E2F1 at the crossroad of proliferation and oxidative metabolism

Comment on: Blanchet E, et. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:1146-52.     

Brucella adaptation and survival at the crossroad of metabolism and virulence

"In vivo" bacterial nutrition, i.e. the nature of the metabolic network and substrate(s) used by bacteria within their host, is a fundamental aspect of pathogenic or symbiotic lifestyles. A typical example are the Brucella spp., facultative intracellular pathogens responsible for chronic infections of animals and humans. Their virulence relies on their ability to modulate immune response and the physiology of host cells, but the fine-tuning of their metabolism in the host during infection appears increasingly crucial. Here we review new insights on the links between Brucella virulence and metabolism, pointing out the need to investigate both aspects to decipher Brucella infectious strategies.     

拟南芥血红蛋白1(AtGLB1)与过氧化氢的相互作用

拟南芥的血红蛋白1(AtGLB1)属于非共生的血红蛋白。在低氧胁迫中对植物细胞中过氧化氢(H2O2)内稳态的维持起了很重要的作用。为了检测AtGLB1与H2O2能否直接相互作用,我们扩增了拟南芥的AtGLB1基因,并将其克隆到原核表达质粒pET32a中,测序鉴定正确后转化大肠杆菌BL21。IPTG诱导目的蛋白表达后,镍离子亲和层析柱(Ni2+-NTA)纯化了靶蛋白。体外表达的氧合的AtGLB1能与H2O2直接相互作用。因此,与H2O2反应可能是AtGLB1清除低氧胁迫下产生的H2O2的一种方式。     

Iron and glutathione at the crossroad of redox metabolism in neurons

Neurons, as non-dividing cells, encounter a myriad of stressful conditions throughout their lifespan. In particular, there is increasing evidence that iron progressively accumulates in the brain with age and that iron induced oxidative stress is the cause of several forms of neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent evidence that gives support to the following notions: 1) neuronal iron accumulation leads to oxidative stress and cell death; 2) neuronal survival to iron accumulation associates with decreased expression of the iron import transporter DMT1 and increased expression of the efflux transporter IREG1; and 3) the adaptive process of neurons towards iron-induced oxidative stress includes a marked increase in both the expression of the catalytic subunit of gamma glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione. These findings may help to understand aging-related neurodegeneration hallmarks: oxidative damage, functional impairment and cell death.     

Plant peroxisomes,reactive oxygen metabolism and nitric oxide

In plant cells, as in most eukaryotic organisms, peroxisomes are probably the major sites of intracellular H2O2 production, as a result of their essentially oxidative type of metabolism. Like mitochondria and chloroplasts, peroxisomes also produce superoxide radicals (O2*-) and there are, at least, two sites of superoxide generation: one in the organelle matrix, the generating system being xanthine oxidase, and another site in the peroxisomal membranes dependent on NAD(P)H. In peroxisomal membranes, three integral polypeptides (PMPs) with molecular masses of 18, 29, and 32 kDa have been shown to generate O2*- radicals. Besides catalase, several antioxidative systems have been demonstrated in plant peroxisomes, including different superoxide dismutases, the four enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle plus ascorbate and glutathione, and three NADP-dependent dehydrogenases. A CuZn-SOD and two Mn-SODs have been purified and characterized from different types of plant peroxisomes. The presence of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and its reaction product, nitric oxide (NO*), has been recently demonstrated in plant peroxisomes. Different experimental evidence has suggested that peroxisomes have a ROS-mediated cellular function in leaf senescence and in stress situations induced by xenobiotics and heavy metals. Peroxisomes could also have a role in plant cells as a source of signal molecules like NO*, O2*- radicals, H2O2, and possibly S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). It seems reasonable to think that a signal molecule-producing function similar to that postulated for plant peroxisomes could also be performed by human, animal and yeast peroxisomes, where research on oxy radicals, antioxidants and nitric oxide is less advanced than in plant peroxisomes.     

