大白菜显性不育基因向白菜型油菜上转育的遗传研究

利用大白菜的显性核不育基因向白菜型油菜上转育,成功地育成了白菜油菜３种不育系。其配合力测定的总趋势,甲型不育〉全不育〉乙型不育,经遗传分析,选育,找到了上位显性核互作恢复基因（Ｍｓ）,它对核不育基因（Ｓｐ）具有上位恢复作用,育性是２对显性核不育基因（Ｓｐ）和上位显性核互作恢复基因（Ｍｓ）控制的。并弄清了其相应的遗传模式。     

萍乡显性核不育水稻育性相关基因的定位和遗传分析

萍乡显性核不育水稻(Pingxiang Dominant Genic Male Sterile Rice,PDGMSR)是在水稻中首次发现的显性核不育材料,其育性由两对显性基因互作控制,一对是萍乡显性核不育基因Ms-p,另一对是显性上位恢复基因(dominant epistatic fertility restorer gene,Rfe)。两者共同存在时显性上位恢复基因能抑制不育基因的表达,从而使育性表现可育。本实验用一个对萍乡显性核不育水稻有恢复能力的水稻品种E823与萍乡显性核不育水稻配制杂交组合,将(萍乡核不育水稻/E823)F2作为定位群体,根据F3株系的育性分离,选择育性分离株系对应F2单株(基因型为Ms-pMs-pRefrfe和Ms-pms-pRferfe)构建可育池,用对应F2株系中的不育单株(基因型为Ms-pMs-prferfe或Ms-pms-prferfe)构建不育池,将显性上位恢复基因Rfe定位在水稻10染色体RM311和RM3152一侧,遗传距离分别为7.9cM和3.6cM。根据已有的Ms-p的定位结果,合成10染色体部分微卫星引物,对不育单株进行分析,发现RM171和RM6745位于Ms-p的两侧,距离分别为0.3cM和3.0cM。根据10染色体的测序结果,将Ms-p界定在约730kb的范围内,并构建了Ms-p的电子重叠群。植物显性核不育的育性恢复机理存在“复等位基因”和“显性上位互作”两种假说,贺浩华等用经典的遗传学方法证明了萍乡显性核不育水稻育性恢复的遗传机理属于“显性上位互作”。理论上认为,确定其遗传机理最为有效的方法是基因定位,如果不育基因和恢复基因位于同一位点,则其遗传机理属于“复等位基因”,否则为“显性上位互作”。本实验将不育基因和恢复基因定位在水稻10染色体不同的位点,用基因定位的方法证实了萍乡显性核不育水稻育性恢复的遗传机理属于“显性上位互作”。     

谷子显性雄性不育基因“Ms~（ch）”的细胞质转换

通过种间杂交和连续置换回交,选育出具有轮生狗尾草（Ｓ,ｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌｌａｔａ（Ｌ．）Ｂｅａｕｖ．）细胞质的谷子（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａｉｔａｌｉｃａ（Ｌ．）Ｂｅａｕｖ．）核质杂种,以带有上位基因Ｒｆ的显性核不育植株为父本与此核质杂种杂交,已将显性核不育基因导入轮生狗尾草细胞质中,从其分离后代中选出了具有显性核不育基因的新核质杂种,为谷子的三系选育和细胞质研究创造了新工具,也为核互作杂优利用增加了核质互作优势新机制。     

我国棉花细胞质雄性不育系育性恢复的遗传基础：Ⅱ.恢复基因与育性增…

以引自美国的哈克尼西棉细胞质雄性不育系ＤＥＳ－ＨＡＭＳ２７７及其恢复系ＤＥＳ－ＨＡＭＦ２７７为对照,对我国５个棉花细胞质雄性不育系进行了育性恢复的遗传学研究。研究结果：５个不育系的育性恢复受两个独立的显性基因控制,Ｒｆ１和Ｒｆ２称为恢复基因,其中Ｒｆ１为完全显性,Ｒｆ２为部分显性,Ｒｆ１对育性恢复的遗传效应大于Ｒｆ２。育性恢复还可被一个称为育性增强基因（Ｅ）的基因所促进,Ｅ基因与Ｒｆ１和Ｒｆ２基因     

上位性对光敏核不育水稻不育性不稳定性的影响

以来源于农垦５８Ｓ的籼型光敏核不育水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｗａ Ｌ．）培矮６４Ｓ（长日低温下不育性稳定）和８９０２Ｓ（长日低温下不育性不稳定）及其人Ｆ１、Ｆ２群体为材料,通过长日低温和不同长日生态条件的７种处理,并结合ＲＦＬＰ分子标准记,研究了影响光敏核不育基因的育性不稳定性的遗传及其基因定位和基因互作对其育性不稳定性的影响。结果表明：影响光敏核不育基因的育性不稳定性表现为微效基因的作用,定位了     

