Bazzanins L-R,chlorinated macrocyclic bisbibenzyls from the liverwort Lepidozia incurvata

Seven new chlorinated bisbibenzyls (bazzanins L-R), of the isoplagiochin C type, as well as isoplagiochin C have been isolated from the liverwort Lepidozia incurvata. The structures have been elucidated based on extensive NMR spectral evidence and by mass spectrometry.     

Little,but increasing evidence of impacts by alien bryophytes

Based on data of bryophyte invasions into 82 regions on five continents of both hemispheres, we aim here at a first comprehensive overview of the impacts that bryophytes may have on biodiversity and socio-economy. Of the 139 bryophytes species which are alien in the study regions seven cause negative impacts on biodiversity in 26 regions, whereas three species cause negative impacts on socio-economic sectors in five regions. The vast majority of impacts stem from anecdotal observations, whereas only 14 field or experimental studies (mostly on Campylopus introflexus in Europe) have quantitatively assessed the impacts of an alien bryophyte. The main documented type of impact on biodiversity is competition (8 alien bryophytes), with native cryptogams being most affected. In particular, C. introflexus (9 regions) and Pseudoscleropodium purum (7 regions) affect resident species composition. The few socio-economic impacts are caused by alien bryophytes which form dense mats in lawns and are then considered a nuisance. Most negative impacts on biodiversity have been recorded in natural grasslands, forests, and wetlands. Impacts of alien bryophytes on biodiversity and socio-economy are a recent phenomenon, with >85 % of impacts on biodiversity, and 80 % of impacts on socio-economy recorded since 1990. On average, 40 years (impacts on biodiversity) and 25 years (impacts on socio-economy) elapsed between the year a bryophyte species has been first recorded as alien in a region and the year impacts have been recorded first. Taking into account the substantial time lag between first record and first recorded impact in a region, it seems to be likely that the currently moderate impacts of alien bryophytes will continue to increase. As quantitative studies on impacts of alien bryophytes are rare and restricted to few environments and biogeographic regions, there is a need for addressing potential impacts of alien bryophytes in yet understudied settings.     

Rapid detection of chlorinated bisbibenzyls in Bazzania trilobata using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

Chlorinated bisbibenzyls of the bazzanin type are detected in crude bryophyte plant extracts of Bazzania trilobata from different locations using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. These results show that these chlorinated compounds are not artefacts of an incidental occurrence or of the sample preparation but are genuine and produced by the liverwort or an endosymbiotic metabolism. Further experiments were performed concerning the in vitro chlorination of the halogen free basic unit isoplagiochin C.     

Bioactivity guided isolation of antifungal compounds from the liverwort Bazzania trilobata (L.) S.F. Gray

A dichloromethane and a methanol extract of the liverwort Bazzania trilobata showed antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Phythophthora infestans, Pyricularia oryzae and Septoria tritici. Bioautography on thin-layer chromatograms was used to isolate six antifungal sesquiterpenes: 5- and 7-hydroxycalamenene, drimenol, drimenal, viridiflorol, gymnomitrol and three bisbibenzyls: 6 ',8'-dichloroisoplagiochin C, isoplagiochin D and 6'-chloroisoplagiochin D. Furthermore we report the isolation of gymnomitr-8(12)-en-4-one and the new coumarin 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide. Their structures have been elucidated based on extensive NMR spectral evidence.     

树附生苔藓植物多样性及其影响因素

树附生苔藓植物是一类附生在树木上的苔藓植物,是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在维持生物多样性和生态系统功能等方面发挥着重要的作用。由于树附生苔藓植物结构简单,对环境变化尤为敏感,常在大气污染、气候变化、森林干扰等方面作为指示生物。随着全球变化的加剧,其多样性势必会受到影响。因此,研究树附生苔藓植物多样性分布及其对不同环境因子的响应,对于全球变化背景下树附生苔藓植物的保护和利用具有重要的指导性意义。首先对树附生苔藓植物多样性和空间分布现状进行阐述,然后从附主树木特征、森林群落特征和全球变化等3个方面探讨树附生苔藓植物多样性与影响因素之间的关系,以期从"个体-群落-全球"不同尺度进行分析,为树附生苔藓植物的保护和利用等研究提供借鉴和参考。     

Bryophytes as indicators of ancient woodlands in Schleswig-Holstein (Northern Germany)