小麦叶片老化期间的内肽酶与H_2O_2的关系(英文)

研究了H2 O2 和蛋白水解酶在小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .cv.Yanmai15 8)叶片老化过程中的关系。小麦叶片老化期间 ,H2 O2 含量高的叶片中内肽酶活力也高。老化后期 ,内源H2 O2 迅速累积 ,内肽酶活力迅速上升 ;通过内肽酶同工酶电泳可检测到新增一种活力较强的内肽酶。用外源H2 O2 处理全展旗叶的内肽酶粗提液 ,随着H2 O2 浓度的升高 ,内肽酶活力先上升后下降。     

H_2O_2与UV对DNA的损伤及DNA抗原性的影响

 Ｈ_２Ｏ_２与ＵＶ对ＤＮＡ的损伤及ＤＮＡ抗原性的影响梁俊峰（清华大学生物科学与技术系,北京１０００８４）杨彦,俞耀庭（南开大学分子生物学研究所,天津３０００７１）已经证明,系统性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）患者血浆中高中滴度的抗双链ＤＮＡ（抗－ｄｓＤＮＡ）抗体同...     

水分胁迫下苹果叶片的H_2O_2代谢

轻度水分胁迫下苹果叶片Pr迅速升高 ,CAT活性变化不大 ,NaHSO3 处理能显著降低叶内H2 O2 含量 ,表明光呼吸的加强促进了H2 O2 产生可能是叶内H2 O2大量积累的主要原因 ;中度水分胁迫下叶片AsA含量的下降和Mehler反应的增强都非常明显 ,DDTC和AsA处理都能有效降低叶内H2 O2 积累 ,但MV处理的作用不大 ,说明叶片H2 O2 主要来源于Mehler反应 ,AsA降解造成叶片对H2 O2 清除能力的下降是其积累的根本原因 ;严重水分胁迫时 ,NaHSO3 和DDTC都不能有效地减轻叶内H2 O2 积累 ,光呼吸和Mehler反应都可能不是H2 O2 的主要来源     

Molybdenum metabolism in the alga Chlamydomonas stands at the crossroad of those in Arabidopsis and humans

Molybdenum (Mo) is a very scarce element whose function is fundamental in living beings within the active site of Mo-oxidoreductases, playing key roles in the metabolism of N, S, purines, hormone biosynthesis, transformation of drugs and xenobiotics, etc. In eukaryotes, each step from Mo acquisition until its incorporation into a biologically active molybdenum cofactor (Moco) together with the assembly of this Moco in Mo-enzymes is almost understood. The deficiency in function of a particular molybdoenzyme can be critical for the survival of the organism dependent on the pathway involved. However, incapacity in forming a functional Moco has a pleiotropic effect in the different processes involving this cofactor. A detailed overview of Mo metabolism: (a) specific transporters for molybdate, (b) the universal biosynthesis pathway for Moco from GTP, (c) Moco-carrier and Moco-binding proteins for Moco transfer and (d) Mo-enzymes, is analyzed in light of recent findings and three systems are compared, the unicellular microalga Chlamydomonas, the plant Arabidopsis and humans.     

二苯乙烯苷抑制过氧化氢诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡

目的：研究二苯乙烯苷（TSG）对过氧化氢（H2O2）诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）凋亡的保护作用。方法：运用四甲基偶氮唑盐还原法（MTT法）和流式细胞术筛选建立细胞凋亡模型的H2O2合适浓度以及检测不同浓度TSG对H2O2诱导HUVECs的增殖率和凋亡率;Hoechst33258染色观察细胞凋亡形态。结果：MTT及流式法筛选300μmol/L为H2O2作用于细胞的最适凋亡浓度。MTT和流式结果显示,与H2O（2300μmol/L）损伤组比较,10μmol/L与100μmol/LTSG预处理组细胞的增殖率增加（P〈0.05）,凋亡率显著降低（P〈0.01）;Hoechst33258染色观察TSG能降低H2O2诱导的细胞凋亡,使细胞凋亡数减少。结论：TSG能抑制H2O2诱导的HUVECs凋亡,从而起到保护血管内皮细胞的作用。     

