基于景观尺度下的鄱阳湖湿地浅层土有机碳的空间特征

湿地土壤有机碳研究是全球碳循环研究的基础性工作, 对于准确评估湿地固碳增汇和全球温室气体减排都具有重要意义。以鄱阳湖国家自然保护区为研究区域, 选择六种景观类型(湿地洲滩景观包括受人工控制的碟形湖泊常湖池、半人工控制的碟形湖泊蚌湖、不受人工控制的洲滩前缘泗洲头以及岗地景观包括林地、田地和菜地), 湿地洲滩景观在各1 m高程(泗洲头和蚌湖采样高程10-17 m, 常湖池采样高程12-17 m)内的浅土壤采取3个土壤样品, 岗地景观浅层土壤各采取3个土壤样品, 分析浅层土壤有机碳含量。结果表明, 鄱阳湖不同景观类型的浅层土壤有机碳含量差异性显著。湿地洲滩浅层土壤(特别是0-10 cm土层)的有机碳随高程梯度变化呈现倒U型变化, 即低海拔与高海拔土壤有机碳的含量较中海拔土壤有机碳的含量低, 泗洲头洲滩土层0-10 cm的有机碳含量最高值出现在13-14 m高程, 其中0-10 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为1.56-12.29 g·kg-1, 10-20 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为0.96-8.19 g·kg-1; 蚌湖洲滩土层0-10 cm的有机碳含量最高值出现在14-15 m高程, 其中0-10 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为6.36-23.32 g·kg-1, 10-20 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为4.14-8.88 g·kg-1; 常湖池洲滩土层0-10 cm的有机碳含量最高值出现在16-17 m高程, 其中0-10 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为6.51-18.91 g·kg-1, 10-20 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量变化值为3.83-10.05 g·kg-1。岗地浅层土壤有机碳(特别是0-10 cm土层)田地的土壤有机碳含量最高, 菜地土壤有机碳含量最低。比较六种景观类型的浅层土壤有机碳含量, 泗洲头洲滩浅层土壤有机碳含量最低, 蚌湖洲滩浅层土壤有机碳含量最高。六种景观类型的浅层土壤有机碳含量呈现一致的现象是土层0-10 cm的机碳含量明显高于土层10-20 cm的有机碳含量, 说明鄱阳湖国家自然保护区内土壤有机碳含量主要富集在土壤浅层的特征。土壤pH值对湿地土壤有机碳呈显著负相关性, 而土壤含水量、地上部分生物量与土壤有机碳呈显著正相关性。     

青蛤的营养成分分析与评价

测定了61、2月份青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)的营养成份,并对其营养价值进行综合评定。结果表明,6月份青蛤的营养较12月份好,其粗蛋白比12月的高出2.84%,粗脂肪含量高出1.74%;6月和12月的氨基酸总含量分别为826.3 mg/g蛋白质和804.0 mg/g蛋白质,其中必需氨基酸分别占36.1%和33.6%,氨基酸计分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)是6月的较高,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)则分别为64.23和59.88。其不饱和脂肪酸占脂质总量的67.7%,其中单烯酸占24.9%,多烯酸占42.8%,“脑黄金”DHA和EPA的含量分别达到11.3%和18.4%。还含有多种微量元素和维生素。     

人正常腺上皮组织中MUC6基因的表达

应用免疫组织化学和原位杂交方法检测人正常腺上皮中MUC6基因的表达,揭示MUC6基因在正常人腺上皮组织中的分布异质性及其特点.结果显示MUC6基因编码的核心蛋白及其mRNA主要分布于正常胃粘膜胃腺的基底部,上皮细胞无MUC6基因表达,呈细颗粒状,位于细胞核周,胃底、胃窦的表达无区别;十二指肠绒毛上皮内的表达呈弥漫性,均质状,杯状和柱状细胞的表达类似,杯状细胞的粘液滴内未测得MUC6基因产物;空肠、结肠组织中无MUC6基因的表达;胆囊上皮组织内有强阳性MUC6核心蛋白的表达,而宫颈上皮中表达较弱.实验提示MUC6基因的表达存在异质性及器官特异性.     