Ancient woodlands, with their long ecological continuity, frequently harbor a high number of typical, rare and threatened species, and are therefore of particular importance for nature conservation. To pinpoint these habitats, a common application is the use of plants as “ancient woodland indicators”. The occurrence of these particular species allows for evaluating the continuity of woodland cover in time. While lists of ancient woodland vascular plants have been derived for many regions, the identification and use of bryophytes as ancient woodland indicators has been widely neglected. This is a bit surprising because certain woodland bryophytes are very sensitive to varying environmental conditions or changes in land management. It therefore appeared promising to compile an ecologically grounded list of ancient woodland indicator bryophytes for practical use.In this study, we present a set of ancient woodland indicator bryophytes based on the analysis of datasets from the North German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein. To compile this list, we systematically evaluated the bryophyte distribution data from floristic surveys in relation to ancient woodland cover data from state-wide inventories. In this way, we were able to determine ancient woodland bryophytes using consistent and repeatable statistical methods.The presented list of 31 ancient woodland indicator bryophytes is ecologically sound and corresponds well with data from the sparse literature. We could distinguish two groups of ancient woodland indicator bryophytes. The first group is linked to base-rich, semi-natural deciduous woodlands with high soil and air humidity. The second group comprises acidophilic bryophytes that occur not only in acidic beech and oak woods, but also in acidic mixed or coniferous forests on ancient woodland sites. Apart from the ancient woodland indicator bryophytes, we could identify one group of recent woodland bryophytes and four groups of bryophytes that are more or less indifferent with respect to woodland continuity.Finally, we provide recommendations for the application of ancient woodland indicator bryophytes in nature conservation practice. Management suggestions for the conservation of the typical bryophyte diversity of ancient semi-natural woodlands are also given.     

A survey of bryophytes for presence of cholinesterase activity

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is present in plants including bryophytes. The first biochemical evidence for ACh hydrolysis by enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) in bryophytes is presented. Thirty-nine species belonging to 16 families of bryophytes were surveyed for ChE activity. Thirty species belonging to 13 families showed ChE activity. Of the bryophytes tested, Anoectangium bicolor showed the highest ChE activity. Widespread distribution of ChE in bryophytes indicates their suitability as a system to study the role of ACh in plants.     

典型喀斯特区不同植被恢复方式苔藓功能性状及其对土壤因子的响应

苔藓功能性状反映了苔藓对生长环境的响应与适应,对其所在土壤表层的功能特性具有重要指示意义。但喀斯特地区植被恢复初期苔藓功能性状与土壤因子关系还缺乏深入认识。以典型喀斯特峰丛洼地人工林、牧草和人工林+牧草3种植被恢复方式下苔藓为研究对象,分析了苔藓功能性状及其与土壤因子的关系。结果表明：(1)苔藓单位面积冠层质量(CMA)、冠层密度(CD)、生物量和饱和吸水量在牧草地有最大值。苔藓冠层高度在牧草地显著低于人工林和人工林+牧草,且牧草地苔藓营养元素含量较低。(2)人工林和人工林+牧草表层土壤(0—2 cm)养分含量和土壤含水量(SWC)较高,牧草地表层土壤养分含量和SWC较低。(3)冗余分析表明,苔藓营养性状(营养元素含量及化学计量比)与土壤因子主要呈正相关关系,而CMA、CD及生物量关联指标与土壤因子主要呈负相关关系,土壤交换性镁和SWC是影响苔藓功能性状的主要土壤因子。研究结果表明,苔藓通过不同的性状组合适应不同植被类型生境,其中牧草地更适宜苔藓拓殖和生长,可考虑将苔藓应用于牧草地对喀斯特退化生态系统进行修复。     

阳际峰自然保护区地面生苔藓植物分布与环境因子关系研究

在江西阳际峰自然保护区调查的25个样地中,共采集到地面生苔藓植物34科56属106种（包括1变种）。应用CCA排序法,首次定量分析了该区38种主要地面生苔藓植物与环境因子的关系。结果表明,苔藓植物的分布和生物多样性受环境因子的影响较大,湿度、基质是影响地面生苔藓植物分布的主要环境因子,其他影响因子依次为乔木郁闭度、灌木盖度、海拔高度、人为干扰和坡度。     

干旱与半干旱地区苔藓植物生态学研究综述

苔藓植物一般生活在阴湿的地方,但也有不少种类具有极强的耐旱性,在干旱和半干旱地区也有分布,在干旱和半干旱地区,影响苔藓植物分布的环境因子包括降水,pH值,CaCO3含量,植被盖度,有机质含量以及土壤质地等,其中起沙,固沙和生态小环境的改善中发挥着不可替代的作用。     

