模拟失重不同时长对大鼠抑郁样行为的影响

目的 本研究旨在观察不同持续时间的模拟失重对大鼠抑郁样行为和海马超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的影响,以探究其影响及可能的作用机制。方法 采用后肢悬挂（HLS）尾吊法模拟大鼠失重状态。将大鼠分为对照组和不同模拟失重时间尾吊组（尾吊时长分别为1、2、3、4周）。采用旷场实验（OFT）、新物体识别实验（NORT）、强迫游泳实验（FST）观察大鼠抑郁样行为,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法测定海马SOD和CAT活性。结果 OFT结果显示,与对照组相比,HLS不同时间大鼠的僵滞时间增加（P<0.05,P<0.01）。在NORT中,与对照组相比,HLS不同时间大鼠对新物体的探索潜伏期增加,探索次数和时间减少（P<0.05,P<0.01）。在FST中,与对照组相比,HLS不同时间大鼠在FST中的不动时间增加,攀爬次数减少（P<0.05,P<0.01）。与对照组相比,HLS不同时间组大鼠海马组织中SOD和CAT水平均下降（P<0.05,P<0.01）。结论 短时间或长时间的失重都会导致大鼠产生类抑郁样行为。     

模拟失重对人成骨样细胞凋亡的影响

为了探讨失重对人成骨样细胞凋亡情况的影响及对相关分子的作用,采用双向多样本回转器模拟失重效应,将培养的人成骨样细胞MG-63随机分为静止对照组、水平旋转对照组和失重实验组(用回转器模拟失重条件),在实验的12 h取细胞用流式细胞仪检测早期凋亡情况,同时检测bcf-2、NF-κB(p65)mRNA和P53的表达.结果显示,在模拟失重12 h时,MG-63细胞表现出一定的早期凋亡趋势,且bcl-2、NF-κB(p65)的表达明显降低,P53表达增加,提示失重可能通过影响这几种凋亡相关因子的表达,启动成骨细胞凋亡,从而破坏骨形成和骨吸收之间的平衡.成骨细胞凋亡的启动可能是航天员骨丢失的原因之一.     

微重力环境对大鼠血浆蛋白质谱的影响

目的:探讨模拟失重环境下大鼠血浆蛋白质组变化特征.方法:健康成年雄性 Wistar 大鼠88只,按模拟失重时相随机分为11组,分别为6 h、12 h、1 d、2 d、3 d、5 d、1周、2周、3周、4周及0 h 组(对照组).采用尾悬吊法建立模拟失重动物模型,实验结束时取动物静脉血,利用表面增强激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(SELDI-TOF-MS)技术及 MB-WCX 磁珠检测大鼠静脉血浆蛋白质谱,应用 Ciphergen Protein Chip Software 3.2.0和 Biomarker Wizard 3.1.0软件分析数据.结果:发现18个重力敏感蛋白,其中在模拟失重早期,相对分子质量较小的6个蛋白的表达呈上调趋势,而相对分子质量较大的12个蛋白的表达则逐渐下调;在模拟失重后期(悬尾2~3周后),上述蛋白的表达均呈回归趋势.结论:模拟失重环境对大鼠静脉血浆蛋白质谱产生明显影响,研究重力敏感蛋白对进一步揭示失重对机体的影响及机制具有重要意义,并对医监医保可能有一定的价值.     

Adaptation of the Human Body to Simulated Weightlessness: Clinical Studies

Problems of adaptation of functional systems of the human body to conditions of continuous weightlessness are considered (prolonged stay under conditions of antiorthostatic hypokinesia and in an immersion medium). It was revealed that, during adaptation to these conditions, polymorphic clinicofunctional disorders develop, transforming into clinicophysiological syndromes, the most frequently observed being autonomic vascular malfunction, asthenoneurotic syndrome, detraining of the blood circulatory system, trophic and neuromuscular disorders, statokinetic syndrome, pain syndrome, and metabolic and hormonal disorders. The severity of the specified disorders and the duration of the recovery period depend on the duration of hypokinesia and the intensity and regularity of application of preventive measures during hypokinesia. The most probable pathophysiological mechanisms of adverse effects of continuous hypokinesia (maladaptation) on functional systems of the human body are described.     

