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1.
The stages of the early Neolithic and the spread of agriculture in northern Italy are difficult to determine and basically
still unclear, since this region was influenced by deeply different cultures coming from both the Mediterranean coasts and
the Balkans. The complex interrelations due to the contributions from both cultures are reinterpreted here thanks to recent
data, modifying a picture which 15 years ago was believed to be definite. According to radiocarbon chronology, the appearance
of the earliest farming communities in northern Italy should be dated around 5600–5500 cal b.c. Early farmers cultivated several cereal and pulse taxa, of which the more important were Hordeum vulgare/distichum, Triticum dicoccum, T. monococcum, T. aestivum/durum/turgidum, Lens culinaris and Pisum sp. In addition they gathered many wild plants. The spread of agriculture was a rapid phenomenon and within a few centuries
agriculture was established into the Alps. Little is known about the middle and late Neolithic, with the Square-mouthed pottery
culture “Bocca Quadrata”, from c. 5100 cal b.c. onwards, since most of the archaeological features discovered up to the present have produced only a few plant remains. We
demonstrate the introduction of poppy and a few other innovations like a slightly increased cultivation of free-threshing
cereals and flax. Archaeobotanical analyses from Chalcolithic or Copper Age settlements, from c. 3500 cal b.c. onwards, are even scarcer and a comparison with the earlier Neolithic settlements does not yet seem possible. 相似文献
2.
Mid- to late-Holocene vegetation history of Greater Exmoor,UK: estimating the spatial extent of human-induced vegetation change 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper presents the results from three pollen profiles from a group of small spring mire sites on the southern edge of Exmoor in south west England. The size and topography of these sites allow detailed local landscape histories around each site to be reconstructed which broadly cover the mid- to late-Holocene. Comparison of the individual local landscape histories demonstrates the scale of spatial variation in vegetation around the upland edge, and facilitates understanding of human-landscape interactions from the early Neolithic onward. In the early Neolithic significant short-term woodland disturbance is recorded around the upland fringe, including clearance of oak-hazel-elm woodland, suggesting that the shift from Mesolithic to Neolithic is not marked by a gradual environmental transition. Following this, there is clear evidence of Neolithic management of upland heath using fire, presumably for the management of upland grazing. Woodland clearances are recorded throughout the later Prehistoric period; however, the use of multiple profiling suggests that woodland clearance is spatially discrete, even within an area of 4 km2. Pastoral land use is dominant around the uplands until around 900–1,000 a.d., and there is no discernible Roman or post-Roman period impact in the vegetation, suggesting cultural stability from the late Iron Age to the early Medieval period. By 1,100 a.d., there is a shift to mixed arable-pastoral farming which appears to continue well into the post-Medieval period. 相似文献
3.
Vegetation, landscape and human activity in Midland Ireland: mire and lake records from the Lough Kinale-Derragh Lough area, Central Ireland 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Antony G. Brown Jackie Hatton Charlotte E. O’Brien Katherine A. Selby Peter G. Langdon Ingelisa Stuijts Christopher J. Caseldine 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2005,14(2):81-98
A high-resolution pollen record for the Holocene has been obtained from Derragh Bog, a small raised mire located on a peninsula in Lough Kinale-Derragh Lough, in Central Ireland as part of the Discovery Programme (Ireland) Lake Settlements Project. The data are compared with two lower resolution diagrams, one obtained from Derragh Lough and one from adjacent to a crannog in Lough Kinale. The general trends of vegetation change are similar and indicate that landscape-scale clearance did not occur until the Medieval period (ca. a.d. 800–900). There are, however, significant differences between the diagrams due primarily to core location and taphonomy, including pollen source area. Only the pollen profile from Derragh Bog reveals an unusually well represented multi-phase primary decline in Ulmus ca. 3500–3100 b.c. (4800–475014C b.p.) which is associated with the first arable farming in the area. The pollen diagram indicates a rapid, and almost complete, clearance of a stand of Ulmus with some Quercus on the Derragh peninsula, arable cultivation in the clearing and then abandonment by mobile/shifting late Neolithic farmers. Subsequently there are a number of clearance phases which allow the colonisation of the area by Fraxinus and are probably associated with pastoral activity. The pollen sequence from adjacent to a crannog in Lough Kinale shows clear evidence of the construction and use of the crannog for the storage of crops (Hordeum and Avena) whereas the Derragh Bog diagram and the diagram from Derragh Lough reflect the growth of the mire. This study reveals that in this landscape the record from a small mire shows changes in prehistoric vegetation caused by human agriculture that are not detectable in the lake sequences. Although in part this is due to the higher temporal resolution and more consistent and complete chronology for the mire, the most important factor is the closer proximity of the raised mire sequence to the dry land. However, the pollen sequence from adjacent to a crannog does provide detailed evidence of the construction and function of the site. It is concluded that in order to ascertain a complete picture of vegetation changes in a lowland shallow lake-dominated landscape, cores from both the lake and surrounding small mires should be analysed. 相似文献
4.
