多功能链霉菌生物肥对老龄梨树长势和根际与内生可培养细菌的影响

2010-2012年连续3年在河北赵县老梨区25年以上树龄梨树上进行以多功能链霉菌TOR3209为核心的生物有机肥的应用试验。结果表明, TOR3209生物有机肥能显著恢复老梨树的长势,表现为再生根和毛细根数量显著增多;叶片厚度和叶片生物量明显提高、颜色由黄转绿,叶绿素含量提高14.6%;果实品质显著改善,可溶固形物含量提高6.3%,硬度提高10.8%;根际土壤和根系内生可培养细菌多样性显著提高。表明多功能生物有机肥通过根际生态的修复改善老龄梨树的长势,在老果园改良方面具有广阔应用前景。     

减施化肥配施有机肥对荔枝园土壤微生物区系的影响

有机肥替代部分化肥对荔枝生产有提质增效作用。为进一步探讨荔枝土壤微生物学机制,本试验以19年生“妃子笑”荔枝为对象,以化肥处理(CF)为对照,研究2018—2020连续两年减施化肥(平均减施化肥总养分21.5%)配施羊粪(OF)和配施生物有机肥处理(BIO)对土壤微生物多样性、群落组成及差异微生物等的影响,为荔枝科学施肥提供理论指导。结果表明: 与CF相比,连续两年OF和BIO处理均可有效提高荔枝产量和品质,产量平均增幅分别为23.1%和39.0%。土壤有机质含量和pH值均明显提高,土壤有效磷、有效钾、有效钙、有效镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜和有效锌含量均有不同程度增加。施用两种有机肥均能提高根际土壤细菌和真菌多样性,对非根际土壤影响不明显,同时改变土壤微生物群落结构,增加拟杆菌门、变形菌门和芽单胞菌门等富营养型细菌类群,减少酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门等贫营养型细菌类群。与CF相比,OF处理下MND1属和BIO处理下TK10属、芽单胞菌属、黄色杆菌属、木霉属、毛匍孢霉属的相对丰度均显著提高,并与产量呈显著正相关关系。综上,在荔枝上连续两年采用有机肥替代部分化肥可有效提高土壤pH值和养分有效性,增加根际土壤微生物丰富度和多样性,改变土壤微生物群落结构,从而形成更有利于产量提高和品质提升的微生物区系。     

化肥减量配施有机肥对棉田土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量的影响

在甘肃河西走廊棉区进行连续3年的定位施肥试验,研究了化肥减量20%～40%并配施不同有机肥对棉田土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,化肥减量配施有机肥能显著提高土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低土壤真菌数量,化肥减量配施普通有机肥加生物有机肥(COBF₂)处理土壤细菌最多,较单施化肥(CF)在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别提高了84.6%、57.1%和43.5%,化肥减量配施生物有机肥(CBF₂)处理放线菌数量最多,较CF在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别提高了28.2%、32.7%和32.2%,CBF₂土壤真菌数量最低,较CF在棉花蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别降低了35.8%、29.3%和13.4%。化肥减量配施有机肥提高了土壤细菌/真菌、放线菌/真菌和脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,其中COBF₂对酶活性的提升最有效。化肥减量配施有机肥提高了棉花单株铃数,对棉花长势、地上干物质积累有一定的促进作用,COBF₂棉花产量最高,籽棉和皮棉产量分别较CF提高了14.2%和10.9%,增产显著。综合分析土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和棉花产量,COBF₂处理,即化肥减量40%配施1800 kg·hm^-2普通有机肥和600 kg·hm^-2生物有机肥效果最佳。     