AKT2基因的过表达抑制H2O2诱导的乳腺癌细胞凋亡

To study the effect of Akt2 gene on the apoptosis of breast cancer cells induced by H2O2. The full length cDNA of Akt2 gene was amplified by RT-PCR, and then cloned into pcDNA3.1 /myc-His(-)A vector (Wild type, WT-Akt2). Dominant negative mutant of AKT2 (DN-Ak2) were made by QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis. The eukaryotic expression vector of WT-Akt2 and DN-Akt2 were constructed, and were then transfected into MCF-7 breast cancer cells, respectively. Clones stably expressing Akt2 or DN-Akt2 were obtained by neomycin screening; Two different siRNA fragments targeted Akt2 gene were designed and synthesized, and were then transfected into the same cells. Cell apoptosis pre or post-H2O2 treatment was determined by TUNEL 和DNA Laddering assays. The sequencing result confirmed WT-Akt2 and DN-Akt2 were successfully constructed, and the results of Western Blot show They had good expression in MCF-7 cells, and Akt2 siRNA could effectively silence Akt2 expression. The resistance for apoptosis-induced by H2O2 in MCF-7 cells with WT-Akt2 over-expression was significantly increased (DN-Akt2 showed opposite function). The apoptotic cell number induced by H2O2 was significantly lower in stable transfectants with the WT-Akt2 vector than in those with empty vector or in untransfected cells (P ＜0.05), whereas no significant difference was found between the latter two groups (P ＞0.05). The function of inhibition of apoptosis by Akt2 was blocked by Akt2 siRNA and PI3K/Akt inhibitor, wortmannin. Thus, Akt2’s effect was further confirmed by these endogenous results. Overall, our study suggests that Akt2 can increase the resistance of human breast cancer cells to the apoptosis induced by H2O2, and it may be used as a therapeutic target for breast cancer, providing a foundation for investigation the molecular mechanism of breast cancer cells resistant to the apoptosis induced by reactive oxygen.     

Urm1 at the crossroad of modifications

The ubiquitin‐like protein Urm1 can be covalently conjugated to other proteins, such as the yeast thioredoxin peroxidase protein Ahp1p, through a mechanism involving the ubiquitin E1‐like enzyme Uba4. Recent findings have revealed a second function of Urm1 as a sulphur carrier in the thiolation of eukaryotic cytoplasmic transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Interestingly, this new role of Urm1 is similar to the sulphur‐carrier activity of its prokaryotic counterparts, strengthening the hypothesis that Urm1 is a molecular fossil of the ubiquitin‐like protein family. Here, we discuss the function of Urm1 in light of its dual role in protein and RNA modification.     

Plant peroxisomes: biogenesis and function

Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles that are highly dynamic both in morphology and metabolism. Plant peroxisomes are involved in numerous processes, including primary and secondary metabolism, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Considerable progress has been made in the identification of factors involved in peroxisomal biogenesis, revealing mechanisms that are both shared with and diverged from non-plant systems. Furthermore, recent advances have begun to reveal an unexpectedly large plant peroxisomal proteome and have increased our understanding of metabolic pathways in peroxisomes. Coordination of the biosynthesis, import, biochemical activity, and degradation of peroxisomal proteins allows for highly dynamic responses of peroxisomal metabolism to meet the needs of a plant. Knowledge gained from plant peroxisomal research will be instrumental to fully understanding the organelle's dynamic behavior and defining peroxisomal metabolic networks, thus allowing the development of molecular strategies for rational engineering of plant metabolism, biomass production, stress tolerance, and pathogen defense.     

H_2O_2诱导Neuro-2a细胞死亡机理的研究

细胞内线粒体呼吸链过程中的电子漏和神经细胞代谢的酶类如单胺氧化酶(MAO)等可产生活性氧物质(ROS)如H_2O_2等。ROS对细胞有毒性作用,导致细胞死亡,在许多疾病特别是神经退行性疾病中具有重要作用。我们用H_2o_2诱导N-2a神经母细胞瘤细胞,利用光镜、荧光显微镜、透射电镜观察了诱导的N-2a细胞的死亡,结果表明其死亡形式不同于典型的细胞凋亡,而类似于Ⅱ型神经细胞编程性死亡,死亡细胞染色质呈团块状凝集,细胞核膜仍保持完整。DNA不降解形成ladder,且不需要caspase-3,1的活性,但是H_2O_2诱导的Neuro-2a细胞死亡可以被Bcl-X_L,抑制。我们的结果可以说明,ROS介导的细胞毒性作用是导致Ⅱ型神经细胞编程性死亡的一个原因。     

Pretreatment with H_2O_2 Alleviates Aluminum-induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat Seedlings

Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) is a key reactive oxygen species(ROS) in signal transduction pathways leading to activation of plant defenses against biotic and abiotic stresses.In this study,we investigated the effects of H2O2 pretreatment on aluminum(Al) induced antioxidant responses in root tips of two wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes,Yangmai-5(Al-sensitive) and Jian-864(Al-tolerant).Al increased accumulation of H2O2 and O2r· leading to more predominant lipid peroxidation,programmed cell death and root elon...     