Roland Noti Jacqueline F. N. van Leeuwen Daniele Colombaroli Elisa Vescovi Salvatore Pasta Tommaso La Mantia Willy Tinner 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2009,18(5):371-387
The vegetation and fire history of few coastal sites has been investigated in the Mediterranean region so far. We present
the first paleoecological reconstruction from coastal Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. We analysed pollen
and charcoal in the sediments of Biviere di Gela, a lake (lagoon) on the south coast of Sicily. Our data suggest that the
area became afforested after a marine transgression at ca. 7200 cal b.p. (5250 b.c.). Build-up of forest and shrublands took ca. 200–300 years, mainly with the deciduous trees Quercus, Ostrya and Fraxinus. Juniperus expanded ca. 6900 cal b.p. (4950 b.c.), but declined again 6600 cal b.p. (4650 b.c.). Afterwards, evergreen trees (Q. ilex-type and Olea) became dominant in the forest and Pistacia shrublands were established. Forest and shrubland reached a maximum ca. 7000–5000 cal b.p. (5050–3050 b.c.); subsequently forest declined in response to human impact, which was probably exacerbated by a general trend towards a
more arid climate. During the Neolithic, fire was used to open the landscape, significantly reducing several arboreal taxa
(Q. ilex, Fraxinus, Juniperus) and promoting herbs and shrubs (Achillea, Cichorioideae, Brassicaceae, Ephedra). Final forest disruption occurred around 2600 cal b.p. (650 b.c.) with the onset of the historically documented Greek colonization. We conclude that the open maquis and garrigue vegetation
of today is primarily the consequence of intensive land-use over millennia. Under natural or near-natural conditions arboreal
taxa such as Q. ilex, Olea and Pistacia would be far more important than they are today, even under the hot and rather dry coastal conditions of southern Sicily. 相似文献
5.
Long-term changes in floristic diversity in southern Sweden: palynological richness, vegetation dynamics and land-use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Björn E. Berglund Marie-José Gaillard Leif Björkman Thomas Persson 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2008,17(5):573-583
The rarefaction technique is applied to two Holocene pollen sequences (covering the last 12,000 calendar years) from two lakes
in southern Sweden. One represents an open agricultural landscape, the other a partly wooded and less cultivated landscape.
The inferred palynological richness is interpreted as an approximate measure of floristic diversity at the landscape scale.
The overall trend is an increased diversity from the mid-Holocene to the Modern period, which is linked to a parallel rise
in human impact. The pattern is similar for the two sites with peaks corresponding to archaeological periods characterised
by deforestation and expanding settlement and agriculture. The highest diversity was reached during the Medieval period, about
a.d. 1,000–1,400. Declining diversity during the last 200 years characterises the agrarian landscape. These results confirm, for
southern Scandinavia, the “intermediate disturbance” hypothesis for biodiversity at the landscape scale and on millennial
to century time scales. They have implications for landscape management in modern nature conservation that has the purpose
of maintaining and promoting biodiversity. 相似文献
6.