减氮配施有机肥对滴灌棉田土壤生物学性状与团聚体特性的影响

本文通过新疆绿洲棉田连续4年定位施肥试验,研究了不同处理[对照CK、常规化肥CF、减氮配施普通有机肥OF(80%CF+OF和60%CF+OF)、减氮配施生物有机肥BF(80%CF+BF和60%CF+BF)]对土壤生物学性状和团聚体特性的影响,探讨了土壤生物学性状与有机碳及团聚体之间的关系.结果表明:与单施化肥(CF)相比,配施生物有机肥的80%CF+BF和60%CF+BF处理均可显著提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性,其增幅分别为55.6%～84.0%、53.1%～74.0%、15.1%～38.0%、38.2%～68.0%、29.6%～52.0%和35.4%～58.9%,高量配施有机肥效果优于低量配施.各施肥处理明显提高了土壤基础呼吸,具体表现为BF>OF>CF>CK.与CF相比,60%CF+BF处理的土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳分别增加22.3%和43.5%,但微生物生物量碳氮比显著下降.>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体在配施普通有机肥的80%CF+OF、60%CF+OF处理比对照(CK)分别增加7.1%和8.0%.80%CF+BF处理较80%CF+OF处理机械稳定性团聚体的几何平均直径(GMD)增加了9.2%.冗余(RDA)分析和聚类分析均表明,减氮增碳可明显调控滴灌棉田土壤生物活性与团聚体结构.连续4年化肥减量配施有机肥或生物有机肥,提高了土壤有机碳含量,并对团聚体稳定性和生物学性状有协同改善效应,是维持与提升绿洲滴灌棉田土壤肥力的有效途径.     

Growth, nitrogen fixation, yield and kernel quality of peanut in response to lime, organic and inorganic fertilizer levels

The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of different levels of chemical fertilizers alone and in combination with farmyard manure and lime on growth, nitrogen fixation, yield and kernel quality of peanut in an acid lateritic soil. Five fertilization levels viz., no chemical fertilizer (CF) (F0), CF @ 20:40:30 (F1), CF @ 40:80:60 (F2) kg ha(-1) NPK, F1 +2.5 t ha(-1) FYM (F3) and F2 +5 t ha(-1) FYM (F4) with and without liming (2 t ha(-1)) were tested. Results revealed that integrated application of FYM+CF at F3 level significantly (P0.05) improved the nitrogen content of nodules (12.4%), kernel yield (19.3%), mineral composition, oil content (4.8%), protein content (28.2%) and hydration coefficient (11.6%) of kernels over sole CF at F1 level. Maximum level of CF or FYM+CF though improved the population of symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria in the peanut rhizosphere, however, could not improve nitrogen fixation, yield and kernel quality.     

The rhizosphere microbial community response to a bio-organic fertilizer: finding the mechanisms behind the suppression of watermelon <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> wilt disease

We aimed to evaluate the capability of bio-organic fertilizer suppressing watermelon Fusarium wilt disease, compare the variations of the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community compositions after treatment with different fertilizers, and explore mechanisms causing disease suppression in rhizosphere microbial community. A rhizobacterium (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JDF35) was identified to control watermelon Fusarium wilt disease. Bio-organic fertilizer JDF35 (BOF) was generated by inoculating JDF35 into the organic fertilizer (OF) composed of cow and chicken manure compost (1:50 v/w). A three successive growing season pot experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of BOF compared with OF and chemical fertilizer (CF). Next-generation sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform was used to investigate the variations in rhizosphere microbial community composition. The growth of the watermelon plants, soil pH, and available N, P and K concentrations were the highest in the BOF treatment. The Fusarium wilt incidence in the BOF treatment was lower than that in the CF and OF treatment, and the differences for disease incidence were significant (P < 0.001). The diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community was higher, and that of the fungal was lower in the BOF treatment. Most importantly, the BOF treatment had lowest abundances of Fusarium. The application of the BOF altered the composition of rhizosphere microbial community, suppressing Fusarium wilt disease and promoting plant growth.     

有机无机肥配施提高麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮肥利用率的机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了有机无机肥配施对麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮素累积动态和土壤氮素供应动态的影响,并从微生物学角度探讨了有机无机肥协同提高水稻氮肥利用率的机制.结果表明：有机无机肥配施处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和矿质态氮在水稻分蘖期前低于化肥处理,而在抽穗期至灌浆期显著高于其他处理.土壤氮素供应动态与水稻吸收利用氮素规律吻合程度最高,促进了水稻产量、生物量和氮素累积量的增加,显著提高了水稻的氮肥利用率.其主要机制是有机无机肥配施促进了土壤微生物繁殖,使其在水稻生育前期固持了较多的矿质氮,在水稻生育中、后期这些氮素逐渐被释放以供水稻吸收利用,较好地满足了水稻各阶段生长发育对氮素养分的需求.     