粗柄独尾草不同器官蒽醌类成分的消长规律

采用高效液相色谱法对沙生类短命植物粗柄独尾草苗期、营养生长期、初花期、盛花期、果期各器官中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、芦荟大黄素含量的消长规律进行了研究。结果表明:叶中,芦荟大黄素的含量在苗期和初花期都较高,在盛花期时最低;大黄酸的含量在苗期最高,盛花期时最低;大黄素的含量在苗期达到最高,初花期和盛花期最低;大黄酚的含量也以苗期最高,盛花期和果期最低。且在初花期时,4种蒽醌类物质含量均呈现明显的叶先端>叶中部>叶基部的空间差异性。根中,芦荟大黄素的含量在苗期和营养生长期较高,而以盛花期和果期较低;大黄酸的含量在果期最高,其余时期差异不显著;大黄素的含量以苗期和初花期较高;大黄酚的含量在果期达最高,而盛花期时最低。同时期的根叶蒽醌含量相比,叶中的芦荟大黄素要高于根,而根中大黄酚含量要高于叶。同时期各器官蒽醌总量相比:叶>根>花>花葶。故若选取粗柄独尾草作为蒽醌类药材利用,建议最佳采集方式为采集初花期的叶先端部分。     

不结球白菜叶子重量性状遗传模型分析

应用主基因+多基因6个世代联合分离分析方法, 对不结球白菜SI×秋017组合的叶片重和叶柄重性状进行了分析。结果表明, SI×秋017组合的叶片重性状遗传受1对负向完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因(D-4)控制, 主基因加性效应为1.8991, 显性效应为-1.8991; 多基因加性效应为-1.2934, 显性效应为1.7933; 势能比值为-1.3865, 显性度为-1.0000; B1、B2和F2世代群体叶片重的主基因遗传率分别为6.98%、4.33% 和36.08%; B1、B2和F2世代群体叶片重的多基因遗传率为16.03%、7.39%和23.96%。叶柄重的遗传受1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因(D-2)控制, 主基因加性效应为-1.1457, 显性效应为0; 多基因加性效应为1.3472, 多基因显性效应为2.5788; 势能比值为1.9142, 显性度为0。B1、B2和F2世代群体叶柄重的主基因遗传率分别为31.72%、5.27%和57.94%。B1、B2和F2世代群体叶柄重的多基因遗传率分别为0.42%、4.59%和4.80%。对SI×秋017组合叶片重性状的改良要在晚代选择; 对叶柄重的改良要以主基因为主, 可在早代选择。     

正常人及肝细胞癌患者肝脏及血浆中丙酮酸激酶同工酶免疫测定

 分别从人肝及鼠肝中高度纯化L型和M_1型丙酮酸激酶(Pyk),制备相应的免抗血清。从抗血清中纯化IgG并水解成F(ab')_2,进而还原成Fab',后者与辣根过氧物酶(HRP)交联成Fab'-HRP,再利用这两种复合物建立了各自的高灵敏夹心ELISA来免疫定量L及M_2型(与鼠M_1-Pyk有交叉免疫)Pyk,结果发现:正常人肝中95％的Pyk为L型,M_2-Pyk仅占5％,而肝细胞癌中L-Pyk降至正常肝的3.5％,M_2-Pyk却增至正常的14.6倍,以致M_2-Pyk占总量的95.5％。免疫组化研究进一步证实定量的结果,正常人肝L-Pyk染色呈强阳性。M_2-Pyk染色较弱,而肝细胞癌恰好相反,L-Pyk染色明显减退,而M_2-Pyk不仅癌组织染色很深,癌周组织也明显深于正常,而且愈近癌巢,染色愈深。测定血浆Pyk,发现正常人L-Pyk占89.9％,M-Pyk(以M_2计)仅占10.1％。肝细胞癌患者血浆L-Pyk略见降低,为正常值的79.6％,p值在0.02～0.05之间,但血浆M型Pyk明显升高至正常的4.59倍,占Pyk总量的39.6％,并证明主要来源于肝癌组织中的M_2,故M_2-Pyk有可能成为肝细胞癌诊断的新指标。     

Comparison between muscle and liver enolases and their behavior during differentiation and growth.

1. Rabbit liver enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) was purified about 200-fold and the enzyme was distinguished from crystalline muscle enolase by column isoelectrofocusing. It was found that the pI of muscle enolase was at about pH 8.8 and the pI of liver enolase was at about pH 6.7. Liver enolase was more liable to heat than muscle enolase. Anti-muscle enolase antibody did not react with liver enolase in double diffusion and immunoprecipitation tests. No substantial difference seemed to exist between muscle and liver enolases in pH optima, kinetic constants, and gel filtration. 2. It was observed by electrofocusing that the pI of rat muscle enolase was pH 7.2 to 7.9 and that of liver enolase was about pH 5.9. The main component of muscle enolase was designated as type A enolase, and liver enolase as type B enolase. Type A enolase was present in skeletal muscle and heart muscle. Type B enolase was widely distributed and present in liver, kidney, spleen, brain, lung, small intestine, and heart muscle. More acidic isozyme than type B enolase coexisted in the brain, and more basic isozyme than type A enolase, coexisted in the small intestine. A prototype of enolase in the early stage of differentiation was found to be type B enolase and, as differentiation progressed, type B decreased in muscle, while type A increased. On the other hand, liver enolase was retained as type B during differentiation. The enolase in regenerating liver was the same as in normal liver.     