H_2O_2胁迫锻炼对小麦幼苗抗旱性的影响

12 d龄的春小麦幼苗在 1 mmol· L- 1及 1 0 mmol· L- 1H2 O2 的胁迫锻炼过程中 ,质膜透性增大 ,O- · 及 H2 O2 含量增多 ,CAT活性升高 ,叶绿素含量降低 ,低浓度 H2 O2 胁迫使SOD活性上升 ,高浓度时却使其活性下降。经过 H2 O2 胁迫锻炼后的小麦遭受干旱胁迫时 ,叶绿素含量、SOD活性、CAT活性均高于对照组 ,而质膜透性、O- · 及 H2 O2 含量却低于对照组。表明 H2 O2 胁迫锻炼 ,提高了小麦幼苗的抗氧化能力 ,增强了其抗旱性     

H_2O_2预处理结合微生物发酵提取玉米芯木聚糖的工艺研究

为提高微生物发酵玉米芯提取木聚糖的效率,本研究采用H2O2预处理结合微生物发酵的方法提取玉米芯中的木聚糖,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)从微观结构初步探讨了H2O2预处理提高微生物发酵提取玉米芯木聚糖的原因。其结果表明:利用4%H2O2预处理玉米芯1小时,木聚糖含量可达40. 21±0. 21 mg/g,较未处理组玉米芯中木聚糖含量提高了87. 72%;4%H2O2预处理结合微生物发酵玉米芯,可显著提高木聚糖得率,其含量可达52. 72 mg/g,较未经H2O2预处理组提高了186. 67%;进一步利用响应面法优化微生物发酵经H2O2预处理玉米芯提取木聚糖的工艺,得到了发酵最佳培养基组成为含水量50%、尿素添加量0. 25%、葡萄糖添加量0. 75%,此条件下木聚糖含量达70. 84 mg/g,较未发酵提高了249. 82%;SEM图像显示H2O2预处理使得玉米芯结构变得疏松,微生物发酵结合H2O2预处理后的玉米芯出现较大孔洞,结构变得更为疏松。因此,H2O2预处理可改善玉米芯结构,促进微生物发酵,提高玉米芯木聚糖的提取效率,为玉米芯木聚糖的高效开发利用提供了参考。     

Fisetin对H_2O_2诱导细胞内ROS的清除作用及机制探讨

活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)在非酒精性脂肪肝、心血管疾病、癌症、糖尿病等疾病发生发展的过程中具有重要作用。HepG2细胞是评价抗氧化剂对活细胞氧化损伤保护作用的常用细胞模型。为了探讨非瑟酮(fisetin)对H_2O_2诱导细胞内ROS的清除作用及其机制,将HepG2细胞随机分为空白对照组(control)、溶剂对照组(solvent control)、H_2O_2模型组(H_2O_2model group)、fisetin干预组(fisetin+H_2O_2)、fisetin单独处理组(fisetin),检测不同干预组细胞存活率大小及细胞内ROS水平,同时检测核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)、Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, Keap1)及Ⅱ相酶血红素氧合酶-1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1)、谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit,GCLC)、谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶修饰亚基(glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, GCLM)、醌氧化还原酶1(NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, NQO1)的表达。此外,通过构建Nrf2敲低细胞系,进一步明确Nrf2在fisetin清除ROS过程中的作用。研究发现,与H_2O_2模型组相比, fisetin干预组细胞存活率显著上升; fisetin可抑制由H_2O_2引起的HepG2细胞内ROS的增加,上调Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达,并下调Keap1蛋白表达; Nrf2稳定敲低后,细胞内ROS水平增加。实验结果表明, fisetin可能通过激活Keap1/Nrf2/抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element, ARE)通路诱导HO-1的表达,从而在抗氧化损伤过程中发挥细胞保护作用。     

Spartin: At the crossroad between ubiquitination and metabolism in cancer

SPART is a gene coding for a multifunctional protein called spartin, localized in various organelles of human cells. Mutations in the coding region are responsible for a hereditary form of spastic paraplegia called Troyer syndrome while the epigenetic silencing has been demonstrated for some types of tumors. The main functions of this gene are associated to endosomic trafficking and receptor degradation, microtubule interaction, cytokinesis, fatty acids and oxidative metabolism. Spartin has been shown to be a target regulated by STAT3 and localizes also at the level of the mitochondrial outer membrane, where it forms part of a complex maintaining the integrity of the membrane potential. The most recent evidences report a downregulation of spartin in tumor tissues when compared to adjacent normal samples. This intriguing evidence supports further research aimed at clarifying the role of this protein in cancer development and metabolism.