H9N2型禽流感病毒HA基因的克隆及其DNA疫苗的动物免疫试验

血凝素(HA)是决定禽流感病毒的毒力强弱和免疫原性的主要蛋白质．根据已发表的149亚型AIV的HA基因序列,设计合成了1对H9HA特异引物,以AIV A／Chicken／Henan／1／1999／(H9N2)核酸为模板,通过RT-PCR扩增出1条1．6kb cDNA片段。将HA基因插入pVAXI中,构建了真核表达质粒pVAX-H9,采用活体电击法免疫3周龄SPF鸡10只,剂量为50μg/只,3周后加强免疫一次,5周后以100倍鸡胚感染剂量(EID)的HA基因同源病毒对所有鸡进行攻毒,其间每周检测抗体水平变化,6周后以棉拭子进行泄殖腔病毒分离,结果为攻毒后免疫组鸡HI效价为9log2-10log2,对照组为2log2-4log2;免疫组病毒分离数为0／10。对照组为10／10,表明所构建的HA基因表达质粒可作为基因疫苗诱导鸡产生免疫保护反应。     

禽流感病毒的免疫原性及其疫苗的研究进展

禽流感引起世界性大流行的主要原因与禽流感病毒(AIV)表面抗原血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)频发的变异有很大关系,抗原的变异使得AIV可以逃逸机体的免疫防御,而且使许多应用中的疫苗失去防御效果。随着分子生物学的发展,人们对AIV分子结构、免疫原性及抗原变异的分子基础都有了较深入的认识,相应地开发出了一些更加安全有效的疫苗,本文将对AIV免疫原性的特点及抗AI疫苗的研究进展作一综述。     

禽流感病毒新型疫苗的研究进展

疫苗免疫是禽流感防控的主要措施之一,随着生物技术的不断发展,基因工程亚单位疫苗、活载体疫苗、DNA疫苗等新型疫苗得以研究和开发,这为禽流感的防控提供了新的手段。新型疫苗除具有传统疫苗的保护效果外,在生物安全和普遍防控等方面也具有广泛的优势,是禽流感疫苗发展的新方向。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的克隆及其DNA疫苗的动物免疫试验

血凝素(HA)是决定禽流感病毒的毒力强弱和免疫原性的主要蛋白质.根据已发表的H9亚型AIV的HA基因序列,设计合成了1对H9 HA特异引物,以AIV A/Chicken/Henan/1/1999/(H9N2)核酸为模板,通过RT-PCR扩增出1条1.6 kb cDNA片段.将HA基因插入pVAX1中,构建了真核表达质粒pVAX-H9.采用活体电击法免疫3周龄SPF鸡10只,剂量为50 μg/只,3周后加强免疫一次,5周后以100倍鸡胚感染剂量(EID)的HA基因同源病毒对所有鸡进行攻毒.其间每周检测抗体水平变化,6周后以棉拭子进行泄殖腔病毒分离.结果为攻毒后免疫组鸡HI效价为9log2～10log2,对照组为2log2～4log2;免疫组病毒分离数为0/10,对照组为10/10.表明所构建的HA基因表达质粒可作为基因疫苗诱导鸡产生免疫保护反应.     

禽流感与禽流感病毒研究进展

对禽流感的症状、传播、感染、流行规律、疾病发生历史、流行监测、诊断、防治以及禽流感病毒的分类地位、命名、病毒粒子形态结构、病毒基因组结构、病毒复制、病毒变异的研究进展作了综合评述,并对该领域的研究热点和方向作了探讨。     

禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶蛋白的研究进展

禽流感病毒在世界范围内广泛流行,给养禽业造成了巨大的经济损失,有效的疫苗接种策略可以帮助预防和控制该疾病.抗原转换和漂移是流感病毒发生变异的两种主要机制.NA蛋白是流感病毒的表面纤突之一属于Ⅱ型糖蛋白,在病毒成熟时发挥神经氨酸酶的作用进而有利于病毒的成熟和释放,并在调控受体结合、病毒出芽等方面发挥着重要的作用.抑制NA蛋白活性具有预防和治疗疾病作用的事实证实NA蛋白是一个抗病毒的有效靶点.此外基于NA蛋白设计流感疫苗,具有免疫保护期更持久和保护范围更广的优势.     

