不同光照强度对四季金花茶光合生理特性的影响

采用四季金花茶(Camellia perpetua) 2年生扦插苗为试材,设置10%光照、20%光照、40%光照和全光照等4个光照强度处理,植株适应45 d后测定其叶片光合指标和生理指标。结果表明,10%光照处理的叶片光合速率和气孔导度最高,20%光照和40%光照之间无显著差异,但均显著高于全光照处理;全光照处理的胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率显著高于其他三个处理,20%光照和10%光照处理的胞间CO2浓度差异不明显,但均显著低于40%光照处理,20%光照和40%光照处理的蒸腾速率差异不明显,但均显著高于10%光照处理。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量以40%光照处理的为最高,显著高于其他处理;10%光照处理的植株叶片蛋白质含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性最高,各处理间蛋白质含量差异显著,全光照处理的POD活性显著低于其他处理;可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量以全光照处理为最高,而10%光照处理的最低。遮阴的低光照环境更适合于四季金花茶生长,有利于植株进行光合作用,而高强度光照环境对四季金花茶光合生理产生不同程度的抑制作用。     

4种木本植物叶片的光合电子传递和吸收光能分配特性对光强的适应

以气体交换和叶绿素荧光测定相结合的方法研究了亚热带自然林乔木荷树、黧蒴和林下灌木九节、罗伞幼苗的光合电子传递及激发能利用的分配对生长光强的适应特性。4种植物生长于100%、36%和16%的自然光下8个月,叶片的光化学速率和热能耗散速率随光强增大而提高,热能耗散占总的光能吸收的比例也因光强不同而改变,16%光下的相对热耗散率约为40%～45%,100%自然光下增大至50%～75%。叶片总的非环式电子流速率及其分配到光呼吸的比例在100%光强下最高。乔木和灌木的电子传递和光能分配特性在16%光下相似,在100%光下差别较明显。除灌木种有较高的热耗散比例之外,其余的参数皆比乔木的低。结果表明乔木与灌木皆可通过提高激发能热耗散比例和提高光合电子传递向光呼吸的比例来适应于高光强条件。     

不同生长光强下8种红树植物幼苗叶片的光响应特征

为探讨红树植物光适应的生理生态策略,对6种真红树植物[无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)、卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum)]和2种半红树植物[银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)、黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)]的1 a生幼苗在不同生长光强(自然光强的100%、45%、30%、10%)下的光合光响应特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同生长光强对红树植物光响应特征的影响因物种而异,遮荫显著提高了秋茄和木榄的最大净光合速率(Pmax),而对其他红树植物的Pmax没有显著影响;秋茄在45%光强下具有较高的Pmax,木榄的Pmax则在45%和30%光强下显著高于其他2个处理。随着生长光强的下降,秋茄幼苗叶片的光饱和点显著上升,木榄、老鼠簕和卤蕨的光补偿点呈下降趋势,木榄和卤蕨的表观量子效率升高的同时暗呼吸速率下降。木榄、老鼠簕和卤蕨具有较强的耐荫性,...     

Effect of Fungicide (Maneb) on Antioxydant System and Carbon Assimilation in Leaves of Sorghum Plants

The effects of Maneb on antioxidant potentials and carbon assimilation were studied in leaves sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) plants (C₄ species). The plants were sprayed by three doses; recommended dose (2.5 g/L), twice and three times higher at 25, 40 and 55 days after planting (DAP). The leaves were harvested at 5, 10 and 15 days after treatment (DAT) and proteins content, activities of antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferases (GST) and glyoxalase I (GlyI) as well as activity of key enzyme in primary fixation of atmospheric CO₂ phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and chlorophyll content were estimated. The protein content was found increased under Maneb treatment. While the POD and GR activities appear unaffected, CAT activity increased at 10 and 15 DAT. Whereas the GST activity increased significantly in plants treated with 5 g/L at 5 DAT and in plant exposed to 2.5 g/L at 10 DAT. The activity and proteins levels of GlyI were increased progressively with increasing fungicide treatment. This increase was more pronounced at 5 DAT; being 1.7 and 1.5 fold for 5 and 7.5 g/L, respectively. However, both PEPC activity and chlorophyll content seem unchanged in presence of fungicide even at high concentration. These results indicate that sorghum leaves have a well-developed systems of protection from carbonyl stress.     