Long term (from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age) habitation of the Akali settlement on a clearly defined bog-island in East Estonia is used as an example of transitional development from a prosperous foragers’ habitation centre to a hinterland of established farming cultures, taking place through availability, substitution and consolidation phases of crop farming in the boreal forest zone. The pre-Neolithic finds of Triticum and Cannabis t. pollen at c. 5600 b.c. are interpreted as possible indications of the acquaintance of foragers with farming products, through contacts with central European agrarian tribes during the availability phase. The substitution phase is marked by more or less scattered pollen finds of various cereals and hemp and, at Akali, is connected with Neolithic period 4900–1800 b.c. An increasing importance of crop farming in the economy is characteristic of the consolidation phase, but because natural conditions are unfavourable for arable land-use, a regression of human presence is recorded during the second part of the Neolithic. The settlement was abandoned during the Bronze Age at the time when crop farming become the basis of the economy in Estonia. The re-colonisation of the area, traced to ca. a.d. 1200, took place for political reasons rather than through increasing suitability of the landscape.Editorial responsibility: Felix Bittmann 相似文献
7.
Numerous artefacts from the area of textile production as well as finished products, fabrics and netting, dating from the
period between 3900 and 800 b.c. have survived in the archaeological layers of late Neolithic and Bronze Age wetland settlements in eastern Switzerland. Archaeological
investigations, experiments in textile technology and comparisons with Egyptian wall paintings, as well as analyses under
the scanning electron microscope, allow us to almost completely reconstruct Neolithic textile production in prehistoric pile
dwellings. 相似文献
8.
Spassimir Tonkov Hans-J��rgen Beug Elissaveta Bozilova Mariana Filipova-Marinova Hogne Jungner 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2011,20(1):29-40
A 7.5 m sediment core from Lake Bolata, a small former coastal liman lake in northeastern Bulgaria, was analyzed for pollen
and plant macrofossil content in attempt to trace the changes in the vegetation, human impact and the influence of the Black
Sea during the last ca. 6,000 years. Lake Bolata started its existence when the rising Black Sea level reached the elevation
of the bottom of the depression. By that time nearly all tree species were already present in this area with the exception
of Carpinus orientalis. The comparison of the arrival time of oriental hornbeam at different sites along the Bulgarian Black Sea confirmed the reliability
of the local radiocarbon chronology. For the period under study the vegetation of the region around the site can be described
as a forest-steppe due to NAP values higher than 40% of the pollen sum. Forests on the slopes of the river canyon consisted
of Quercus spp., Acer, Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus, Fagus and possibly Tilia. Riverine forests formed stands composed of Salix, Alnus, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Carpinus betulus and Vitis as a liana. The vegetation on the Cape Kaliakra plateau, bordering the canyon, was dominated by diverse herbs and most of
these could be considered xerophytes. The oldest occupation period belongs to the Eneolithic, documented by the occurrences
of Triticum-type pollen at 5570–5170 cal b.p. (3620–3220 b.c.). The next period of higher continuous Cerealia-type values corresponds to 3450–1830 cal b.p. (1500 b.c.–a.d. 120). The macrofossil record chiefly provides evidence about plant communities of aquatics and helophytes. 相似文献
9.
Humanity has become a major player within the Earth system, particularly by transforming large parts of the land surface and
by altering the gaseous composition of the atmosphere. Deforestation for agricultural purposes started thousands of years
ago and might have resulted in a detectable human influence on climate much earlier than the industrial revolution. This study
presents a first attempt to estimate the impact of human land-use on the global carbon cycle over the last 6,000 years. A
global gridded data set for the spread of permanent and non-permanent agriculture over this time period was developed and
integrated within the Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ-DGVM). The model was run with and without human
land-use, and the difference in terrestrial carbon storage was calculated as an estimate of anthropogenic carbon release to
the atmosphere. The modelled total carbon release during the industrial period (a.d. 1850–1990) was 148 gigatons of carbon (GtC), of which 33 GtC originated from non-permanent agriculture. For pre-industrial
times (4000 b.c.–a.d. 1850), the net carbon release was 79 GtC from permanent agriculture with an additional 35 GtC from non-permanent agriculture.
The modelled pre-industrial carbon release was considerably lower than would be required for a substantial influence on the
climate system. 相似文献
10.
The transition from the early to the middle phase of the Late Neolithic (fourth–third millennium b.c.) is closely connected with the term “secondary products revolution”, which involves the adoption of animal traction and an
increased production of rendered animal commodities such as wool and dairy products. Based on measurements of Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) seeds and their abundance in 32 wetland settlements in southwest Germany, we presume that the introduction of a
new flax variety, maybe a better flax for fibre, and the intensification of flax cultivation were also a part of this process.