流感/禽流感病毒致病性研究进展

流感病毒是引起流行性感冒的病原体,它属正粘病毒科(Orthomyxoviridae),是具有包膜和分节段的单链负RNA病毒.甲、乙型流感病毒基因组均含8个节段,而丙型流感病毒仅含7个节段.根据流感病毒核蛋白(NP)和基质蛋白(MP)抗原特性及其基因特征的不同,流感病毒分为甲(A)、乙(B)、丙(C)三型.     

H9与H5亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因的快速鉴别

建立一步法RT-PCR检测方法,对禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)的血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)分型进行了研究.参照AIV的HA基因序列设计1对引物,对H9和H5亚型AIV进行了扩增,产物大小分别为579bp和177bp.经测试,该引物不与新城疫病毒等鸡的其它传染性病原及鸡肌肉组织的核酸发生交叉反应.敏感性分析发现,从50pg的AIV总RNA中亦能扩增到目的条带.结果表明,此次利用1对引物建立的一步法RT-PCR方法简便适用,可以在一次反应中同时将H9和H5亚型AIV进行快速检测和分型.另外,两个亚型的扩增产物均包含了HA裂解位点在内的基因序列,可通过测序推导氨基酸顺序以预测H5或H9亚型禽流感病毒的潜在毒力.     

H9与H5亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因的快速鉴别

建立一步法RT-PCR检测方法,对禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)的血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)分型进行了研究。参照AIV的HA基因序列设计1对引物,对H9和H5亚型AIV进行了扩增,产物大小分别为579bp和177bp。经测试,该引物不与新城疫病毒等鸡的其它传染性病原及鸡肌肉组织的核酸发生交叉反应。敏感性分析发现,从50pg的AIV总RNA中亦能扩增到目的条带。结果表明,此次利用1对引物建立的一步法RT-PCR方法简便适用,可以在一次反应中同时将H9和H5亚型AIV进行快速检测和分型。另外,两个亚型的扩增产物均包含了HA裂解位点在内的基因序列,可通过测序推导氨基酸顺序以预测H5或H9亚型禽流感病毒的潜在毒力。     

禽流感病毒样颗粒研究进展

病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particles,VLPs)是指由病毒一个或几个结构蛋白自行组装成不含病毒基因组且不能复制、不具有感染能力的病毒样蛋白颗粒。VLPs因能够模拟天然病毒的构象表位而保持了完整病毒颗粒所具有的免疫原性,可诱导机体产生广泛强大的抗病毒免疫反应,阻止病毒侵入机体,在抗病毒性疾病的预防或治疗性疫苗及诊断试剂的研究开发方面具有巨大的应用前景。本文就禽流感病毒样颗粒相关研究进展进行综述,以期为我国禽流感VLPs的研究提供参考。     

禽流感病毒血凝素疫苗在转基因马铃薯中的表达

利用转基因马铃薯表达禽流感病毒血凝素疫苗,将含有禽流感病毒血凝素序列的表达载体导入农杆菌,再感染马铃薯的幼茎外植体。转化植株的再生及温室栽培,Western blot分析表明,83％的转化植株在其块茎组织中表达了重组血凝素,表达量占总蛋白量的0．03－0．04％,结果显示用马铃薯生产口服禽流感疫苗是可行的。     

焦磷酸测序技术在禽流感病毒金刚烷胺耐药性检测中的应用

流感病毒M2蛋白五个关键位点氨基酸残基(第26、27、30、31和34位)中的任何一个发生突变都会导致抗流感病毒药物中金刚烷胺抗药性的产生。本研究利用焦磷酸测序技术对94株不同亚型禽流感病毒金刚烷胺耐药性分子决定区进行了鉴定,并进行抗药性分析。结果表明94株禽流感病毒中有81株M2基因存在金刚烷胺耐药性的分子标签,其余的13株根据分子标签判断为对金刚烷胺敏感。耐药性的分子标记存在V27I和S31N两种突变形式,其中绝大多数为S31N。     

Monitoring exposure to avian influenza viruses in wild mammals

• 1 Avian influenza (AI) viruses primarily circulate in wild waterfowl populations and are occasionally transmitted to domestic poultry flocks. However, the possible roles of other wildlife species, such as wild mammals, in AI virus ecology have not been adequately addressed.
• 2 Due to their habitat and behaviour, many wild mammals may be capable of transmitting pathogens among wild and domestic populations. Exposure to AI viruses has been reported in an array of wild and domestic animals. The presence of wild mammals on farms has been identified as a risk factor for at least one poultry AI outbreak in North America. These reports suggest the need for seroprevalence studies examining the exposure of wild mammals to AI viruses.
• 3 Serological tests are routinely used to assess domestic poultry, domestic swine and human exposure to influenza A viruses, but these tests have not been validated for use in wild mammals. As such, some of these protocols may require adjustments or may be inappropriate for use in serology testing of wild mammals. Herein, we review these serological techniques and evaluate their potential usefulness in AI surveillance of wild mammals. We call for care to be taken when applying serological tests outside their original area of validation, and for continued assay verification for multiple species and virus strains.