Analysis of Nuclear Accumulation of Influenza Nucleoprotein Antigen in the Presence of p-Fluorophenylalanine

When p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA) was added to influenza virus RI/5+-infected cells 4 hr after infection, virus-specific proteins were synthesized but infectious progeny virus was not produced. In these cells, synthesis of viral RNA was strongly inhibited and nucleoprotein (NP) antigen was found predominantly in the nucleus in contrast to untreated cells in which NP antigen was distributed throughout the whole cell. The intracellular location and migration of NP were examined by isotope labeling followed by fractionation of infected cells. In untreated cells, a large portion of the NP was present in the cytoplasm and most of it was detected in the form of ribonucleoprotein (RNP). In contrast, in FPA-treated cells little viral RNP was detectable and NP was present predominantly in the nucleus in a nonassembled, soluble form. When FPA was removed from the culture, synthesis of viral RNA was soon restored and a large amount of viral RNP appeared in the cytoplasm; this was followed by the production of infectious virus. The results of the experiments suggest that the NP synthesized in the presence of FPA is not assembled into viral RNP because of the lack of available RNA, and such NP migrates readily into the nucleus and accumulates there.     

基于MODIS-EVI的重庆植被覆盖时空分异特征研究

利用MODIS-EVI数据,采用像元二分模型结合距平百分率、变异系数和分布指数对2000—2015年重庆植被覆盖度变化时空分异特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)重庆植被年际、夏、秋季和2008—2015年春季以中覆盖度为主,冬季以及2000—2007年春季以低覆盖度为主。(2)植被覆盖年际变化不明显;劣覆盖度在2000、2002、2003年春季,2001、2006年秋季以及2011年冬季异常偏多;低覆盖度在2000、2001年秋季异常偏多;高覆盖度在2000、2008年秋季和2014年春季异常偏少。(3)植被的波动变化除了冬季以中度为主外,年际、春、夏、秋季均以轻度为主;稳定比例最高为夏季,轻度比例最高为秋季,中度和重度比例最高为冬季。(4)稳定和轻度波动类型主要分布在山地森林和草地区,中度和重度波动类型主要是城镇、水域及其周边区域。在400m以下,植被变化为重度波动;在400—800m,植被年际和夏季趋于稳定分布,而春、秋、冬季为轻度波动;在800—1300m,植被年际和夏季为中度波动,春、秋、冬季为稳定分布;在1300m以上,植被年际和夏季呈现轻度波动,春季为中度波动,秋、冬季为稳定分布。     

Studies on the Translocation and Accumulation of 14C-Labelled N-Dimethylaminosuccinmic Acid (B) in Peanut Plant

The 14C-B9 was used by smearing the surface of the leaf of peanut plant (Arachis hypogeae L.) during the flowering stage and pegging stage. The results obtained with the measurement of radioactivity were as follows: The incorporation of B9 into peanut plant was very fast, and the radioactive isotope was so much accumulated in the leaf of the main stem one hour after treatment. Foul hours after treatment, B9 would also be occurred so much in the flower. After 3 days, the radioactive isotope was accumulated in the organs of peanut plant up to the maximum amount. In the pegging stage the translocation of B9 into the organs of peanut plant was faster than that in the flowering stape having the maximum amount of accumulation in the first day. The rate of out flow of B9 from the smearing leaf was high. It was shown that the radioactivity was mainly concentrated in the young tissues of stem and leaf, and in the flower and small pod. By using microautoradiography, the radioactivity was translocated through the vascular bundle in the petiole and stem of the peanut plant. Later, it was chiefly distributed in the cortex of the stem and the palisade tissues of the leaf. In the flower, the 14C-B9 was firstly found in the vascular bundle of the filament and the petal. After 3 days, the radioactive isotope was transported into the pollen grain and concentrated in the inner wall of the pollen sac. The chromatogram of the radioactive matter extracted from the peanut plant was showed that the compound of B9 was biochemically stable and degradated not easily in the peanut plant.     