模拟失重对大鼠血清胃泌素、胃动素和胃窦Cajal间质细胞的影响

目的：研究尾悬吊模拟失重环境对大鼠血清胃泌素（GAS）、胃动素（MTL）和胃窦Cajal间质细胞（ICC）的影响。方法：健康雄性Wistar大鼠64只随机分为8组（rt=8）,按模拟失重时相分别设为6h、12h、1d、2d、3d、5d、7d和0h（地面对照组）组,采用尾悬吊法建立模拟失重动物模型。应用放免法测定血清GAS、MTL浓度,免疫组化和RT—PCR技术检测各组大鼠胃窦组织中c—kit蛋白和mRNA表达情况。结果：尾悬吊6、12h阶段,血清GAS浓度明显升高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;随尾悬吊时相延长,血清GAS含量呈逐渐下降趋势,与正常对照组水平相近。尾悬吊各组大鼠血清MTL浓度均升高,12h以后各组MTL浓度值与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。免疫组化结果显示,c—kit蛋白阳性表达为棕褐色,主要分布在ICC胞体和突起,正常对照组大鼠胃窦肌层ICC（ICC—MY）呈连续性浓染,肌层内ICC（ICC—IM）亦明晰可见;6h-5d的尾悬吊过程中,大鼠胃窦ICC—MY连续性出现中断现象且逐渐明显,染色逐渐减弱,ICC—IM染色减弱的同时c—kit阳性ICC也明显减少;7d组胃窦组织中c—kit蛋白表达有所恢复。模拟失重各组及对照组大鼠胃窦组织中均有c—kitmRNA表达,尾悬吊6、12h组的c—kitmRNA表达明显下降,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,1～3d组逐渐恢复,5d组又出现明显下降（P〈0．05）,7d组c—kitmRNA表达值明显复升。结论：尾悬吊模拟失重对大鼠血清GAS、MTL和胃窦Cajal间质细胞c—kit蛋白及mRNA表达造成明显影响,可能导致胃动力障碍。     

模拟失重及高+Gx对猕猴心肌超微结构、血浆内皮素-1及C-反应蛋白的影响

目的:探讨30天模拟失重后高+Gx过载对猴猴心肌超微结构、血浆内皮素-1及C反应蛋白的影响,来研究模拟失重超重对心血管的影响,本实验为研究抗荷服和飞船轨道运行段应急返回超重医学提供实验数据.方法:15只雄性猕猴随机分为5组,即模拟失重组(对照组,A),+13 Gx/230 s组(B),模拟失重超重组+11 Gx/270 s(C),模拟失重超重组+13 Gx/230 s(D)和模拟失重超重组+15 Gx/200 s(E).动物放血处死,抽取血液测定血浆内皮素-1及C反应蛋白的含量,组织取材后经戊二醛固定,制成电镜标本,观察猴心肌超微结构的变化.结果:C组、D组和E组血浆内皮素-1及C反应蛋白含量较A组升高,有统计学意义(P＜0.05),C、D、E组之间无统计学意义(P＞0.05).D组血浆内皮素-1及C反应蛋白含量较B组升高,有统计学意义(P＜0.05).电镜下A组可见线粒体双层膜结构清晰,线粒体嵴清晰;B、C、D组部分线粒体出现双层膜结构消失,嵴数量减少;E组线粒体出现水肿、空泡样变,肌节断裂.结论:(1)失重后超重+13 Gx可引起心肌轻微损伤,失重后超重+15 Gx心肌损伤严重,且损伤程度随着+Gx值的增加而加重.(2)失重后超重比单纯超重心肌损伤严重.(3)本实验为超重耐力研究和提出科学合理的飞船轨道运行段应急返回超重医学提供实验支持.     

Weightlessness and gravitational physiology.

Physiologic responses to the weightless environment have been documented in Skylab astronauts. Significant changes in cardiovascular responses, calcium metabolism, fluid distribution, and red blood cell mass are described. Although the data are limited and the sample size small, several hypotheses can be formulated. Future studies in a space laboratory setting offer the potential for understanding the effects of weightlessness on human physiology and the implications to medicine.     

A New Method for Studying Temperature Homeostasis in Humans with the Use of Thermotopometry

A new variant of thermometry is described. The new technique is intended for studying poorly understood thermal states and deciphering the mechanisms of adaptive reactions of healthy humans, as well as correcting of the heat balance of patients in clinical medicine.     

模拟沉积环境下的温度、湿度对叶片DNA降解的影响

为了探讨自然环境下生物体内DNA的降解,残存规律,设计了模拟特殊自然沉积环境的实验装置以控制温度、湿度和含氧水平,采用Brassica chinensis叶片作为实验材料,从实验装置中定期采集叶片组织进行总DNA的提取与检测,然后采用定量PCR方法,对目标DNA片段(28S rDNA,630bp)进行特异扩增,依据PCR反应的强弱,描绘目标DNA的变化曲线。共报道了8种不同模拟条件下的DNA降解(残存)趋势。实验结果如下：1)环境温度升高,DNA的降解速率增加,如温度从10℃上升到30℃,DNA的降解速率最大可增加近300倍。环境含水量增加可明显促进DNA的降解,在本实验中潮湿状态(浸没在水中)与干燥状态的叶片相比。其DNA的残存量在相同的实验时间内可相差近700倍。初步的实验结果表明,环境温度和湿度均是影响DNA降解的重要因素。     

