花生荚果发育过程中子叶细胞的超微结构和脂酶活性的研究

在花生(Arachis hypogaea)荚果发育过程中,子叶细胞的超微结构和脂酶活性皆发生了显著变化。子叶生长初期,缅胞中质体较多,并不断形成淀粉粒;脂酶活性低,脂体和蛋白体很少。子叶发育中期,子叶细胞质中出现大量体积较大的脂体,液泡中的蛋白体不断形成和增大,而且细胞质、内质网、蛋白体外膜、细胞质膜和细胞间隙上皆显示较强的脂酶活性。子叶发育后期,脂体数量不再增加,但体积略有增大,间质透明度也有提高;蛋白体增大较小,但数量却进一步增多;细胞质中仍显示较强的脂酶活性。至末期时,蛋白体形态变得不规则,甚至出现部分解体,其基质充挤脂体间隙;细咆中的脂酶活性减弱。研究表明,花生脂体起源于细胞质,蛋白体起源于液泡,子叶油分和蛋白质的积累足体内脂体和蛋白体不断发育的结果,细胞中脂酶活性的变化可能与脂体发育有关。     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响水

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明： 施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛（MDA）的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

槐种子发育过程中子叶细胞显微结构的变化和过氧化物酶同工酶变化的动态

槐（SophorajaponicaL．）种子发育过程中,子叶细胞大量合成和积累储藏物质,光镜和电镜下用组织化学方法观察到开花后30d,叶肉细胞高度液泡化,其中分布着大量的质体、粗面内质网、一些线粒体和小脂体。淀粉粒开始积累。开花后60d,淀粉粒和脂体不断长大,数量明显增多,液泡中蛋白体开始形成。从花后90d开始,液泡中有大量蛋白体形成且不断长大,有些蛋白体变得不规则形。至种子成熟期,叶肉细胞几乎完全被蛋白体及脂体所填充。淀粉粒及大多数细胞器消失。基于上述观察,还对种子发育过程中子叶细胞过氧化物酶活力及同工酶港的变化进行了观察和分析。     

壳寡糖对旱薄地花生叶片衰老及产量和品质的影响

在旱薄地条件下,以小花生品种‘花育20号’(HY20)和大花生品种‘花育22号’(HY22)为实验材料,研究叶面喷施不同浓度壳寡糖[0mg·kg-1(T0)、50mg·kg-1(T1)、100mg·kg-1(T2)、200mg·kg-1(T3)]对叶片衰老、荚果产量和籽仁品质的影响。结果表明:(1)壳寡糖处理均显著提高了旱薄地花生饱果期叶片叶绿素含量和保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低了MDA含量,并显著提高了2个品种的单株结果数、饱果率和荚果产量。(2)壳寡糖处理降低了HY20的籽仁蛋白质含量却提高了其脂肪含量,但提高了HY22的籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量,且T1处理对HY20的油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值提高幅度较大,而T2处理对HY22的O/L值提高幅度较大。研究认为,在生产实际中用50mg·kg-1壳寡糖叶面喷施品种‘花育20号’(HY20)、用100mg·kg-1壳寡糖叶面喷施品种‘花育22号’(HY22)时,2个品种的籽仁产量、蛋白质和脂肪产量均最高,可达到花生生产的高产优质高效。     

不同品质类型花生品质性状及相关酶活性差异

在大田栽培条件下,以高蛋白花生品种KB008、高脂肪品种花17(H17)和高油酸/亚油酸(O/L)品种农大818(818)为试验材料,研究了3种类型花生品种籽仁中蛋白质、脂肪含量及与品质合成相关的碳、氮代谢酶活性差异.结果表明:KB008的蛋白质含量显著高于H17和818,而可溶性糖含量和O/L值显著低于其他两品种.KB008籽仁中氨基酸组分含量均高于其他两品种,特别是谷氨酸和赖氨酸含量显著高于后两者;油酸含量显著低于、而亚油酸含量显著高于其他两品种.3种类型花生在整个生育期中叶片的硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性均以KB008最高,其次为H17.3种类型花生在结荚期的叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性大小均表现为KB008 ＞H17 ＞818,说明较高的PEPCase和RuBPCase活性有利于蛋白质合成与积累.叶片中蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性大小表现为H17＞818＞KB008,KB008的磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性显著低于其他两品种,而H17的SPS活性在花后60d时仍保持较高活性,说明较高的叶片SPS、SS活性有利于花生籽仁脂肪的形成.     