Spruce forest bryophytes in central Norway and their relationship to environmental factors including modern forestry

In this study of bryophyte diversity in 110 patches of spruce forests of bilberry, small fern, low herb, tall fern and tall herb type in Ser-Trøndelag, central Norway, each patch (from 0 24 to 9 33 ha) was classified as one main vegetation type and one successional stage or cutting class The bryophytes in each patch were censused in randomly established squares of 10 × 10 m, supplemented by complete sampling in the rest of the patch A number of environmental variables was sampled, and the data sets treated with DCA and CCA Altogether 210 bryophytes (71 liverworts and 139 mosses) were found in the squares, and 285 (96 liverworts and 189 mosses) in the forest patches The average number of liverworts, mosses and bryophytes in forest patches increased gradually from the dry and poor to the moist and rich forest types Several red listed and other interesting spruce forest species had their only or main occurrence in the rich and humid forest, and in old cutting classes     

哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林地生、树干及树枝 附生苔藓生活型组成及其水分特性

为探讨林内不同垂直高度生境下及不同生活型苔藓植物水分特征的差异,该文对哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林内地生苔藓、林下树干附生和林冠层树枝附生苔藓优势或常见种的生活型组成、持水力、失水特征和水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明:地生、树干附生和树枝附生苔藓植物类群分别以交织型、扇型、悬垂型苔藓植物占据优势;地生、树干附生、枝条附生苔藓植物的饱和持水率分别为476%DW、210.98%DW、238.95%DW;地生苔藓植物的持水率和失水速率均高于附生苔藓,树干附生苔藓植物持水率低于树枝附生苔藓,而失水速率高于树枝附生苔藓。在不同生活型苔藓的水分特性上,交织型苔藓具有较高的持水率和失水速率,保水性能较弱,其次为悬垂型苔藓,扇型苔藓的持水率最小,失水速率也较快;地生和树干附生苔藓的水分利用效率均显著高于树干附生苔藓,交织型和扇型苔藓的水分利用效率显著高于悬垂型苔藓。在三种生境下,地生苔藓持水力高,水分利用效率较高而保水能力低;枝条附生苔藓持水力低,水分利用效率低而保水能力较高;树干附生苔藓水分利用效率较高而持水力和保水能力均较差。因此,不同生境下苔藓植物生活型组成及其水分变化特性在一定程度上反映了它们对不同生境的适应策略。     

贵州泥堡卡林型金矿区与非金矿区苔藓植物比较研究

首次报道了贵州普安县泥堡村韭菜烂滩的卡林型金矿区和非金矿区的苔藓。记录了泥堡韭菜烂滩卡林型金矿生苔藓3科8属15种,非金矿生苔藓9科15属20种。通过比较我们得到韭菜烂滩卡林型金矿区和泥堡非金矿区苔藓的相似性系数为11.4%。这表明这两个生境下的苔藓组成差异极大。在这个地区有13种苔藓植物(包括异芽丝瓜藓Pohlia leucostoma、卵蒴丝瓜藓P.proligera、长蒴藓Trematodon longicollis等)只生长在卡林型金矿上,这表明有一些苔藓植物适应卡林型金矿这种基质。也许,在泥堡地区某些苔藓植物的分布与卡林型金矿存在一定的关系。     

Diaspore bank of bryophytes in tropical rain forests: the importance of breeding system,phylum and microhabitat

Diaspore banks are crucial for the maintenance and resilience of plant communities, but diaspore banks of bryophytes remain poorly known, especially from tropical ecosystems. This is the first study to focus on the role of diaspore banks of bryophytes in tropical rain forests. Our aim was to test whether microhabitat (substrate type) and species traits (breeding system, phylum) are important in explaining the diaspore bank composition. Using samples cultivated in the laboratory, we assessed the number of species and shoots emerging from bark, decaying wood and soil from two sites of the Atlantic rain forest (montane and sea level) in Brazil by comparing the contribution of species by phylum (mosses, liverworts) and breeding system (monoicous, dioicous). More species emerged from bark (68) and decaying wood (55) than from soil (22). Similar numbers of species were found at both sites. Mosses were more numerous in terms of number of species and shoots, and monoicous species dominated over dioicous species. Substrate pH had only weak effects on shoot emergence. Species commonly producing sporophytes and gemmae had a high contribution to the diaspore banks. These superficial diaspore banks represented the extant vegetation rather well, but held more monoicous species (probably short-lived species) compared to dioicous ones. We propose that diaspore bank dynamics are driven by species traits and microhabitat characteristics, and that short-term diaspore banks of bryophytes in tropical rain forests contribute to fast (re)establishment of species after disturbances and during succession, particularly dioicous mosses investing in asexual reproduction and monoicous mosses investing in sexual reproduction.     