Dark Respiration of Winter Wheat Crops in Relation to Temperature and Simulated Photosynthesis

The dark respiration of shoots (measured between March and anthesisin mid-June) and of ears (measured between anthesis and maturityat end of July) of winter wheat crops, grown in 1982 and 1985under different nitrogen application and irrigation conditions,was determined in the field. The respiration rate of 126 averagesof four samples was measured hourly for a 12–14-h darkperiod including the night. Respiration (expressed per unitdry mass) generally declined through the season for both shootsand ears. The average rate of respiration obtained on the samenight was greater for fertilized and irrigated crops, comparedwith unfertilized and droughted crops. The relationship betweenthe measured respiration and photosynthesis, simulated usinga modified version of the model developed by Spitters (1986),was analysed. This revealed that: (a) Shoot respiration was less well correlated with photosynthesisfrom the day preceding measurement than with the average ofthe photosynthesis from the two days preceding measurement. (b) The constants relating shoot respiration to total crop photosynthesisper unit crop mass and ear respiration to total crop photosynthesisper unit ear mass had similar values. This suggests that allgrowth respiration takes place in the ears at the end of theseason. (c) Crop growth respiration consumes about 35% of assimilatebefore anthesis, and that growth respiration of the ear consumesabout 40% of assimilate at the end of the season. (d) No significant effect of treatment on the relationship betweenrespiration and photosynthesis was detected, suggesting thatthe observed effect of treatment on respiration is due entirelyto differences in photosynthesis. Triticwn aestivum var. Avalon, winter wheat, dark respiration, growth coefficient, photosynthesis model, nitrogen nutrition, irrigation     

Cold-Tolerant Crop Species Have Greater Temperature Homeostasis of Leaf Respiration and Photosynthesis Than Cold-Sensitive Species

Some plant species show constant rates of respiration and photosynthesismeasured at their respective growth temperatures (temperaturehomeostasis), whereas others do not. However, it is unclearwhat species show such temperature homeostasis and what factorsaffect the temperature homeostasis. To analyze the inherentability of plants to acclimate respiration and photosynthesisto different growth temperatures, we examined 11 herbace-ouscrops with different cold tolerance. Leaf respiration (R_area)and photosynthetic rate (P_area) under high light at 360 µll^–1 CO₂ concentrations were measured in plants grown at15 and 30°C. Cold-tolerant species showed a greater extentof temperature homeostasis of both R_area and P_area than cold-sensitivespecies. The underlying mechanisms which caused differencesin the extent of temperature homeostasis were examined. Theextent of temperature homeostasis of P_area was not determinedby differences in leaf mass and nitrogen content per leaf area,but by differences in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency(PNUE). Moreover, differences in PNUE were due to differencesin the maximum catalytic rate of Rubisco, Rubisco contents andamounts of nitrogen invested in Rubisco. These findings indicatedthat the temperature homeostasis of photosynthesis was regulatedby various parameters. On the other hand, the extent of temperaturehomeostasis of R_area was unrelated to the maximum activity ofthe respiratory enzyme (NAD-malic enzyme). The R_area/P_area ratiowas maintained irrespective of the growth temperatures in allthe species, suggesting that the extent of temperature homeostasisof R_area interacted with the photosynthetic rate and/or thehomeostasis of photosynthesis.     

人工模拟水热条件下苦豆子2种群硬实破除研究

以生长于内蒙古额济纳旗和阿拉善左旗2个种群的苦豆子为材料,根据其种子在自然条件下的2种存在方式:埋藏于土壤中和停留于土壤表面,模拟湿热和干热2种条件,并设置阿拉善干旱荒漠区可能出现的温度条件探讨自然条件下苦豆子硬实的破除机理.结果表明:苦豆子两种群硬实的破除对环境因子(温度、变温、湿度)的响应不同,高温(50～60℃)是两种群硬实破除都需要的条件,而单一的高温处理只能显著破除额济纳旗种群苦豆子的硬实;高温(60℃)和湿度(沙水质量比100:5)的结合可显著破除两种群苦豆子硬实,使额济纳旗和阿拉善左旗的苦豆子硬实丧失率分别达91%和87%;不同种皮颜色和种脐厚度的显著差异可能是引起两种群苦豆子硬实破除对环境因子响应不同的原因.     