Flower-inducing and -inhibiting activities of Phloem Exudate from Cotyledons of Pharbitis Seedlings

The flower-inducing and -inhibiting activities of phloem exudate (PE) prepared from cotyledons of Pharbitis seedlings were examined, using apex cultures in vitro from Pharbitis as a bioassay system.The PE was prepared from photoperiodically-induced cotyledons (SD-PE). The SD-PE was subjected to the following fractionations: When the SD-PE was extracted with CHCl₃ and then ethyl acetate, the inducing activity was located in the final aqueous fraction. The activity was localized in the diffusate when the aqueous fraction was dialyzed (molecular weight cut off was 10,000). The diffusate was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography, and flower-inducing activity was found in the fraction adsorbed onto anion exchange resin. When the fraction was applied to a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge, the activity eluted with 25% MeOH. As a result of the above fractionation, activity was increased about 30-fold.The nature of the flower-inhibiting activity of the PE taken from cotyledons exposed to continuous-light conditions was examined (CL-PE). The inhibiting activity was decreased as the cotyledons were exposed to longer dark periods; it appeared to be heat-stable. The CL-PE also inhibited flowering in Lemna. The CL-PE was subjected to the following fractionations: When the CL-PE was extracted with CHCl₃ and ethyl acetate, activity was located in the final aqueous fraction. Activity was localized in the diffusate when the aqueous fraction was dialyzed (molecular weight cut off was 10,000). When the diffusate was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography, the activity was found in the flow-through fraction. When the fraction was applied to a hydroxyapatite cartridge, the activity eluted with 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer. When the fraction was re-dialyzed (molecular weight cut off was 1,000), the diffusate contained the activity. As a result of the above fractionation, activity was increased about 10-fold.     

深圳地铁碳排放量

本文从列车牵引用电和地铁站场用电两方面分析了深圳地铁的碳排放量。首先,计算出深圳地铁2008年牵引用电量为2514万度,2009年为2635万度;地铁站场2008年的用电量为1.08亿度,2009年为1.12亿度。其次,根据南方电网单位电力碳排放量计算出深圳地铁2008年的碳排放量为28053.695吨,旅客人均耗电量为0.984度,旅客人均碳排放量207.025克;2009年为碳排放量28572.561吨,旅客人均耗电量为1.002度,旅客人均碳排放量206.697克。然后,与深圳公交、出租车和香港地铁进行了比较。2008年,由于运量客较少,深圳地铁的旅客人均碳排放量,约为出租车的46%,是深圳公交大巴的1.99倍、中巴的1.26倍。此外,深圳地铁的旅客人均耗电量与香港地铁大致相当,由于香港地铁所用电力的碳排放较低,使得深圳地铁旅客人均碳排放量是香港地铁的1.24倍。最后,对2012年深圳地铁的碳排放进行了预测。结果显示,2012年,深圳地铁的碳排放总量将可能增加9.32倍。客运量约为11.62-7.26亿人次,相应地,旅客人均碳排放量将增加10.86-77.39%。     

Change in Hatching Enzyme Activity during Development of the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus Pulcherrimus

The time course of change in hatching enzyme activity during development of embryos of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus was observed. The enzyme was present in the particulate fraction in embryos until the time of hatching and was maximal at the time of hatching. Cell fractionation studies suggested the existence of an inhibitor of the hatching enzyme. This possibility was subsequently substantiated by experiments in mixtures of fractions: the activity of hatching enzyme in the particulate fraction was inhibited by the supernatant of embryos. This inhibitory factor was heat-stable and non-dialyzable, but it was not characterized further. The activity of secreted hatching enzyme was not inhibited by this factor, suggesting that the molecular forms of hatching enzyme in embryos and in the culture supernatant are different. After hatching, the amount of increase in the hatching enzyme activity in the culture supernatant was 3.5 times the amount of decrease in enzyme activity in the embryos, suggesting that the enzyme was activated during its secretion.     