Organic and inorganic fertilizer effects on a degraded Patagonian rangeland

The forest-steppe ecotone in NW Patagonia is a semiarid ecosystem affected by natural and anthropogenic fires, and overgrazing by sheep. Following a wild fire in the driest portion of this ecotone, a 3-year study was conducted to assess the impacts of a single application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil and vegetation recovery. Organic fertilizers were composts derived from biosolids and municipal solid wastes. Six treatments were evaluated: screened and unscreened biosolids compost and municipal solid wastes compost (40 Mg ha^?1), inorganic fertilizer (100 kg N and 35 kg P ha^?1), and no application. Soils were chemically characterized, and soil microbial activity was assessed as potential respiration and N-mineralization. Vegetation responses included plant cover, composition, phytomass, and N resorption prior to abscission, and leaf litter quality of the dominant species. Organic fertilizers increased soil organic matter, nutrients and microbial activity. Plant cover and aboveground phytomass, dominated by the native perennial tussock grass Poa ligularis, showed a higher increase with inorganic than with organic fertilization. While vegetation responded more to inorganic fertilizer, due to its higher initial pulse of available N, organic fertilizers had a positive impact on soil chemical and biological properties.     

Value of soil zinc balances in predicting fertilizer zinc requirement for cotton-wheat cropping system in irrigated Aridisols

Several studies have shown that soil biotic communities from organically managed fields are more diverse and exhibit higher activity levels compared to conventionally managed fields. The impact of these different soil communities on plant productivity and the provision of soil ecosystem services are, however, still unclear. Here, we test the effects of soil inoculation from each of three organic and three conventional maize fields on maize productivity and nutrient loss during leaching events induced by simulated rain. In particular, we examine whether differences in productivity and nutrient loss are related to the abundance and species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. We hypothesized that soil biota from organically managed fields would improve maize growth and reduce nutrient leaching significantly more than those from conventionally managed fields. In contrast to our hypothesis, we found that plant productivity was negatively affected by soil inoculation, and this effect was stronger with inoculum from organic fields. Plant productivity was inversely correlated with AMF abundance, suggesting that enhanced carbon allocation to AMF is at least in part responsible for plant growth reduction under our experimental conditions. However, soil inoculation did alter the ecological functioning of the system by reducing phosphorus leaching losses after simulated rain. Moreover, these leaching losses were lower with increased hyphal density and were related with abundance of particular AMF types, suggesting that abundance of AMF and their community composition may be useful indicators of phosphorus leaching losses. The results demonstrate that soil communities from different agricultural fields vary in their impact on plant productivity and nutrient leaching losses. The results further indicate that there is a potential tradeoff between positive effects of soil communities on sustainability and negative effects on crop productivity.     

Extracellular release of a heterologous phytase from roots of transgenic plants: does manipulation of rhizosphere biochemistry impact microbial community structure?

To maintain the sustainability of agriculture, it is imperative that the reliance of crops on inorganic phosphorus (P) fertilizers is reduced. One approach is to improve the ability of crop plants to acquire P from organic sources. Transgenic plants that produce microbial phytases have been suggested as a possible means to achieve this goal. However, neither the impact of heterologous expression of phytase on the ecology of microorganisms in the rhizosphere nor the impact of rhizosphere microorganisms on the efficacy of phytases in the rhizosphere of transgenic plants has been tested. In this paper, we demonstrate that the presence of rhizosphere microorganisms reduced the dependence of plants on extracellular secretion of phytase from roots when grown in a P-deficient soil. Despite this, the expression of phytase in transgenic plants had little or no impact on the microbial community structure as compared with control plant lines, whereas soil treatments, such as the addition of inorganic P, had large effects. The results demonstrate that soil microorganisms are explicitly involved in the availability of P to plants and that the microbial community in the rhizosphere appears to be resistant to the impacts of single-gene changes in plants designed to alter rhizosphere biochemistry and nutrient cycling.     