外源GA和ABA对花生籽仁皱缩变异品系荚果生长的影响

以荚果和籽仁生长发育正常的花生品系‘05D610’及其籽仁皱缩变异系‘05D677’为材料,在荚果膨大阶段初期滴加赤霉素(GA,20mg·L~(-1))和脱落酸(ABA,15 mg·L~(-1))处理幼果,检测荚果生长期间幼果或籽仁内源GA、ABA、ZT(玉米素)和IAA(生长素)含量的变化以及荚果和籽仁的生长量特征,以明确激素含量与荚果和籽仁生长发育的关系和‘05D677’籽仁皱缩的原因。结果显示:(1)外源施加GA处理,可显著提高‘05D610’和‘05D677’的内源GA和ZT含量,并推迟内源IAA含量峰值出现的时间,显著提高‘05D610’荚果和籽仁的鲜重、干重,极显著提高了‘05D677’荚果干重。(2)外源施加ABA处理,使‘05D610’内源GA含量显著降低,‘05D677’内源GA和ABA含量显著提高,同时两品系内源IAA含量峰值出现的时间推迟,使‘05D610’和‘05D677’籽仁干重分别显著和极显著提高。研究表明,用适宜浓度外源GA和ABA处理荚果膨大阶段的初期果针,可以调控荚果膨大阶段幼果或者籽仁中内源激素水平,从而提高花生荚果、籽仁产量;荚果膨大阶段内源GA、ABA和ZT含量不足是导致‘05D677’籽仁皱缩的重要原因。     

春秋花生种子细胞化学的比较研究

采用泉花10号,汕油71的春秋花生种子为材料,利用细胞化学方法,在环氧树脂厚切片中分别显示出下胚轴和子叶中的多糖、蛋白质和脂类,并对其数量、形态及分布进行比较.结果表明,春花生种子下胚轴细胞较大,且内部结构清晰,排列规则,发育充分,而秋花生种子成熟度较低.对于子叶细胞,在春花生中,其贮藏物质丰富含大量的脂体、蛋白体,排列紧密;而秋花生细胞内部结构疏松,液泡中尚未充满蛋白质,但淀粉粒似较多.这就从细胞学的角度解释了生产上采用春花生种子的优越性..另外,在方法上对环氧树脂厚切片中多糖、蛋白质、脂类的细胞化学染色方法和染色保存进行了讨论.     

野生大豆种子蛋白含量差异的生理及结构基础的探讨

利用ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、电子显微镜、蛋白及酰脲含量测定等技术,对高蛋白含量（５０．７％ ）的５０３５９ 和低蛋白含量（４０．８％ ）的５０３０５ 两个野生大豆在种子发育过程中贮藏蛋白积累的速率、蛋白组分合成的起始时间、蛋白体发育的进程以及幼茎的酰脲含量进行了比较研究。结果表明：野生大豆５０３５９的高蛋白含量是与其种子发育过程中较高的植株酰脲含量、较早较快的贮藏蛋白合成及积累速率,液泡中高效的蛋白贮藏方式以及蛋白体在子叶细胞中占有较大体积相联系的     