籼型光敏核不育水稻育性可转换性的基因定位和基因互作研究

本研究以来源于农垦58S的灿型光敏核不育系培矮64S（短日条件下育性难转换）和8902S（短日条件下育性蝗转换）及其F1,F2群体为材料,通过短日不同光温和不同生态条件4种处理,利用RFLP分子标记研究了影响光敏偿育水稻在短日条件下的育性可转换性的遗传,基因定位和基因互作,主要结果表明：影响光敏不育水稻的育性可转换性表现为微效基因的作用,定位了7个控制光敏核不育水稻的育性可转换性QTL,即S2,S3a,S3b,S5,S8和S10,揭示了基因互作真实存在于光敏核不育水稻中,基因互作形式和互作类型对光敏核不育水稻的育性可转换性的影响表现多种多样,不同类型的基因互作所解释的遗传变异处于2．15％－10．07％之间。     

普通小麦D2型CMS系的育性基因及其遗传特性

通过研究普通小麦D^2型CMS－育性恢复体系中育性基因的种类及其遗传特性。结果表明：（1）D^2型不育系具有较好的不育性保持与恢复特征,在一般的普通小麦品种（系）中具有广泛的恢复（基因）源、可恢复度高（恢复度超过50％的品种或品质占到33．61％）,也能较容易地转育出新的不育系（完全保持不育性的品种或品系占到25．21％）,这一特征明显优于现有T、K、V型等不育系。（2）D^2型不育系的不育性受核内不育基因和抑制基因控制,相应的核基因型分为Al（不育基因）、A2（不育基因＋抑制基因）两类;恢复纱的恢复性受核内主效恢复基因、微效恢复基因和抑制基因控制,相应的核基因型分为C1（主效恢复基因）、C2(驻效恢复基因＋微效恢复基因）、C3（微效恢复基因）、C4（主效恢复基因＋抑制基因）、C5（主效恢复基因＋微效恢复基因＋抑制基因）、C6（微效恢复基因＋抑制基因）6种。环境条件的变化对育性基因、尤其是微效恢复基因和抑制基因的遗传效应有不同程度的影响。D^2型不育有效杂交组合的模型为：A1＋C1`A1 C2、A2＋C2。（3）D^2型不育系等位恢复基因的遗传表现为不完全显性,非等位恢复基因的遗传表现出积效应,这正是强恢复系德育的理论依据之一。     

油菜单显性核不育及其不育基因的RAPD标记

以陕西省杂交油菜研究中心选育的单显性核不育油菜分离群体为材料,对单显性核不育油菜的育性特征、花器形态进行了多代跟踪调查;对其遗传规律进行了探讨,确定该不育性状受一对显性核基因控制;利用集群分离法(BSA)对该油菜单显性核不育基因进行了RAPD分析。在所选用的300个随机引物中,获得引物S243(5’CTATGCCGAC 3’)在可育集团与不育集团问扩增出多态性产物S-2431500。通过对该分离群体及其姐妹系分离群体进行单株验证,均获得相同的扩增结果,表明S-2431500与单显性核不育基因相连锁。     

植物基因互作型显性核不育材料的新假说

植物基因互作型显性核不育材料的新假说刘秉华（中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所北京１０００８１）植物雄性不育是一种常见的自然现象,有的受遗传基因控制,有的则由于外界环境条件影响所致。显性基因控制的雄性不育称为显性核不育。在通常情况下,显性核不育材料的异...     

是“基因互作”，还是“复等位”？— 兼与马尚耀先生讨论

对“Ch型”谷子显性核不育材料遗传机制的研究表明，其不育性受两对显性连锁基因控制，属“基因互作”的一种形式。所谓“复等位”的观点，我们认为是错误的。     

辣椒雄性核不育基因的遗传研究及其在杂交育种中的应用

辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)雄性核不育和核-质互作型不育类型已在杂交种的选配中得到应用。核不育类型由细胞核内的基因控制,而核-质互作型雄性不育则由细胞核和细胞质内的基因共同控制。综述了辣椒雄性不育的遗传及其杂交育种的研究进展,包括辣椒连锁遗传图谱的构建、核基因的定位、连锁分子标记的发展,为深入研究辣椒雄性不育的遗传机理及基因克隆提供参考。     

多子房性状应用于杂种小麦的研究Ⅰ.多子房性状基因和细胞质效应

利用单体分析和多亲本常规杂交 ,研究了小麦多子房性状基因遗传传递规律和细胞质效应。结果表明 :小麦多子房性状有显、隐性两种基因类别 ,均位于 6B染色体 ;粘果山羊草和偏凸山羊草细胞质对 F1杂合显性多子房性状具有抑制表达作用。多子房小麦对 K、Ven型不育系有着不同程度的育性恢复能力 ,恢复度变幅为 4.82 %～ 48.67%。     

Cytological and molecular characterization of a novel monogenic dominant GMS in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.

