carried out after adding the new data to those of Blasco-Costa et al. (2006), confirms the species identification. Other valid species recognised are S. mugilis (Yamaguti, 1970), S. maurepasi, S. belizensis Fischthal, 1977, S. dimitrovi Blasco-Costa et al., 2006 and S. minutus Blasco-Costa et al., 2006. Forms considered species inquirendae are S. valamugilis Rekharani & Madhavi, 1984, Bunocotyle constrictus Domnich & Sarabeev, 1999 [=S. papernai of Domnich & Sarabeev (2000a, b, c, d)], B. mugilis Yamaguti, 1970 of Solonchenko (1976) and S. mugilis of Dmitrieva & Gaevskaya (2001). Host and locality information is given in detail for all species. Lisa ramado (Risso) and Chelon labrosus (Cuvier) are new host records for S. papernai (sensu stricto) and S. dimitrovi. L. aurata is a new host record for S. dimitrovi and S. minutus, and L. saliens (Risso) is a new host record for S. minutus.     

Continuous in vitro culture of the carpet shell clam Tapes decussatus protozoan parasite Perkinsus atlanticus

Continuous in vitro cultures of the clam Tapes decussatus parasite Perkinsus atlanticus were established from infected gill fragments, infected haemolymph and parasite hypnospores isolated from infected gill fragments following incubation in Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM). No continuous cultures could be initiated from P. atlanticus zoospores. Cultures initiated from hypnospores yielded the highest percentage of continuous cultures (100%, 6/6), followed by cultures initiated from gill fragments (93%, 43/46) and from haemolymph (30%, 3/10). Failures to establish continuous cultures were due to microbial contamination. The source of parasite influenced the success rate, the time taken to establish cultures and the size of cultured cells. In vitro proliferation of parasite cells was mainly by vegetative multiplication. Zoosporulation, yielding motile biflagellated zoospores, was observed at a low frequency (< 1% of dividing cells) in every culture. Morphology of cultured cells examined with light and transmission electron microscopy corresponded to that of P. atlanticus found in clam tissues. Cultured cells enlarged in RFTM and stained blue-black with Lugol's solution, which are characteristics of the Perkinsus species cells. DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA gene complex matched those of P. atlanticus. All cultures were established in a medium designated JL-ODRP-2A that was similar in composition to the culture medium JL-ODRP-1 originally used to propagate Perkinsus marinus in vitro. Proliferation of P. atlanticus in vitro could be supported by the commercial culture medium (1:2 v/v) DME:Ham's F-12 with fetuin.     

Didymozoid trematodes (including new genera and species) from marine fishes of the Waltair coast,Bay of Bengal

Summary Fifteen species of didymozoid trematodes are recorded form marine fishes off the Waltair coast, Bay of Bengal, India. These include three new genera, namely, Platocystoides, Indodidymozoon and Renodidymocystis and six new species, namely, Didymozoon lobatum from Euthynnus affinis, Allodidymozoon cylindricum from Sphyraena obtusata and S. picuda, A. operculare from Sphyraena obtusata and S. picuda, Indodidymozzon platycephali from Platycephalus scaber, Renodidymocystis yamagutii from Rastrelliger kanagurta and Metanematobothrioides branchialis from Pristipomoides typus. Other species reported are: Didymocystis wedli Ariola, 1902, Coeliodidymocystis kamegaii Yamaguti, 1970, Platocystoides polyaster (Job, 1962), Neometadidymozoon polymorphis (Oshmarin & Mamaev, 1963), Lobatocystis yaito Yamaguti, 1965, Metadidymozoon branchiale Yamaguti, 1970; Allonematobothrium epinepheli Yamaguti, 1965; Gonapodasmius spilonotopteri Yamaguti, 1970 and Pseudocolocyntotrema yaito Yamaguti, 1970. Two new combinations made are: Allodidymozoon apharyngi (Job, 1961) for Didymozoon apharyngi Job, 1961 and Platocystoides polyaster (Job, 1962) for Platocystis polyaster Job, 1962.