光照强度对小麦苗期草酸氧化酶活性的影响

以小麦品种‘烟优361’(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Yanyou 361)萌发4 d幼苗为试验材料,分析了草酸氧化酶(OxO)在幼苗中的定位和表达,以及光照强度处理对小麦幼苗OxO活性的影响。实验结果显示,萌发后小麦幼苗的OxO分布在子叶与根的连接处和成熟的根中,其活性随光照强度的增加而下降;200μmol.m-2.s-1的强光显著抑制了OxO活性,该处理培养4 d幼苗的OxO活性仅为40μmol.m-2.s-1光照培养条件下的18.7%;强光还缩短OxO在苗期的表达时间,抑制了OxO的mRNA表达量。同时,光照强度还能影响小麦幼苗中H2O2的含量,200μmol.m-2.s-1处理幼苗的H2O2的含量显著下降,其培养4 d的幼苗H2O2含量仅为40μmol.m-2.s-1光照强度培养条件下的18.0%。研究发现,光照强度可通过调节OxO的活性和表达量来控制H2O2的产量,从而影响幼苗的生长发育。     

Performance and Photosynthetic Ecophysiology of Three Photo-Types of Dioscorea zingiberensis under Differing Light Intensities

Abstract: The performance and photosynthetic ecophysiology of three photo-types of Dioscorea zingiberensis were studied. The three types are designated DzTL, DzTM and DzTH, according to their adaptation to low (LL), medium (ML) and high (HL) light intensities, respectively. Under LL (23 - 55 μmol m^-2 s^-1) and simulated natural light (SNL), DzTM grows well with increased longevity, and green leaves which are unspotted; while its leaves became small, light yellow and short-lived under HL (550 - 850 μmol m^-2 s^-1). In contrast, under LL the leaves of DzTH were very large, spotted, light yellow and short-lived; while they were small, green and long-lived under HL. Under HL, DzTH had a much higher chlorophyll content than DzTM. Under LL, DzTM and DzTL had a higher Chl content than DzTH. Among the three types, DzTM had the highest peroxidase activity. DzTL had a higher electron transport rate (ETR), maximal quantum yield (MQY) and effective quantum yield (EQY) than DzTH and DzTL under LL, while DzTH had higher ETR, MQY and EQY than the other two types under ML and HL. Therefore, three different photo-types can be characterized according to their adaptation to LL, ML and HL: DzTL, DzTM and DzTH, respectively.     

Effect of Different Light Quality on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Cucumber Leaves

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cultivar "Changchun Mici") seedlings were cultured in Hoagland solution under irradiation with different light spectra (8 h per day) for 20 days. The red light (λmax 658 nm, λ1/2 25 nm), blue light (λmax 450 nm, λ1/2 43 nm) and white fluorescent light possessed the same fluent rate (20 μmol· m-2·s-1 ). The experimental results showed that chlorophyll content of the leaves grown under white light was 7 % and 22.4% higher than those in red and blue light, respectively. Compared with white and blue light, red light induced a lower Chl a/b ratio and a higher level of Chl b in the cucumber leaves. Measurements of the low temperature (77 K) fluorescence emission spectra and kinetics of Chl a fluorescence induction of the leaves proved that the leaves grown under red light expressed the highest PSⅡ and the lowest PSⅠactivities while the leaves under blue light had the lowest PSⅡand the highest PSⅠ activities. The O2 evolution rate of red light-grown leaves was 44.9% higher than that of the white light-grown leaves, while blue light effect was similar to that of white in respect of O2 evolution. It is concluded that light quality is an important factor in regulating the development and activities of PSⅡ and PSⅡand the O2 evolution of photosynthesis in cucumber leaves.     