A novel genic male sterile (GMS) line in Brassica napus L., which was identified in 1999, was found to be controlled by a monogenic dominant gene, which we have designated as MDGMS. The microspores of the MDGMS abort before the degradation of the tapetal cell layer. The F1 fertility from any fertile lines crossed with MDGMS segregated and the ratio was close to 1:1. Bulked segregation analysis (BSA) was employed to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the Ms gene in MDGMS. Among 880 random 10-mer oligonucleotide primers screened against the bulk DNA of sterile and fertile, one primer S243 (5′-CTATGCCGAC-3′) gave a repeatable 1500-bp DNA polymorphic segment S243₁₅₀₀ between the two bulks. Analysis of individual plants of each bulks and other types of GMS and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) lines suggest that the RAPD marker S243₁₅₀₀ is closely linked to the MDGMS locus in rapeseed. This RAPD marker has been converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker to aid identification of male-fertility genotypes in segregating progenies of MDGMS in marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding programs.     

Cytoplasmic effects on DNA methylation between male sterile lines and the maintainer in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Male sterile cytoplasm plays an important role in hybrid wheat, and three-line system including male sterile (A line), its maintainer (B line) and restoring (R line) has played a major role in wheat hybrid production. It is well known that DNA methylation plays an important role in gene expression regulation during biological development in wheat. However, no reports are available on DNA methylation affected by different male sterile cytoplasms in hybrid wheat. We employed a methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism technique to characterize nuclear DNA methylation in three male sterile cytoplasms. A and B lines share the same nucleus, but have different cytoplasms which is male sterile for the A and fertile for the B. The results revealed a relationship of DNA methylation at these sites specifically with male sterile cytoplasms, as well as male sterility, since the only difference between the A lines and B line was the cytoplasm. The DNA methylation was markedly affected by male sterile cytoplasms. K-type cytoplasm affected the methylation to a much greater degree than T-type and S-type cytoplasms, as indicated by the ratio of methylated sites, ratio of fully methylated sites, and polymorphism between A lines and B line for these cytoplasms. The genetic distance between the cytoplasm and nucleus for the K-type is much greater than for the T- and S-types because the former is between Aegilops genus and Triticum genus and the latter is within Triticum genus between Triticum spelta and Triticum timopheevii species. Thus, this difference in genetic distance may be responsible for the variation in methylation that we observed.     

水稻籼型光温敏核雄性不育性遗传研究

1　引　　言水稻光温敏核雄性不育性是一种典型的生态遗传现象 ,其遗传行为既受内部基因控制 ,又受外部光、温等生态因子的调节 ,还与所处的遗传背景密切相关 .前人已对农垦 5 8Ｓ及其衍生系等粳型光温敏核不育性有过较系统地研究 ,并提出一对、二对、三对和重复基因突变等多种假说[3 ,5,7～ 9] ;但对籼型及非农垦 5 8Ｓ基因源的光温敏核不育性研究较少 .本文采用极大似然法 ,对不同来源的籼型光温敏核不育性进行系统研究 ,旨在揭示其遗传本质 ,为解决两系法杂交水稻推广过程中出现的不育起点温度“漂移”等问题提供理论依据 .2　材料与方法…     

上位性对光敏核不育水稻不育性不稳定性的影响

In this study the authors selected two indica photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile (PSGMS) rice (Oryza sativa L.), Peiai 64S (the sterility is stable) and 8902S (the sterility is instable), and their F1,F2 populations. The genetic basis for sterile stability of PSGMS lines was studied under long-day low-temperature environments and different ecological conditions, and the genes which affected the sterile stability were mapped using RFLP analysis. The major results are as follows: The sterility instability of PSGMS lines was controlled by minor effective genes. The linkage map of Peiai 64S and 8902S has been constructed. According to Mapmaker/QTL program, seven QTLs were identified that influence the sterile stability for PSGMS lines under the long-day condition, such as L2, L3a, L3b, L5, L6, L7 and L10. They were located on the chromosomes 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 10 of the rice linkage map, respectively. The interaction was detected under different long-day conditions and affected the sterility stability of PSGMS. The major interactions were between additive and additive and between additive and dominance. The variances explained of epistasis were between 2.04% and 11.94%. The repeatability of the interaction was very high under different long-day conditions. The implications of these findings in hybrid rice development are also discussed.