Ultrasonic fetal gender diagnoses during Months 5 to 11 in mares

The effect of fetal age on the ability to diagnose gender during the last half of pregnancy was evaluated in 85 mares using a 3.5 MHz linear-array transducer. Diagnosis of fetal gender was completed in 19 of 21 attempts (90%) during Months 5–6 and was independent of fetal presentation; the percentage of cranial, caudal, and transverse presentations was 52, 29 and 19%, respectively. Fetal gender was diagnosed in only 4 of 64 (6%) attempts during Months 7 to 11; fetal presentation was predominantly cranial (95%). Attempts at gender diagnoses were always successful when the fetus was in caudal or transverse presentation. Overall accuracy for fetal gender diagnoses was 89%. Absolute accuracy verified after birth of the foal was 100% when expected accuracy, estimated at the time of the examination, was ≥80%. During Month 5, the penis was a hyperechogenic trilobulated structure located near the fetal umbilical attachment. During Months 6 to 11, the penis was pendulous; it appeared circular in cross section and rectangular in longitudinal section. The anogenital raphe was a narrow hyperechogenic structure between the hind limbs and along the perineum. During Months 5 to 11, the clitoris was hyperechogenic, trilobulated, and located in the perineal region. The labia could be delineated when the entire perineum was imaged. The mammary gland was a triangular hyperechogenic structure between the hind limbs in frontal and cross-sectional planes. In both genders the anus was identified as a hyperechogenic structure located immediately below the tail. Ultrasonic fetal gender diagnosis was readily accomplished and most accurate during Months 5 to 6, but thereafter the diagnostic areas were usually inaccessible.     

Immunolocalization of four antioxidant enzymes in digestive glands of mollusks and crustaceans and fish liver

The aim of this work was to determine the immunolocalization of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the bivalve mollusks Mytilus galloprovincialis and Crassostrea sp., the crab Carcinus maenas, and the teleostean fish Mugil cephalus. By immunoblotting, crossreactivity between antibodies and the corresponding proteins in the digestive gland/hepatopancreas of invertebrates and the fish liver was demonstrated. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the stomach epithelium was strongly immunostained for catalase in mollusks. In crabs, ducts showed stronger immunostaining than tubules and in mullet hepatocytes the reaction appeared in discrete granules corresponding to peroxisomes. With regard to Cu,Zn-SOD, the apex of the tubule cells in mussels and crabs was distinctly immunostained, whereas in oysters the reaction was more marked in ducts and in mullet liver a uniform diffuse cytoplasmic staining was found. Mn-SOD was strongly positive in mollusk and crab ducts and in mullet periportal hepatocytes. Finally, GPX was not detected in mussels while in oysters a slight reaction was noted in all cell types. In crabs, connective tissue cells and the apex of duct cells were immunostained, but in mullet liver only erythrocytes appeared reactive. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that catalase was localized in peroxisomes with a dense labeling in fish and less intense labeling in invertebrates. Cu,Zn-SOD was mainly a cytosolic protein although additional positive subcellular sites (peroxisomes, nuclei) were also observed, while Mn-SOD was restricted to mitochondria. GPX was localized in the cytosol, nucleus, and lysosomes, occurring also in peroxisomes of the fish liver. The results presented here provide a basis for future application of the immunodetection techniques to study the possible differential induction of antioxidant enzymes in aquatic organisms subjected to oxidative stress as a result of exposure to environmental pollutants.     

Adaptation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis to altered supply of substrates during late pregnancy in the rat

The relative importance of the main glucogenic and ketogenic substrates, and interactions between fatty acids availability and ketogenesis have been investigated in virgin or 21 day pregnant rats. Fed pregnant rats displayed elevated lactatemia and the production of lactate by portal-drained viscera was markedly reduced. In contrast, the production of alanine and propionate from digestion was almost similar in fed pregnant and virgin rats. The release of glucose by the liver in fed animals was higher in pregnant rats, and lactate was the main glucogenic substrate taken up whereas alanine uptake was reduced. The hepatic utilization of propionate was not different between the two groups of fed animals. Hepatic gluconeogenesis and lactate extraction were enhanced by starvation; the contribution of lactate to glucose release remained higher in pregnant than in virgin rats, whereas the contribution of alanine was lower, owing to its decreased availability in afferent blood. There was a large uptake of intestinally-derived acetate in fed rates, and a slight release, parallel to ketogenesis, was observed in starved pregnant rats. Free fatty acids were elevated and efficiently taken up by the liver in fed pregnant rats, but without any noticeable ketogenesis. Hepatic ketogenesis was enhanced in starved animals, with marked hyperketonaemia in pregnant rats. However, in those animals, the hepatic release of ketone bodies was not proportional to ketonaemia and was almost similar to the release in starved virgin rats.     