     

H7亚型禽流感病毒一步法RT-PCR检测方法的建立

通过分析流感数据库45个H7亚型禽流感病毒的HA序列,在保守区内设计并合成引物,建立了一步法RT-PCR检测方法,扩增片段大小为501bp。通过对H7亚型禽流感病毒尿囊液和棉拭子浸出液不同滴度检测,证实病毒尿囊液最低检出量为105.5EID50/mL;阳性棉拭子最低检出量为103EID50/mL。用该方法检测H1～H15亚型禽流感病毒和鸡新城疫病毒等其他14种禽病病原进行检测,仅有H7亚型AIV有特异性目的条带,与其他均无交叉反应。从脏器及咽喉、泄殖腔棉拭子样品的病毒分离和RT-PCR方法比较,表明在10-1的样品浓度下,两者可以达到相同的检出量。表明该一步法RT-PCR方法具有特异性强、敏感性高和准确率高的特点。     

Antigenic diversity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 isolated in Asia

H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have spread in both poultry and wild birds since late 2003. Continued circulation of HPAIV in poultry in several regions of the world has led to antigenic drift. In the present study, we analyzed the antigenic properties of H5 HPAIV isolated in Asia using four neutralizing mAbs recognizing hemagglutinin, which were established using A/chicken/Kumamoto/1‐7/2014 (H5N8), belonging to clade 2.3.4.4 and also using polyclonal antibodies. Viruses of clades 1.1, 2.3.2.1, 2.3.4, and 2.3.4.4 had different reactivity patterns to the panel of mAbs, thereby indicating that the antigenicity of the viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 were similar but differed from the other clades. In particular, the antigenicity of the viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 differed from those of the viruses of clades 2.3.4 and 2.3.2.1, which suggests that the recent H5 HPAIV have further evolved antigenically divergent. In addition, reactivity of antiserum suggests that the antigenicity of viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 differed slightly among groups A, B, and C. Vaccines are still used in poultry in endemic countries, so the antigenicity of H5 HPAIV should be monitored continually to facilitate control of avian influenza. The panel of mAbs established in the present study will be useful for detecting antigenic drift in the H5 viruses that emerge from the current strains.     

Genetic characterization of an avian H4N6 influenza virus isolated from the Izumi plain,Japan

An influenza A virus of H4N6 subtype was isolated from the Izumi plain, Japan, in 2013. Genetic analyses revealed that two viral genes (M and NS gene segments) of this isolate were genetically distinct from those of the H4N6 virus isolated from the same place in 2012. Furthermore, three viral genes (PB2, PB1 and M gene segments) of this isolate share high similarity with those of the North American isolates of 2014. These results suggest a high frequency of genetic reassortment of avian influenza viruses in Asian waterfowl and intercontinental movements of avian influenza viruses via migratory waterfowl.

     

Purification of human and avian influenza viruses using cellulose sulfate ester (Cellufine Sulfate) in the process of vaccine production

Affinity chromatography using sulfated, spherical cellulose beads (Cellufine Sulfate) was assessed for purification of influenza A and influenza B viruses. Recovery rates of viruses eluted from the beads were high for all tested virus strains. This method was also useful for removing chicken egg-derived impurities from allantoic fluids containing influenza viruses; the hemagglutination activity per amount of protein in the eluted sample was significantly higher than that in the applied sample. These results suggest that use of Cellufine Sulfate is a practical method for primary purification of influenza viruses in the process of influenza vaccine production.     

H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的全球流行概况

H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感病毒(highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,HPAIV)随候鸟的迁徙活动及商业贸易活动现已蔓延至亚洲、欧洲、非洲、美洲等国家和地区.2014-2015和2016-2019年H5N8亚型HPAIV已引发两波全球疫情,现正经历第三波疫情,导致家禽及野生鸟类...