不同温光条件下籼粳稻叶片的光抑制和光氧化表现

不同温光条件（4d)下,以粳稻（Dryza sativaL.sp.japonica)“9516”和籼稻（O.sativaL.sp.indica)“汕优63”为材料,测定了与PSⅡ光能转化效率（Fv/Fm)和膜脂过氧化作用有关的生理指标。结果表明：适温、中等光强下两品种Fv/Fm和膜脂过氧化作用的产物（MDA）无变化,未见光抑制和光氧化表现;适温、强化下籼稻“汕优63”的Fv/Fm明显下降,MDA未见变化,有光抑制无光氧化表现;低温、强光下两品种有光抑制和光氧化表现。低温、强光下结合抑制剂实验证明,与粳稻相比,籼稻的D1蛋白量和SOD活性下降较多,叶黄素循环和非光化学猝灭（qN)受抑制程度较大,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量较高,因而光抑制和光氧化现象较明显。实验提出：光能转化效率和膜脂过氧化表现是预测光氧化的关键指标。     

光照强度对金果榄光合特性和生长品质的影响

目的:探讨不同光照强度对金果榄植株光合特性和生长的影响.方法:设置光照强度为自然光强的100％、52.7％、33.2％和15.8％四种处理,测定其光合速率等生理指标、叶绿素、生物产量及活性成分含量的变化.结果:1.低光照强度处理的光合速率均高于100％自然光照处理,33.2％处理最高,显著地高于52.7％处理和15.8...     

Carbon Assimilation and Leaf Water Status in Sugar Beet Leaves during a Simulated Natural Light Regimen

Carbon assimilation and leaf water status were studied in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L., Klein E-type multigerm) leaves during a light period in which illumination either increased rapidly to full irradiance or changed gradually in a sinusoidal manner as generally occurs during a natural day. A light regimen that simulated the light of a natural day was produced by adjusting irradiance with a neutral-density filter under the control of a computer. Under this light regimen, photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance followed the irradiance pattern very closely and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase was nearly fully activated. When illumination was increased rapidly at the beginning of a light period, transpiration also increased quickly, causing leaves to wilt to some extent. The activation state of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase increased to only 52%, but ribulose bisphosphate level was nearly twice as high as during the simulated natural day. In spite of the differences in activation state and ribulose bisphosphate levels, photosynthesis rates were very similar under both regimens. Nevertheless, differences in parameters between leaves under the two irradiance regimens can affect how a plant responds to internal or external factors, and therefore, the rate at which irradiance increases at the beginning of a light period is an important consideration when interpreting data.     

不同光强对越南抱茎茶光合及荧光特性日变化的影响

为研究不同光强对越南抱茎茶光合作用机理的影响,设置3种处理方式,即全光照(L1)、光强度45%(L2)、光强度15%(L3),分别在遮阴3个月后测定其光合荧光参数的变化。结果表明,不同光强处理下,净光合速率均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在11:00左右;光合速率下降主要是气孔限制因素引起的;叶绿素荧光参数表明,强光条件下电子传递受阻,热耗散增加,PSII反应中心受到破坏,从而降低了茶花的光合效率;过度遮阴条件下受到光抑制,从而导致光合机构损伤;45%光照条件下光合效率较高。相关性分析表明,净光合速率(Pn)与空气温度(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)呈极显著相关,与RH呈极显著负相关,与胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈显著负相关。影响越南抱茎茶净光合速率的主要环境因子是空气温度和相对湿度。     

长柄双花木光合功能对光强的适应

在光强较高的纯林和阔叶林内,长柄双花木净光合速率呈“双峰曲线”,并伴随有胞间CO2的下降和气孔限制值的增大;随着日间光强的增大,叶片PQ还原程度和非光化学猝灭（NPQ）增加,ΦPSⅡ则下降,但后者午后随着光强的下降可得到完全恢复;叶片吸收光能分配于光化学反应的比例随着光强的增大而迅速减少;而天线色素热耗散部分及反应中心过剩的光能则显著增加,在午后光强减弱后两者均可恢复到早晨的初始水平。在低照度光的竹林内,净光合速率呈现“单峰曲线”,叶片PQ还原程度、NPQ以及ΦPSⅡ均无明显变化,叶片吸收光能也主要用于光化学反应,热耗散及过剩光能比例均较低。     