失重/模拟失重对内皮细胞的影响实验研究进展

血管内皮作为血管壁的衬里,参与调节组织器官的局部血流和机体其它生理进程,在维持血管完整性和内环境稳定中发挥关键作用。内皮细胞对包括重力在内的机械应力刺激极为敏感,重力变化可对其形态和功能构成不同程度的影响。研究发现,失重/模拟失重通过诱导内皮细胞细胞骨架重塑、质膜caveolae重布,使其合成分泌血管活性物质、炎性介质的能力以及细胞表面粘附分子表达发生改变,这些分子变化又对内皮细胞的生长、增殖、凋亡、迁移和血管生成等具有精细调控作用。本文综合评述了失重/模拟失重对内皮细胞功能的影响,同时围绕文献报道中一些尚存争议的观点进行了适当讨论。     

Gradients in Planarian Regeneration and Homeostasis

Planarian regeneration was one of the first models in which the gradient concept was developed. Morphological studies based on the analysis of the regeneration rates of planarian fragments from different body regions, the generation of heteromorphoses, and experiments of tissue transplantation led T.H. Morgan (1901) and C.M Child (1911) to postulate different kinds of gradients responsible for the regenerative process in these highly plastic animals. However, after a century of research, the role of morphogens in planarian regeneration has yet to be demonstrated. This may change soon, as the sequencing of the planarian genome and the possibility of performing gene functional analysis by RNA interference (RNAi) have led to the isolation of elements of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways that control patterning and axial polarity during planarian regeneration and homeostasis. Here, we discuss whether the actions of these molecules could be based on morphogenetic gradients.Freshwater planarians are bilaterally symmetrical metazoans of the phylum Platyhelminthes. These animals are unsegmented, acoelomate, and possess well-defined anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes. Along the AP axis, we can distinguish an anterior cephalic region containing the brain and, usually, a pair of eyespots, a central region with a pharynx and a ventral mouth opening, and a posterior tail region (Fig. 1A). Planarians are best known for their ability to regenerate complete animals from tiny fragments of their own bodies in 1 wk (for review, see Saló and Baguñá 2002; Reddien and Sánchez-Alvarado 2004; Saló 2006; Sánchez-Alvarado 2006). This ability has attracted the interest of many scientists since long ago (Pallas 1774; Johnson 1822; Morgan 1901). Planarian regeneration requires the production of new tissue from the unique proliferative and pluripotent stem cells known as neoblasts (Handberg-Thorsager et al. 2008). After amputation, neoblasts close to the wound proliferate, giving rise to the regenerative blastema, defined as the unpigmented tissues where the missing tissues will differentiate (Fig. 1B–E). Remarkably, planarian pieces cut at any level along any of its axes can regenerate a whole worm, perfectly proportionate in only a few days (Fig. 1F). The process of tissue regeneration in the wound region from proliferating neoblasts was termed epimorphosis. In addition, a repatterning of the whole organism is required to recover a complete and proportionate regenerated planarian. This process of remodeling old tissues was termed morphallaxis (Morgan 1901). Together, with the initial studies on planarian regeneration, the first hypotheses suggesting a role of morphogenetic gradients in this process were proposed based on the observation of a differential regenerative capacity along the AP axis (Morgan 1901; Child 1911; Huxley and de Beer 1934).Open in a separate windowFigure 1.Regenerative capacity of freshwater planarians. (A) Schmidtea mediterranea planarian (top left). (e) Eyespots, (ph) pharynx. Bar, 1 mm. (B–E) Tail pieces at various stages of regeneration (top right). The white tissue in the most anterior tip is the regenerative blastema. Two small eyespots are evident within it after 5 d of regeneration. (F) Planarians display unique regenerative capacities, as any small fragments from almost anywhere can regenerate a new organism in 2 wk. In this diagram, we summarize the main types of planarian regeneration: (1) Terminal regeneration: After transverse sectioning, the anterior end (red line) will regenerate the missing head, whereas the posterior end (green line) will regenerate the missing tail. This indicates that the remaining tissue is polarized and knows what is missing. (2) Lateral regeneration: After longitudinal sectioning (blue line), the old tissue regenerates the missing lateral half. (3) Intercalary regeneration: After joining two distal pieces produced by transverse sections, planarians intercalate the missing region. In that case, cells from each piece participate equally in the production of an intercalary blastema (Saló and Baguñà 1985).     

Metal Acquisition and Homeostasis in Fungi

Transition metals, particularly iron, zinc and copper, have multiple biological roles and are essential elements in biological processes. Among other micronutrients, these metals are frequently available to cells in only limited amounts, thus organisms have evolved highly regulated mechanisms to cope and to compete with their scarcity. The homeostasis of such metals within the animal hosts requires the integration of multiple signals producing depleted environments that restrict the growth of microorganisms, acting as a barrier to infection. As the hosts sequester the necessary transition metals from invading pathogens, some, as is the case of fungi, have evolved elaborate mechanisms to allow their survival and development to establish infection. Metalloregulatory factors allow fungal cells to sense and to adapt to the scarce metal availability in the environment, such as in host tissues. Here we review recent advances in the identification and function of molecules that drive the acquisition and homeostasis of iron, copper and zinc in pathogenic fungi.