The morphometric analysis shows that flax seed sizes in the early phase of the Late Neolithic (4000–3400 cal. b.c.) differ significantly from those of the middle and latest phase (3400–2400 cal. b.c.). 相似文献
11.
Analysis of wood charcoal that was conducted as a part of an interdisciplinary project at Pyeonggeo-dong, a multi-period agricultural
complex located in Jinju, South Korea, reveals oak (Quercus sp.) to be the most commonly encountered wood over the period of 4000–1500 cal. b.p. The charcoal data indicate that Quercus was one of the most abundant woody plants in the surrounding vegetation, although its dominance in the charcoal assemblage
may partly represent preferential human selection in the past. The data suggest that Quercus-dominant forest declined with the growth of a secondary forest of Platycarya strobilacea around the site from about a.d. 300. This change postdates by more than a thousand years the earliest evidence of large-scale agriculture, which is visible
in the form of carbonized crops and large tracts of prehistoric agricultural fields. A relatively large number of pit dwellings
for the Three-Kingdoms period (ca. a.d. 300–500) at Pyeonggeo-dong suggests that this late sign of human impact on vegetation is related to the extension of agricultural
fields to previously uncultivated hilly areas and/or increased needs for fuel and timber caused by high population density
of the site. 相似文献
12.
Marjeta Jeraj Anton Velušček Stefanie Jacomet 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2009,18(1):75-89
Analyses were performed of plant remains from the Late Neolithic (in Slovenian terminology corresponding to Eneolithic or
Copper Age, ca. 4300–2300 b.c.) pile dwelling Hočevarica in the Ljubljansko barje (Ljubljana Moor), Slovenia. This settlement existed between ca. 3650
and 3550 cal b.c. Seeds, fruits, wooden piles, macroscopic charcoal and pollen from the cultural layers were analysed. The remains of domestic
plants such as charred grains of Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum (einkorn and emmer wheat) and Papaver somniferum (poppy seeds), as well as seeds of weeds such as Chenopodium album-type indicate early cultivation in the area. In addition, numerous remains of nuts and berries, especially of Quercus sp., Cornus mas, Rubus fruticosus and Corylus avellana demonstrate that the gathering of wild plants was an important part of subsistence. Palaeoecological and archaeobotanical
data from Hočevarica further suggest that cleared land was used for agriculture and pastures during the Neolithic, and that
different wood was cut for construction and for fuel. The species assemblage from Hočevarica is very similar to those recovered
from northern Alpine lake dwelling sites, however, several new taxa (e.g. Lathyrus sativus, Vicia sp.) appear in the assemblage. One of the most surprising finds is the seed of wild grape (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris), which are the oldest on-site remains of grapevine from Slovenia. 相似文献
13.
Late Holocene vegetation, fire, climate and upper forest line dynamics were studied based on detailed pollen and charcoal
analyses. Two sediment cores, from the Rabadilla de Vaca mire (RVM) and the Valle Peque?o bog (VP), with an age of about 2100
and 1630 cal yrs b.p., respectively, were taken at the modern upper forest line in the Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Podocarpus National Park) in
southeastern Ecuador. The two pollen records reflect relatively stable vegetation with slight changes in floral composition
during the recorded period. Changes of the proportion between subpáramo and páramo vegetation are related to lower and higher
frequency of fires. The RVM records show that the upper forest line moved to a higher elevation between 1630 and 880 cal yrs
b.p., stabilising after 310 cal yrs b.p. Human impact is suggested by a high fire frequency, mainly between 1800–1600 and 880–310 cal yrs b.p. The VP records indicate no marked changes in the upper forest line. The charcoal records suggest an increased human impact
from 230 cal yrs b.p. to the present. The results indicate that high fire frequency is an important factor in reducing the expansion of subpáramo
vegetation and upper montane rainforest and in favouring the distribution of grass páramo. Since there is a clear correlation
between fire and vegetation dynamics, it is difficult to detect how far climate change also played a significant role in upper
forest line changes during the late Holocene. 相似文献
14.