砧用南瓜幼苗对镉的耐性和积累能力研究

采用营养液栽培的方法,研究了不同浓度（0、5和10 mg·L^-1）镉（Cd）对10种砧用南瓜幼苗生长状况、丙二醛（MDA）、地上部Cd含量及转移系数（TF）的影响,利用隶属函数法综合评价其耐Cd能力与Cd吸收积累能力,以期筛选到优良的砧用南瓜。结果表明：（1）‘多美109’、‘鑫力3号’、‘强力1号’、‘黑籽南瓜’和‘云南黑籽南瓜’在2种浓度Cd处理下全株生物量均显著低于对照,并以‘黑籽南瓜’和‘云南黑籽南瓜’下降幅度最大、耐性最差,而‘野木一雄’、‘青佳砧甲’、‘津油108’和‘抗线1号’在 Cd处理下均与对照差异不显著,生长势良好,耐性强。（2）在2种浓度Cd处理下,‘津油108’幼苗体内各抗氧化酶活性较高,根系和叶片的 MDA含量与对照无显著差异,未受到膜脂过氧化伤害;‘野木一雄’ 幼苗各抗氧化酶活性较高,MDA含量升高幅度较小,为对照的1.01~1.56倍,受到膜脂过氧化伤害相对较小;而‘多美109’、‘强力1号’和‘云南黑籽南瓜’ 幼苗在2种浓度Cd处理下,各抗氧化酶活性显著下降,体内MDA含量升高幅度大,分别为对照的1.30~2.46、1.33~3.11、1.45~3.24倍,受伤害程度最大。（3）‘津油108’与‘青佳砧甲’在2种浓度Cd处理下地上部Cd含量和TF均较小,Cd吸收能力最弱,其次是‘野木一雄’,而‘亮丽佳’、‘黑籽南瓜’和‘云南黑籽南瓜’地上部Cd含量和TF最大,Cd吸收能力最强。（4）隶属函数值综合评价结果显示,10种砧用南瓜幼苗对Cd的耐性大小依次为：‘津油108’＞‘野木一雄’＞‘鑫力3号’＞‘青佳砧甲’＞‘抗线1号’＞‘多美109’＞‘黑籽南瓜’＞‘亮丽佳’＞‘强力1号’＞‘云南黑籽南瓜’。研究认为,砧用南瓜品种对镉胁迫的耐受性存在明显差异,并以‘津油108’最佳,其在镉胁迫下生长势良好,耐性强,且镉吸收和转运能力最弱。     

Ultrastructure and Lipase Activity of Cotyledon cell During Pod Development in Peanut

A series of significant changes of the ultrastructure and lipase activity of cotyledon cell were found in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) during pod development. In he initial stage of cotyledon development there were many plastids which kept producing starch grain and there were low lipase activity and very few lipid and protein bodies in the cell. In the middle stage of cotyledon development, a great number of larger lipid bodies were seen in the cell and a lot of protein bodies formed in the vacuoles and continued to increase in size. Lipase activity increased in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, protein bodies, plasmalemma and intercellular space. In the later stage of cotyledon development, the lipid bodies did not increase in number but became slightly larger. The protein bodies continued to increase both in number and in size. Lipase acttvity was even hegher in the cytoplasm. In the final stage the protein bodies became irregular in shape and some of them tended to disintegrate with their content entered into the space around the lipid bodies. The lipase activity in the cell declined. The results indicated that the lipid body originated in the cytoplasm and the protein body originated in the vacuole; that the accumulation of oil and protein in peanut cotyledon resulted from the formation and development of lipid and protein bodies in the cell, and that the changes of plasmid and lipase activity in the cell played a role in the development of lipid body during the development of cotyledon.     

Effects of calcium fertilizer on yield,quality and related enzyme activities of peanut in acidic soil

AimsPeanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the calcium (Ca)-like crops. In acidic soil, low soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ content, which usually is caused by eluviation, can affect peanut pod development, even causes pod unfilled. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of calcium fertilizer on yield, quality and related enzyme activities of peanut in acidic soil.Methods ‘Huayu22’ was used as materials, and field experiments were conducted in Wendeng, Weihai (2013) and Sanzhuang, Rizhao (2014), respectively. Three treatments were carried out, i.e. No Ca-application (T₀), 14 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO (T₁) and 28 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO (T₂). Top 3rd leaves of main stems were harvested to determine the activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme every 15 days from anthesis to mature period. Additionally, the pod traits and yield were investigated at harvest time. Uniform dry pods were used to determine the quality of kernel.Important findings Application of calcium fertilizer significantly increased the pod yield of peanut in acid soil. Yield of T₁ treatment increased by 26.92% and T₂ increased by 21.65% on average at two sites. It might be related to higher pod numbers per plant, higher double kernel rate, and higher plumpness of kernel under T₁ and T₂ treatment than under T₀ treatment. Simultaneously, application of calcium fertilizer also significantly increased the protein and fat content of peanut in acidic soil. The protein content increased 2.02% and the fat content increased 3.01% on average in T₁ treatment, respectively. The protein content increased 1.56% and the fat content increased 2.58% in T₂ treatment, respectively. Additionally, Calcium fertilizer not only improved the lysine and total amino acid content but also improved oleic/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio of peanut in acidic soil. These might be due to higher activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in the leaves of peanut in acidic soil under T₁ and T₂ treatments than under T₀ treatment. What’s more, the activity of GS of peanut treated with T₁ was higher than that treated with T₂. Application of Calcium fertilizer also improved the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) of peanut at early growing period, but the activities at late growth stage were lower than T₀ treatment. Our results demonstrate that the economic performance of 14 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO was the best one among these three treatments applied.     

Genotypic differences in salt tolerance from germination to seedling stage in peanut

采用盆栽试验, 设置0、0.15%、0.30%和0.45%等4个浓度的盐胁迫, 通过出苗速度、植株形态和生物量等指标研究不同基因型花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种(系)萌发至幼苗期的耐盐性差异。结果表明, 各浓度盐胁迫下, 相对出苗时间、相对株高、相对主茎高、相对主根长、相对地上部鲜质量、相对地下部鲜质量、相对植株鲜质量、相对地上部干质量、相对地下部干质量和相对植株干质量等10个指标耐盐指数品种间呈正态分布, 变异较大。主成分分析将10个指标归结为不相关的独立因子, 采用综合得分将107个品种(系)聚类为高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和高度盐敏感型4组, 0.15%浓度下4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的45.79%、39.25%、7.48%和7.48%; 0.30%浓度下4个类型品种(系)数分别占供试材料的11.21%、47.66%、22.43%和18.69%; 0.45%浓度下4个类型品种(系)数分别占供试材料的6.54%、23.36%、50.47%和19.63%。部分品种(系)在各强度盐胁迫下均表现为耐盐或盐敏感, 部分品种(系)在低强度胁迫下表现为耐盐, 而在高强度胁迫下表现为盐敏感。3个浓度盐胁迫下高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和盐高度敏感型分组一致的品种(系)分别有1个(‘阜花11’)、7个(‘花育28’、‘Z11’、‘花育39’、‘花育32’、‘HLN2’、‘粤油26’、‘XE019’)、0个和1个(‘D1035’)。盐胁迫下, 不同耐盐类型花生品种(系)出苗时间、植株形态和生物量等10个指标间差异达显著或极显著水平, 盐敏感类型比耐盐类型品种(系)出苗时间延长, 植株形态建成抑制加重, 物质积累减少。     

Effects of water condition on photochemical efficiency and physiological characteristics in artificially cultivated moss Syntrichia caninervis