中国云南纳板河国家级自然保护区苔藓植物研究

在野外调查和标本鉴定的基础上,首次报道了中国云南纳板河流域国家级自然保护区有苔藓植物59科157属385种3变种3亚种,包括中国大陆新记录种3种,云南新记录属2属,新记录种和亚种12种;西双版纳地区新记录科4科,新记录属12属,新记录种140种.同时,对优势科属种组成及生境类型进行了初步分析,为我国热带地区苔藓植物区系研究提供了丰富资料.     

From axenic spore germination to molecular farming

The first bryophyte tissue culture techniques were established almost a century ago. All of the techniques that have been developed for tissue culture of seed plants have also been adapted for bryophytes, and these range from mere axenic culture to molecular farming. However, specific characteristics of bryophyte biology—for example, a unique regeneration capacity—have also resulted in the development of methodologies and techniques different than those used for seed plants. In this review we provide an overview of the application of in vitro techniques to bryophytes, emphasising the differences as well as the similarities between bryophytes and seed plants. These are discussed within the framework of physiological and developmental processes as well as with respect to potential applications in plant biotechnology.     

Bryophyte and vascular plant species richness in boreo-nemoral moist forests and mires

We compare species richness of bryophytes and vascular plants in Estonian moist forests and mires. The material was collected from two wetland nature reserves. Bryophyte and vascular plant species were recorded in 338 homogeneous stands of approximately 1 ha in nine forest and two mire types. Regional species pools for bryophytes and vascular plants were significantly correlated. The correlations between the species richnesses of bryophytes and vascular plants per stand were positive in all community types. The relative richnesses (local richness divided by the regional species pool size) were similar for bryophyte species and for vascular plant species. This shows that on larger scales, conservation of the communities rich in species of one taxonomic plant group, maintains also the species richness of the other. The minimum number of stands needed for the maintenance of the regional species pool of typical species for the every community type was calculated using the species richness accumulation curves. Less stands are needed to maintain the bryophyte species pools (300–5300 for bryophytes and 400–35 000 for vascular plants).     

月亮山自然保护区苔藓植物垂直分布初步研究

该研究通过采集、鉴定和测量苔藓植物标本并用SPSS软件进行数据分析,对贵州省月亮山自然保护区苔藓植物的垂直分布规律进行了初步分析。结果表明：月亮山自然保护区苔藓植物共有69科147属374种,苔藓植物呈明显的带状分布;不同海拔苔藓植物科属种所占的百分比均呈先升高后降低,优势科灰藓科( Hypnaceae)和细鳞苔科( Lejeuneaceae)和优势属凤尾藓属( Fissidens)、耳叶苔属( Frullania)、真藓属( Bryum)、疣鳞苔属( CoLoLejeunea)和细鳞苔属( Lejeunea)内种数在不同海拔也呈相同趋势;该地区苔藓植物石生群落和土生群落分布最广,木生群落次之,水生群落分布最少;苔藓植物雌雄异株数量在不同海拔均比同株数量多,比例约为7∶3;随着海拔升高,多种不利环境使长柄绢藓( Entodon macropodus)的叶片显著变小、叶长与叶宽的比显著增大,叶片由卵圆形变为卵状披针形,孢蒴极显著缩短、孢子直径显著增大,孢子的产量逐渐减少,不利苔藓植物的繁殖,蒴柄显著增长,有利于孢子的传播,体现了苔藓植物在不同的海拔的适应性。该研究结果为进一步研究苔藓植物的分布及环境适应性提供了基本资料。     

What do we know about salt stress in bryophytes?

Bryophytes are among the first plants that faced the terrestrial way of life. They settled almost all terrestrial habitats, but no extant seawater representatives are known. It is not widely documented how bryophytes cope with salt stress, but there are species inhabiting salty environments. Here, we present the current state of knowledge on salt stress biology in bryophytes.