施磷对干旱胁迫下箭竹根际土壤养分及微生物群落的影响

以箭竹及其根际土壤作为研究对象,采用两因素随机区组实验,设置2种水分处理（正常浇水和干旱胁迫）和2种施磷量处理（施磷和不施磷）,探究施磷对干旱胁迫下箭竹根际土壤养分及微生物群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫显著降低了箭竹根际土壤中微生物量碳、可溶性有机氮和有效磷的含量,虽对箭竹根际土壤微生物群落的多样性无显著影响,但显著降低了箭竹根际土壤中总PLFA（phospholipid fatty acid contents）的含量和真菌、细菌、革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的PLFA含量以及革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌的PLFA比值,显著改变了箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构,结果显著降低了箭竹的生物量。（2）施磷显著增加了受旱箭竹根际土壤中微生物量碳和有效磷的含量,虽大体上对受旱箭竹根际土壤微生物群落的多样性无显著影响,但显著增加了受旱箭竹根际土壤中总PLFA和真菌PLFA的含量,并在一定程度上增加了细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌和放线菌的PLFA含量以及革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌和真菌/细菌的PLFA比值,也在一定程度上改善了受旱箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构,从而改善受旱箭竹的生长。（3）主成分分析表明,干旱对箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响显著,而施磷的影响不明显。（4）相关分析发现,箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构与箭竹根际土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机氮及箭竹生物量呈显著正相关。综上,干旱降低了箭竹根际土壤养分含量和微生物生物量,改变了箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构,抑制了箭竹的生长;施磷能增加受旱箭竹根际土壤养分含量和微生物生物量,改善受旱箭竹根际土壤微生物群落结构,进而改善受旱箭竹的生长。     

Effects of elevated CO2 and Pb on the microbial community in the rhizosphere of Pinus densiflora

Rising levels of atmospheric CO₂ may stimulate forest productivity in the future, resulting in increased carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems. However, heavy metal contamination may interfere with this, though the response is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the effect of elevated CO₂ and Pb contamination on microorganisms and decomposition in pine tree forest soil. Three-year old pine trees (Pinus densiflora) were planted in Pb contaminated soils (500 mg/kg-soil) and uncontaminated soils and cultivated for three months in a growth chamber where the CO₂ concentration was controlled at 380 or 760 mg/kg. Structures of the microbial community were comparatively analyzed in bulk and in rhizosphere soil samples using community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) and 16S rRNA gene PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). Additionally, microbial activity in rhizospheric soil, growth and the C/N ratio of the pine trees were measured. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased microbial activities and diversity in Pb contaminated soils due to the increase in carbon sources, and this increase was more distinctive in rhizospheric soil than in bulk soils. In addition, increased plant growth and C/N ratios of pine needles at elevated CO₂ resulted in an increase in cation exchange capacity (CEC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the rhizosphere in Pb contaminated soil. Taken together, these findings indicate that elevated CO₂ levels and heavy metals can affect the soil carbon cycle by changing the microbial community and plant metabolism.     

微生物肥料对猕猴桃高龄果园土壤改良和果实品质的影响

猕猴桃种植年限增加导致的连作障碍使土壤微生物结构失调、土壤酶活性及理化指标降低,进而严重降低了猕猴桃品质和产量.在大田试验条件下,本研究以果农传统施肥为对照,探究两种对猕猴桃幼苗有促生作用的微生物肥料JF和KF(通过无菌苗试验验证促生效果)对猕猴桃不同生育时期(发芽期、开花期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期、次年发芽期)土壤微生物结构、土壤酶活性、理化指标以及果实品质的影响.结果表明:两种微生物肥料均能显著提高猕猴桃果园土壤细菌、放线菌与真菌的比值,改善和平衡土壤微生物群落结构;同时显著提高猕猴桃果园土壤酶活性,其中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶较对照分别高17.9%～83.5%、7.9%～83.0%、7.3%～45.4%和8.1%～140.3%;增强土壤肥力(速效氮、磷、钾、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质含量显著提高),降低土壤pH(较对照下降0.29～0.34个单位).施用微生物肥料后猕猴桃果实维生素C、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等含量升高,可滴定酸含量下降.因此施用两种微生物肥料均能平衡土壤微生物群落结构,增强土壤肥力,提高猕猴桃果实品质.该研究结果可为微生物肥料在高龄猕猴桃果园的应用提供有力的理论依据.     