Assimilation Rate and Growth of Lolium Populations in the Glasshouse in Contrasting Light Intensities

Using growth-analysis techniques, the variation in relativegrowth-rate (RGR) and its components, net assimilation rate(NAR), and leaf-area ratio (LAR), was examined in 18 populationsof L. perenne, six of L. multiflorum, and two hybrid cultivarsfrom contrasting climatic and agronomic origins, grown at lowand high light intensities in the glasshouse. Significant differences between populations were found for RGR,NAR, and LAR at both light intensities. At both intensitiesthe annual or biennial multiflorum group had a greater LAR anda lower specific leaf weight and chlorophyll content than theperennial perenne group. At the low intensity this was compensatedby a greater NAR in the perenne group, with no resultant differencein RGR. At the high intensity there was no difference betweenthe groups in NAR, and hence a greater RGR in the multiflorumgroup. Within the perenne and multiflorum groups, at both light intensities,the variation between populations in RGR was based on differencesin NAR rather than in LAR. There was no regular correlationof NAR with either specific leaf weight, or chlorophyll contentat either light intensity, though at low light intensity itwas significantly correlated with shoot-root ratio.     

光强对入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花光合指标与克隆生长的影响

对入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）在不同光强下的光合作用特性和克隆生长规律进行了研究。结果表明：（1）随着光强的降低,加拿大一枝黄花叶片净光合速率（Pn）、最大净光合速率（Pmax）、光饱和点（LSP）、光补偿点（LCP）和表观量子效率（AQY）均下降,但Pn、Pmax和LSP在高光照（1x：50000）和中光照（1x：30000）下差异不显著;（2）虽然生长在低、弱光照条件下的加拿大一枝黄花克隆生长明显受到抑制,克隆分株数（〈2）、根茎数（〈4）、分枝强度（〈6）、根茎平均长度（〈17cm）、根茎直径（〈0．33cm）均显著降低,但克隆生长主要指标[克隆分株数（〉15）、根茎数（〉7）、分枝强度（〉30）、根茎平均长度（〉64em）、根茎直径（〉0．59cm）]在高、中光照条件下差异不显著。研究结果证明,高光照生境对加拿大一枝黄花的生长最为有利,虽然在弱光下光合和克隆生长受到一定抑制,但能通过较强的可塑性适应不同强度的光照条件,这可能是其广泛成功人侵的一个原因。     

Isotope Fractionation in Photosynthetic Bacteria during Carbon Dioxide Assimilation

The δ _PDB¹³C values have been determined for the cellular constituents and metabolic intermediates of autotrophically grown Chromatium vinosum. The isotopic composition of the HCO₃^- in the medium and the carbon isotopic composition of the bacterial cells change with the growth of the culture. The δ _PDB¹³C value of the HCO₃^- in the media changes from an initial value of −6.6‰ to +8.1‰ after 10 days of bacterial growth and the δ _PDB¹³C value of the bacterial cells change from −37.5‰ to −29.2‰ in the same period. The amount of carbon isotope fractionation during the synthesis of hexoses by the photoassimilation of CO₂ has a range of −15.5‰ at time zero to −22.0‰ after 10 days. This range of fractionation compares to the range of carbon isotope fractionation for the synthesis of sugars from CO₂ by ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase and the Calvin cycle.     