Marc Estiarte Josep Peñuelas Constancia López-Martínez Ramon Pérez-Obiol 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2008,17(6):667-674
The palaeoenvironment of a former coastal lagoon in the south eastern Iberian Peninsula (San Rafael, Almeria, Spain) were
inferred from one core analyzed for particulate organic matter content (POM) together with its C/N, δ13C, δ15N to depict the biogeochemical record from the Late Glacial to the Holocene. The results, complemented by previously reported
pollen assemblages, indicate the appearance of a freshwater lagoon at 7300 b.p. (uncalibrated 14C age), its salinization at 6200 b.p. and its disappearance at 4400 b.p. The period of existence of the lagoon coincided with a period of wetter conditions as inferred from terrestrial vegetation.
The lagoon’s salinization was not related to a decrease in precipitation but to a stronger maritime influence since there
were no parallel changes in terrestrial vegetation. Salinization caused an increase in δ13C, associated with a higher relative presence of C4 plants, and an increase in δ15N, due to a decrease in plant N demand. The late period of the lagoon, from about 5100 to 4400 b.p., shows a progressive drying and salinization not detected in isotopes but reflected in a decrease in POM, and in the pollen
records. Increases in δ15N were related to increases in salinity within the lagoon, and are indicative of a more open N cycle, because the absence
of changes in terrestrial vegetation rules out changes in the catchment area as the cause for changes in δ15N. 相似文献
15.
At the late Neolithic site Torwiesen II (3283 and 3279 cal. b.c.) a systematic sampling programme was carried out, covering the entire settlement area. Plastic tubes, 10 cm in diameter and
20–30 cm long were used for sampling, in which one sample per square metre was taken. For each plant species in every analysed
sample the concentration, in remains per litre of sediment, was calculated and plotted with AutoCAD. Every plot shows the
quantitative distribution of a taxon on the site and indicates a special pattern that may reflect economic conditions or even
social differences within the settlement. With the plots, areas of special activity inside and outside the houses were detected:
zones of crop processing, cooking areas and rubbish deposits. The socio-economic structure of the settlement with unspecialised
farmers, crop specialists and gatherers is indicated by the content of crops and edible wild plants inside the houses. On
the basis of the systematic sampling programme it could be shown that Torwiesen II was not a consistent community, but much
more a structured one. 相似文献
16.
The abundance of Stipa remains in material dated to the Middle Neolithic (ca. 4400–4000 b.c.) from Kujawy (central Poland) and their presence in a storage pit at Vliněves (Czech Republic) dated to the Early Bronze
Age (ca. 2300–1600 b.c.) are most probably connected with gathering of the plant. Stipa grains are edible and the whole plant could have been used as insulation, for making mattresses and for a range of similar
purposes. Nowadays spikelets of Stipa are used for decoration. They are dangerous to herbivores because of the sharpness of the basal part of the spikelet and
the tendency of the awns to unroll in wet conditions. Already in the first half of the 20th century the plant was regarded
as a weed of meadows. The gathering and use of Stipa, as suggested by the abundance of its archaeological macro-remains, was most probably prompted by changes in the local environment.
These latter arose from intensive human activity, mostly deforestation and grazing by domestic animals, leading to the formation
of steppe-like vegetation. This process is documented by a pollen diagram from a peat section located near the Vliněves site. 相似文献
17.
Laura I. Kooistra 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2008,17(1):113-125
Botanical investigation of archaeological sites situated in the northwest of the region bounded by the rivers Maas, Scheldt
and Demer (‘MSD region’), west of the city of Breda, has provided a great deal of evidence about the landscape and its use
in the period between 2000 b.c. and a.d. 1500. From pollen analysis, it appears that this cover-sand area gradually lost its woodlands through human activity after
the beginning of the Bronze Age (ca. 2000 b.c.). Patches of woodland did survive there, however, until the early Middle Ages. In contrast to the cover-sand area in the
vicinity of ’s-Hertogenbosch and Oss-Ussen in the northeast of the MSD region, the first large heathlands in the Breda area
did not evolve until the early Middle Ages. In late prehistory, land use in this area was not much different from that in
the micro-region of ’s-Hertogenbosch and Oss-Ussen. In the Bronze Age, Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare (hulled six-row barley) and Triticum dicoccon (emmer wheat) were grown. During the Iron Age, Panicum miliaceum (common millet) and T. spelta (spelt wheat) were introduced, but these crops disappeared during the Roman period. The Roman period is remarkable because
of the lack of any Mediterranean culinary herbs or exotic fruits. Only pollen of Juglans regia (walnut), found around the transition from the Roman period to the early Middle Ages, indicates the introduction of an exotic
tree into the region. From the early Middle Ages onwards, Secale cereale (rye) was the most important cereal, which was grown as a winter crop. In the course of the Middle Ages, arable weeds of
the Sclerantho annui-Arnoseridetum plant community appeared, which is associated with the continuous growing of rye. 相似文献
18.