Plant growth-promoting bacteria as inoculants in agricultural soils

Plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere are the determinants of plant health, productivity and soil fertility. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are bacteria that can enhance plant growth and protect plants from disease and abiotic stresses through a wide variety of mechanisms; those that establish close associations with plants, such as the endophytes, could be more successful in plant growth promotion. Several important bacterial characteristics, such as biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, ACC deaminase activity, and production of siderophores and phytohormones, can be assessed as plant growth promotion (PGP) traits. Bacterial inoculants can contribute to increase agronomic efficiency by reducing production costs and environmental pollution, once the use of chemical fertilizers can be reduced or eliminated if the inoculants are efficient. For bacterial inoculants to obtain success in improving plant growth and productivity, several processes involved can influence the efficiency of inoculation, as for example the exudation by plant roots, the bacterial colonization in the roots, and soil health. This review presents an overview of the importance of soil-plant-microbe interactions to the development of efficient inoculants, once PGPB are extensively studied microorganisms, representing a very diverse group of easily accessible beneficial bacteria.     

Fungal populations in the rhizosphere of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary A comparison of fungal populations in the rhizospheres of eight varieties of peanut grown in a red lateritic soil amended with farmyard manure was made by the dilution-plate technique. There was a marked increase in fungi in the rhizospheres of TMV 2, TMV 4, Pollachi Red and EC 1698, the increase was smaller in Spanish Improved and RS 1 while very little rhizosphere effect was shown by TMV 3 and Pondicherry 8. Age of the plant had a significant influence on numbers of fungi in the rhizosphere. High R/S ratios were obtained when the plants were 30 days old, at which time attained maximum vegetative growth and started to flower. The ratios gradually decreased after that age until the plants were three months old when there was again a small increase. This later rise in fungal populations is interpreted to be due to an increase in microbial activity around dead or senescent roots. No correlation could be established between numbers of root nodules produced by a variety and its rhizosphere effect. Preferential stimulation of certain fungi in the rhizosphere of some of the varieties was noticed.     

玉米秸秆还田培肥土壤的效果

辽北地区玉米根茬还田、秸秆直接还田或间接还田的3年微区培肥试验研究结果表明,无机肥的增产效果特别明显,而施有机物料,更主要的作用是改善土壤的物理、化学性质、培肥地力,与无肥对照相比,有机无机肥料配合施用可使土壤有机质提高3．06％－27．78％,各有机物料对土壤有机质提高的顺序依次为100％秸秆＞50％秸秆＞土粪＞牛粪＞33％秸秆＞根茬。在含C量相等的条件下,秸秆对土壤有机质的保持和提高好于土粪,土粪好于牛粪。同时,与单施化肥比,有机无机肥料配合施用可使土壤易氧化有机质增加10．91％－20．67％,使浸提腐殖酸提高1．43％－14．28％,使结合态腐殖酸的松／紧比值提高0．07－0．19,HA／FA比值提高0．07－0．24,并且能改善土壤的N、P、K营养状况、土壤水分和土壤孔隙状况,这标志着土壤有机质活性的提高和土壤肥力状况的改善。因此,应该大力提倡玉米秸秆秋季直接还田,其最佳施入量应为当年生产量的30％－50％。     

Nitrification and seasonal changes in bacterial populations in the rhizosphere ofSuaeda andArthrocnemum species growing in saline soils

Summary The nitrification rate in the rhizosphere of Suaeda and Arthrocnemum plants growing in saline soils, as affected by microbial populations, temperature, pH, and organic matter, was examined in the field throughout the year. The genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter were most common in the rhizosphere soil. The bacterial counts in the rhizosphere of both plants fluctuated during the study period, reaching peak values during February–March and in August. The nitrate concentration in the rhizosphere soil could be related with the observed increase in the numbers of ammonium-oxidizers and nitrite-oxidizers in the latter part of the study period. The pH of the rhizosphere soils did not have any influence on the nitrification rate at the values measured. The rhizosphere organic content varied between 1.8 and 4% (w/w), showing the continuous availability of organic matter in the soil. The seasonal changes in bacterial populations in the rhizospheres of both plants was described as the result of the combination of several factors.     