Effect of the Photosynthetic Light Period on the Carbon Budget of Young Tomato Leaves

This study was carried out to elucidate the carbon budget inyoung tomato plants in photosynthetic light periods of 8, 12and 16 h after being acclimated to an 8-h light period. Thephotosynthetic rate was nearly constant for 16 h: thereforethe amount of ¹⁴C fixed was proportional to the light period(13·77 mg C per 8 h, 20·2 mg C per 12 h, 30·5mg C per 16 h). The amounts exported, lost by respiration and accumulated whenexpressed as percentages of the carbon fixed in the day differedlittle between the light periods. The leaf continued to exportcarbon at a nearly constant rate during the light periods and,for example, exported approximately twice as much during a 16-hperiod as in an 8-h light period, even though it was not acclimatedto the long light period. The amount of starch breakdown affected the amount of carbonexported and carbon lost by respiration at night, although itwas not sufficient to account for these losses altogether. Thepossible roles of carbon accumulation and respiration are alsodiscussed. Carbon budget, steady state feeding, ¹⁴C, photosynthesis, respiration, translocation, carbon metabolism, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill     

Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism in Leaves and Isolated Chloroplasts from Spinach Plants Grown under Short and Intermediate Photosynthetic Periods

Responses of foliar and isolated intact chloroplast photosynthetic carbon metabolism observed in spinach (Spinacia oleracea cv Wisconsin Bloomsdale) plants exposed to a shortened photosynthetic period (7-hour light/17-hour dark cycle), were used as probes to examine in vivo metabolic factors that exerted rate determination on photosynthesis (PS) and on starch synthesis. Compared with control plants propagated continuously on a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle, 14 to 15 days were required, subsequent to a shift from 12 to 7 hours daylength, for 7-hour plants to begin to grow at rates comparable to those of 12-hour daylength plants. Because of shorter daily durations of PS, daily demand for photosynthate by growth processes appeared to be greater in the 7-hour than in the 12-hour plants. The result was that 7-hour plants established a 1.5- to 2.0-fold higher total PS rate than 12-hour plants.

Intact chloroplasts isolated from the leaves of 7-hour plants (7-h PLD) displayed 1.5- to 2.0-fold higher PS rates than plastids isolated from 12-hour plants (12-h PLD). Plastid lamellae prepared from 7- and 12-h PLD isolates displayed equivalent rates of ferredoxin-dependent ATP and NADPH photoformation indicating that electron transport processes were not factors in the establishment of higher 7-h PLD PS rates. Analyses, both in leaves as well as intact PLD isolates, of dark to light transitional increases in Calvin cycle intermediates, e.g., ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), as well as estimations of activities of RuBP carboxylase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase, indicated that 7-hour plant leaves displayed higher PS rates (than 12-hour plants), because there was a higher magnitude of activity of the Calvin cycle.

Although both the foliar level of starch and sucrose, as well as starch synthesis rate, often was higher in 7-hour compared with 12-hour plant foliage, the higher 7-hour plant total PS rates indicated that maximal sucrose and starch levels did not mediate any `feedback' inhibition of PS. The higher 7-hour plant foliar and PLD PS rates resulted in higher glucose-1-P levels as well as a higher ratio of 3-PGA:Pi, both factors of which would enhance the activity of chloroplast ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and which were attributed to be causal to the higher starch synthesis rates observed in 7-hour plant foliage and PLD isolates.

     

不同光温条件下紫背浮萍叶肉细胞和叶绿体超微结构的研究

以浮萍科紫萍属紫背浮萍为试验材料,利用透射电子显微镜研究了紫背浮萍叶肉细胞和叶绿体的超微结构。结果发现:强光下,紫背浮萍叶肉细胞内的叶绿体数明显增加;弱光时虽然叶绿体数减少,但叶绿体基粒片层结构变厚,增加了光合作用反应面积。与25℃适温条件相比,10℃低温和35℃高温下,紫背浮萍细胞均出现一定程度的逆境胁迫作用。表现在低温时部分叶绿体皱缩成带状,叶肉细胞之间出现较大空隙;高温时叶绿体外膜溶解,基质外渗,脂质小球数量增多。紫背浮萍通过改变细胞内部形态结构的方式来适应不同光强和温度环境条件,对逆境光温条件具有一定的耐受性。