Palynological analyses of Holocene deposits located about 2 km to the southwest of the Lake Chaohu, Anhui Province, documented
well the local vegetation history, its inferred environment and human impacts for the first time. An evergreen and deciduous
mixed broad-leaved forest dominated by Cyclobalanopsis and Quercus existed from ca. 10,500 cal b.p. and became fully developed between ca. 8,250 and 7,550 cal b.p. Notable fluctuations occurred in the main components of the flora indicated by the decline in Cyclobalanopsis and other arboreal plants (AP), and an increase in terrestrial herbs between ca. 7,550 and 3,750 cal b.p., inferring the progressive opening of the forest under considerable human interference, which largely agrees with the archaeological
evidence. After ca. 3,750 cal b.p., the broad-leaved forest largely gave way to terrestrial herbs, and never again recovered. Pinus continued to rise alongside the majority of herbs between ca. 3,750 and 2,000 cal b.p., then also declined after ca. 2,000 cal b.p. Human influence on the natural vegetation displayed in the pollen diagram seems to increase greatly up the core. The disappearance
of broad-leaved forest indicates significant human impact after ca. 3,750 cal b.p., which is consistent with both the archaeological evidence and historical records. From that time the natural environment
in the study area was subjected to long-standing pressure from increasing farming and population. 相似文献
19.
Analysis of flotation samples from twelve sites in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh (south India) provides clear evidence for the predominant subsistence plants of the Neolithic period (2,800–1,200 cal b.c.). This evidence indicates that the likely staples were two pulses (Vigna radiata and Macrotyloma uniflorum) and two millet-grasses (Brachiaria ramosa and Setaria verticillata) which were indigenous to the Indian peninsula. At some sites there is evidence for limited cultivation of wheats (Triticum diococcum, Triticum durum/aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), and a few crops that originated in Africa, including hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana). In addition there is evidence for cotton (Gossypium sp.), and linseed (Linum sp.), as well as gathered fruits of Ziziphus and two Cucurbitaceae. This evidence suggests that the earliest agriculture in south India, dating to the third millennium b.c., was based on plants domesticated in the region, and that subsequently from the late 3rd millennium b.c. through the 2nd millennium additional crops from other regions were adopted into the subsistence system.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-004-0036-9 相似文献
20.
Radoslaw Grabowski 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2011,20(5):479-494
Macrofossil data from 73 sites dating to the south Swedish Iron Age (500 b.c.–a.d. 1100) have been compiled and analyzed in order to elucidate long term changes in cereal cultivation. The analyses indicate
that “permanent field” agriculture was established at the end of the Bronze Age utilizing Hordeum vulgare var vulgare as a primary crop and Triticum aestivum ssp vulgare/compactum, Triticum spelta/dicoccum/monococcum, Avena sativa and Secale cereale as secondary crops. An observed change towards the end of Roman Iron Age (1–a.d. 400) is the expansion of Secale cereale and Avena sativa cultivation. Evidence also suggests that winter sowing of the former commenced at the latest during the eighth, ninth and
tenth centuries a.d. The introduction of winter sowing possibly coincided with the establishment of crop rotation agriculture. During most of
the Iron Age southern Sweden displays significant regional variations with regards to cereal cultivation practice. There is
however evidence that a more homogenous agriculture appeared across the investigated area from the beginning of the Viking
Age (a.d. 800–1100) onwards. 相似文献