长期施用化肥、猪粪和稻草对红壤水稻土化学和生物化学性质的影响

2005年和2007年分别从望城县已建立27年的肥力定位试验田内采集土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳（TOC）、全N、速效N、速效P、微生物生物量碳、氮（C_mic、N_mic）及土壤呼吸和酶活性,研究长期施用化肥、猪粪和稻草对土壤化学和生物化学性质的影响.结果表明：长期施用化肥、猪粪和稻草处理的土壤pH值与试验前相比均有所下降,电导率（EC）变化不大.化肥与猪粪、稻草配施处理的TOC、全N、速效N、速效P、土壤呼吸、C_mic、N_mic和酶活性均高于不施肥（CK）和单施化肥处理;化肥与猪粪、稻草配施处理的水稻产量也高于单施化肥处理.在研究期间,NK化肥与猪粪、NPK化肥与稻草配施处理 的C_mic/TOC大于相应的单施化肥处理.各处理土壤生物化学性质与TOC和养分含量呈正相关(P<0.01).猪粪、稻草与化肥长期配合施用能显著改善土壤化学和生物化学性质,提高土壤质量和土壤肥力.     

Tree Species Composition Influences Enzyme Activities and Microbial Biomass in the Rhizosphere: A Rhizobox Approach

Monoculture causes nutrient losses and leads to declines in soil fertility and biomass production over successive cultivation. The rhizosphere, a zone of usually high microbial activities and clearly distinct from bulk soil, is defined as the volume of soil around living roots and influenced by root activities. Here we investigated enzyme activities and microbial biomass in the rhizosphere under different tree compositions. Six treatments with poplar, willow, and alder mono- or mixed seedlings were grown in rhizoboxes. Enzyme activities associated with nitrogen cycling and microbial biomass were measured in all rhizosphere and bulk soils. Both enzyme activities and microbial biomass in the rhizosphere differed significantly tree compositions. Microbial biomass contents were more sensitive to the changes of the rhizosphere environment than enzyme activities. Tree species coexistence did not consistently increase tested enzyme activities and microbial biomass, but varied depending on the complementarities of species traits. In general, impacts of tree species and coexistence were more pronounced on microbial composition than total biomass, evidenced by differences in microbial biomass C/N ratios stratified across the rhizosphere soils. Compared to poplar clone monoculture, other tree species addition obviously increased rhizosphere urease activity, but greatly reduced rhizosphere L-asparaginase activity. Poplar growth was enhanced only when coexisted with alder. Our results suggested that a highly productive or keystone plant species in a community had greater influence over soil functions than the contribution of diversity.     

Algae as Bio-fertilizers: Between current situation and future prospective

Bio-fertilization is a sustainable agricultural practice that includes using bio-fertilizers to increase soil nutrient content resulting in higher productivity. Soil micro-flora has been exposed to improve soil fertility and increase biomass productivity and identified as a correct environmentally friendly bio-based fertilizer for pollution-free agricultural applies. The majority of cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and several species including Anabaena sp., Nostoc sp., and Oscillatoria angustissima is known to be effective cyanobacterial based bio fertilizers. Acutodesmus dimorphus, Spirulina platensis Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Anabaena azolla, and Nostoc sp. are some of the green microalgae and cyanobacteria species that have been successfully used as bio fertilizers to boost crop growth. Also, Chlorella vulgaris is one of the most commonly used microalgae in bio fertilizer studies. The addition of seaweed species that are Sargassum sp. and Gracilaria verrucosa leads to chemical changes as a soil fertility indicator on clay and sandy soils, and the addition of seaweed conditioner to soil can improve its organic content, return pH to normal, and reduce C/N ratio in both sandy and clay soil. This review provides an effective approach to increase soil fertility via environmentally friendly bio-based fertilizer using micro and macro algae. Instead of the usage of inorganic and organic fertilizers that have polluted impacts to soil as aggregation of heavy metals, in addition to there their human carcinogenic effects.