干旱绿洲区枸杞林地面节肢动物功能群结构季节分布特征

为了解枸杞林地面节肢动物功能群结构季节分布特征,以宁夏绿洲枸杞林为研究对象,于2018年的春、夏、秋季节,采用陷阱诱捕法,调查了地面节肢动物功能群季节分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果显示:(1)枸杞林地面节肢动物功能群包括植食性、捕食性、腐食性和杂食性动物,个体数分别占6.31%、86.75%、2.01%和4.89%,其中以捕食性动物为主。(2)植食性地面节肢动物个体数和生物量表现为春季显著高于秋季,夏季居中;类群数表现为夏季显著高于秋季,春季居中。捕食性地面节肢动物生物量表现为夏季和秋季显著高于春季;个体数和类群数在不同季节间均无显著差异。腐食性地面节肢动物个体数、生物量和类群数在不同季节间均无显著差异。杂食性地面节肢动物个体数和类群数表现为春季显著高于夏季,秋季居中;生物量在不同季节间均无显著差异。(3)相关分析表明,捕食性地面节肢动物个体数与土壤含水量呈正相关关系,腐食性地面节肢动物个体数与土壤全磷呈正相关关系,杂食性地面节肢动物与土壤全氮呈正相关关系。但植食性地面节肢动物个体数则与土壤含水量呈负相关关系,杂食性地面节肢动物个体数与土壤温度和土壤全碳呈负相关关系。(4)pRDA分析表明,土壤含水量是影响地面节肢动物功能群结构季节分布的主要环境因子。结论:随着季节更替,宁夏干旱绿洲区枸杞林地面节肢动物的功能群组成差异较大,功能多样性差异较小。说明每个功能群的个体数和类群数对季节变化敏感,但功能多样性较稳定。     

Distribution of isotopic label after the oral administration of free and bound 14C-labelled glucosamine in rats

The metabolic fate of [1-(14)C]glucosamine, of N-acetyl[1-(14)C]glucosamine and of glycoproteins labelled with [1-(14)C]glucosamine was studied in rats for a period of 24hr. after these materials were given orally or injected. When [1-(14)C]glucosamine was injected 26.3% of the label was excreted in the urine, 19.7% was expired as carbon dioxide and 12.7% was incorporated into plasma proteins. When the same compound was given orally, 49.2% of the label was expired as carbon dioxide, with little appearing in the urine or in the plasma. When N-acetyl[1-(14)C]glucosamine was injected, 51.3% of the label was excreted in the urine with 12.3% appearing in carbon dioxide, but there was little incorporation into plasma protein. When this compound was given orally, 46.5% of the label was expired as carbon dioxide, 7.4% was recovered in the urine and 1.7% was incorporated into plasma protein. After the injection of (14)C-labelled glycoprotein 21.0% of the label was expired as carbon dioxide, whereas when it was given orally 49.8% of the label was recovered in carbon dioxide. The differences observed between the metabolic fate of the amino sugars when they were given orally and their fate when injected could not be accounted for by the action of the intestinal microflora or by the rate of administration of the material. It is concluded that amino sugars undergo metabolic alteration or degradation during absorption.     

初生与成年牦牛心肌的组织学结构比较

为探究牦牛心肌发育过程中组织学结构的变化,采用组织学、组织化学和免疫组织化学方法对初生和成年牦牛心肌的组织学结构、心钠素（ANP）和缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）的表达情况进行了观察。结果显示,初生牦牛心肌细胞数量少且细短,闰盘为直线型或V型,心肌细胞间以Ⅲ型胶原纤维为主,Ⅰ型胶原纤维较少;成年牦牛心肌细胞粗长,其数量是初生牦牛的2倍,闰盘呈竹节样吻合或阶梯状,心肌细胞间以Ⅰ型胶原纤维为主。初生和成年牦牛,ANP在心房肌细胞中均表达强烈,且右心房表达量显著高于左心房,心室肌细胞中不表达。ANP在普肯耶纤维中有少量表达。初生牦牛心房肌细胞ANP表达量高于成年牦牛。在心肌细胞膜和胞质内,初生牦牛Cx43表达强于成年牦牛,但在闰盘内,成年牦牛Cx43表达强于初生牦牛。Cx43在初生和成年牦牛的普肯耶纤维中均呈膜阳性。结果提示,初生与成年牦牛相比,成年牦牛的心肌细胞变粗长且数量增多,ANP在心房肌表达减弱,Cx43在闰盘表达更显著,说明成年牦牛较初生牦牛适应循环变化的代偿能力呈进行性减弱;细胞间牢固性增加,有助于实现心肌收缩信号的迅速传导。