Aims The desert moss Syntrichia caninervis is a dominant species in the moss biocrust of the Gurbantünggüt Desert. It plays an important role in soil stability and artificial biocrust reconstruction in desert ecosystems. Previous studies have demonstrated that although artificial cultivation techniques can promote the micropropagation of S. caninervis, the resulting moss performs poorly in maintenance ability. Water availability has been considered as a critical factor to stimulate the physiological activities in moss species. Our objective in this study was to determine the optimum water condition for growth of sand-cultivated shoots of S. caninervis in the process of transplanting cultured materials from laboratory to the field. Methods We used sand-cultivated S. caninervis grown from fragmented gametophyte leaves and stems above ground. The experiment was run for 30 days under conditions of three water treatments, including intermittent water supply (watering every three days), fully watered (watering every day), and drought (watering every six days) . Fluorescence and physiological indices of shoots, such as photochemical efficiency, pigment content, soluble sugar, free proline, soluble protein, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities and malondialdehyde were measured. Important findings The content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b in drought and fully watered treatments were significantly lower than in intermittent water supply treatment. Drought reduced the chlorophyll a/b ratio, and fully watered treatment deceased carotenoid content. Drought and fully watered treatments significantly reduced the maximal and actual photochemical efficiency and the soluble protein content, while increased most indices in osmotic adjustment substances and antioxidative enzyme activities, such as soluble sugar content, free proline content, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and malonaldehyde content. Our results showed that the sand-cultivated S. caninervis accumulated osmotic adjustment substances and strengthened the antioxidative enzyme activities to survive under different water conditions, such as in the fully watered treatment. Compared with the intermittent water supply treatment, drought may lead to more damages in sand-cultivated shoots of S. caninervis, with the membrane lipid peroxidation being aggravated. Thus, intermittent water supply results in better development of artificial-cultivated S. caninervis than drought and fully watered treatments. This conclusion could provide theoretical basis for water saving management of artificially cultivated bryophyte in wild engraftment.     

地表臭氧浓度升高与干旱交互作用对杨树非结构性碳水化合物积累和叶根分配的短期影响

人类活动加剧和全球变化导致植物在生长季同时受到高浓度地表臭氧(O₃)和干旱的双重胁迫。为了探究两者对植物非结构性碳水化合物(TNC)积累和分配的影响, 该实验采用开顶式气室研究了2种O₃浓度(CF, 过滤空气; NF40, NF (未过滤空气) + 40 nmol·mol ^-1 O₃)和2个水分处理(对照, 充分灌溉; 干旱, 非充分灌溉)及其交互作用对杨树基因型‘546’ (Populus deltoides cv. ‘55/56’ × P. deltoides cv. ‘Imperial’)叶片和细根中TNC及其组分(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、多糖、总可溶性糖和淀粉)含量的影响。结果表明: O₃浓度升高显著降低杨树叶片中淀粉和TNC的含量, 增加葡萄糖、果糖和总可溶性糖含量, 但对细根中淀粉和总可溶性糖含量的影响不显著。干旱胁迫显著增加细根中果糖和多糖含量, 降低蔗糖含量, 但对叶片中淀粉和总可溶性糖含量的影响不显著。充分灌溉下O₃浓度升高显著增加了杨树叶片多糖和总可溶性糖含量, 而干旱下O₃浓度升高显著增加了TNC含量的根叶比。该研究结果发现O₃主要影响叶片中TNC及各组分的含量, 而干旱主要影响细根中TNC及各组分的含量。从杨树叶片TNC的响应来看, 适度的水分限制有助于减缓O₃的负面伤害。     

洮河上游紫果云杉种群结构特征

该研究以洮河上游尕海-则岔自然保护区、卡车林区和冶力关林区的紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)天然种群为研究对象, 通过样地调查和数据统计, 绘制种群结构图, 编制静态生命表, 拟合并分析存活曲线, 运用数量化方法研究种群动态, 揭示种群生存现状, 预测种群发展趋势, 以期为该物种的保护、管理及结构恢复提供理论依据。结果显示: 3个林区紫果云杉种群自然更新能力强, 幼苗、幼树储量丰富, 幼小龄期死亡率普遍偏高; 尕海-则岔种群存活曲线符合Deevey-III型, 种群稳定结构完整, 卡车林区和冶力关林区种群存活曲线均符合Deevey-II型, 且均出现了局部衰退; 3个林区种群动态指数均大于0, 说明种群均属于增长型, 增长潜力为尕海-则岔>卡车>冶力关; 受随机干扰时卡车林区紫果云杉最敏感, 冶力关次之, 尕海-则岔种群最稳定。该研究表明: 竞争和自疏作用是造成紫果云杉幼小龄级个体存活率偏低的普遍因素, 3个林区不同的生存状况反映了紫果云杉种群在不同生境及生活史下生存能力的差异, 保护幼苗生存环境并提高幼苗质量和存活率是种群更新和发展的关键。尕海-则岔紫果云杉生存良好, 种群生存状况主要受自身生物学特性和环境因子的影响; 卡车林区主要受人为影响, 种群结构遭到破坏; 冶力关林区受分布限制, 造成种群结构不稳定, 须采取一定的人工措施来促进种群更新与增长。     

Differential DNA Endoreduplication and Protein Profile during Cotyledon Ontogeny of Vigna radiata

Differential regeneration response of the two cotyledon types. ‘Cot E’ (attached to the embryo) and ‘Cot’, of Vigna radiata have been reported earlier. The present preliminary study addresses V. radiata cotyledon development with respect to patterns of endoreduplication and protein accumulation. In this communication two distinct types of cotyledon (in relation to their attachment with the embryonal axis), differing in regeneration responses, were characterized in terms of polyploidy levels and profiles, and extent of protein synthesis/accumulation. The embryo development was studied histologically from the first day after fertilization till seed coat formation and divided into 8 different stages to determine stages of cotyledon development. Early cotyledonary stage of embryo was recorded on the 6 DAF, at this stage ‘Cot’ and ‘Cot E’ were inseparable and referred to as stage VI. ‘Cot’ and ‘Cot E’ could be distinguished from 9 DAF onwards. Two major events, endoreduplication of DNA and protein synthesis/accumulation that occur during the cotyledon development of grain-legumes, were analysed to probe the differential status, if any, in these two cotyledon types. The cell division phase of cotyledon development continues upto stage VII, while cell expansion phase starts at the stage VIII. The cotyledonary cells began to undergo the endoreduplicating cell cycle (ECC) from stage VII and continue until seed maturity. During the cell division phase the mitotic cycle and ECC occur simultaneously; whereas, only ECC continues in the cell expansion phase. Analysis of protein content indicated that ‘Cot E’ always contained comparatively higher amount during in vivo development than that of ‘Cot’. Similarity indices between ‘Cot’/’Cot E’ were 46.15%,82.35% and 90.9% at stage VII, stage VIII and at maturity, respectively, as computed from the presence oftotal polypeptides. The differential temporal pattern of DNA-endoreduplication and storage protein accumulation clearly dictates the influence of differential gene expression and regulation control in the developmental- type determination of the two cotyledons.     

Senescence mechanisms induced by phloem girdling in Karelinia caspia

AimsSenescence constitutes the final stage of a plant’s organ and tissue development, and is subject to gene control and strict regulation. Plant senescence is largely influenced by carbohydrate content and phloem girdling can induce leaf senescence. Our general objective is to study the effect of stem girdling on physiological conditions in Karelinia caspia. Specifically, we want to know the senescence processes after phloem girdling. In addition, we also want to know the possible mechanisms for the senescence processes. MethodsThree different types of girdling treatments, normal branch, semi-girdling, and full-girdling were performed on K. caspia. Twenty days after girdling, photosynthetic pigments content, photosynthetic rate, soluble sugar content, starch content, abscisic acid (ABA) content, and leaf water potential were measured.Important findings Phloem girdling can largely induce leaf senescence in K. caspia, and the reasons for leaf senescence may be as follows: girdling resulted in carbohydrate accumulation in leaf which subsequently led to “carbon feast” induced leaf senescence; girdling caused ABA accumulation in leaf and then resulted in senescence; girdling decreased water status, which may be another reason for leaf senescence. Compared with natural senescence, girdling induced senescence was a disorder and disorganized process, only a limited physiological process can be controlled by senescence related gene in the girdling induced senescence process. The most important role for carotenoids in the senescence process is to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from being damaged by excess light and reactive oxygen species. Many physiological indicators declined in the semi-girdled K. caspia leaves just like full-girdled leaves, indicating that portion (e.g. half) of the phloem cannot undertake the transport flux which was done by the whole phloem sieve.