美国香辛料产品质量现状

简述了美国香辛料生产现状、国内质量需求和进口香辛料存在问题以及香辛料发展战略。     

HFCL细胞对U937细胞的诱导分化作用

为了观察正常人骨髓成纤维样细胞系HFCL对急性单核细胞白血病U937细胞促分化作用,及其对经典诱导分化剂TPA诱导分化作用的影响,先建立U937细胞和HFCL细胞共培养体系,以细胞形态学改变、硝基四氦唑蓝(NBT)、流式细胞仪检测细胞周期和CD11b、CD13、CD14、CD33细胞表面抗原作为诱导分化指标;Western印迹检测P38蛋白的表达变化。结果发现,与HFCL细胞共培养后,U937细胞出现分化成熟的形态学改变,且与HFCL细胞直接接触组的诱导分化作用大于用transwell组。同时发现U937细胞与HFCL细胞共培养后,G1期细胞增高,S期细胞减少;CD11b、CD13、CD14和CD33表达增高;且NBT阳性细胞增高至46、3％。Western印迹检测结果显示,直接接触组总P38蛋白表达增加。而且HFCL细胞还能增强TPA对U937的诱导分化作用。     

The impact of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) program on radiation and tissue banking in Uruguay: development of tissues quality control and quality management system in the National Multi-Tissue Bank of Uruguay

BNOT was created and regulated in 1977 and started its operation in 1978 according to the Decree No. 86/1977. By the Decree 248/005 is transformed in the National Institute of Donation and Transplantation of Cells, Tissues and Organs (Instituto Nacional de Donación y Trasplante de Células, Tejidos y órganos—INDT). The organisation has been operating within the State University Medical School and the Public Health Secretary and it is the governmental organisation responsible for the regulation, policy and management of donation and transplantation in Uruguay. By the Decree 160/2006 is responsible for human cells and tissues regulation too. The participation of the INDT in the IAEA program facilitated the introduction of the radiation sterilisation technique for the first time in the country. The radiation sterilisation of tissues processed by INDT (ex BNOT), was initially carried out in the 60 Cobalt Industrial Plant in the National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina and now is carried out in INDT, using a Gamma Cell 220 Excel, which was provided by the IAEA through the national project URU/7/005. The results of the implementation of tissues, quality control and quality management system, are showed.     

The Banking of Arterial Allografts in the United Kingdom. A Technical and Clinical Review

The standard graft materials for reconstructive vascular surgery are autologous vessels and synthetic prostheses. However, the clinical results are unsatisfactory when the diameter of the required graft is less than 6mm and attention has therefore been directed to the possibility of using vascular allografts when autologous conduits are not available. In this review, we consider the evidence that cryopreserved allogeneic vessels might meet this need. Other factors being equal, the literature suggests that arteries will give superior performance to veins when grafted into the arterial circulation. Conventional cryopreservation techniques have been developed and these can provide structurally intact and functional small elastic arteries in animal experiments. We conclude that cryopreservation per se produces only modest injury which may well be recoverable following grafting. However, both experimental and clinical studies suggest that immunological injury is a greater problem. Nevertheless, the general indication is that appropriate risk-benefit analysis in individual cases will justify the clinical use of cryopreserved allograft vessels. Immunosuppression with careful immunological monitoring may be justified in the more desperate clinical situations. Finally we conclude that the existing tissue bank network in the United Kingdom is well placed to provide surgeons with such tissue.     

Bone bank service in Odense, Denmark. Audit of the first ten years with bone banking at the Department of Orthopaedics, Odense University Hospital

There has been an increase in the demand for allograft bone in recentyears. The Odense University Hospital bone bank has been in function since1990,and this paper outlines our results during the 10 year period 1990–1999.Potential donors were screened by contemporary banking techniques which includea social history, donor serum tests for HIV, hepatitis B and C, and graftmicrobiology. The bones were stored at –80 °C. No typeofsecondary sterilisation was made. 423 femoral heads were approved and donatedto300 patients,1–6 heads/operation. The allografts have been used mainly toreconstruct defects at revision hip arthroplasty (34%), and for fracturesurgery(24%). 7 % of all transplanted patients were reoperated because of infection.Inthe hip revision group the infection rate was 4 %. There were no cases ofdisease transmission. During the 10 year period there was a change in theclinical use of the allografts. In the first years the allografts were mainlyused for spinal fusion surgery, but today the majority are used in hip revisionand fracture surgery. The clinical results correspond to those reported inlarger international series.     

A Review of Undergraduate Evolution Education in U.S. Universities: Building a Unifying Framework

Despite a considerable amount of scientific evidence, evolution is still a highly controversial issue in American education. This review analyzes studies that investigate the relationship between evolution education, the nature of science, and religious beliefs in U.S. universities. We performed a comprehensive literature search focusing on publications that analyzed and compared at least two of the following constructs: understanding of evolutionary theory (ET), acceptance of ET, instruction in ET, prior exposure to ET, religious beliefs, understanding the nature of science, and understanding of scientific theories. Here, we examine publications for consistent relationships among constructs across studies and discuss the most commonly cited education strategies for teaching evolution in higher education. Based on the literature, we find that instruction has a significant and positive effect on acceptance and understanding of ET; acceptance and understanding, however, are not directly related. We also find that the relationship between acceptance of ET and religious beliefs is unclear and needs further research. Through reviewing 15 published studies, we find that the primary problems associated with undergraduate evolution education research are: small sample size, varying methodologies, lack of statistical analysis, inappropriate use of constructs, and lack of continuity among studies. This review exposes the need for a unifying framework and development of experts in this field to investigate and understand the factors that affect evolution education at U.S. universities.     

The Cultural Evolution of Human Communication Systems in Different Sized Populations: Usability Trumps Learnability

This study examines the intergenerational transfer of human communication systems. It tests if human communication systems evolve to be easy to learn or easy to use (or both), and how population size affects learnability and usability. Using an experimental-semiotic task, we find that human communication systems evolve to be easier to use (production efficiency and reproduction fidelity), but harder to learn (identification accuracy) for a second generation of naïve participants. Thus, usability trumps learnability. In addition, the communication systems that evolve in larger populations exhibit distinct advantages over those that evolve in smaller populations: the learnability loss (from the Initial signs) is more muted and the usability benefits are more pronounced. The usability benefits for human communication systems that evolve in a small and large population is explained through guided variation reducing sign complexity. The enhanced performance of the communication systems that evolve in larger populations is explained by the operation of a content bias acting on the larger pool of competing signs. The content bias selects for information-efficient iconic signs that aid learnability and enhance usability.     

Tributyltin in U.S. Market-Bought Seafood and Assessment of Human Health Risks

This study assessed potential human health risks posed by tributyltin in seafood purchased from U.S. seafood markets. In 1989 and 1990, samples of fish, bivalve molluscs and crustacea were purchased at local markets along the Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific coasts of the United States and along the Great Lakes (Lake Michigan). Samples were then analyzed for tributyltin, and the concentrations observed used to evaluate potential human health risks from consumption of market-bought seafood on the basis of available mammalian toxicology data. The assessment indicated health effects were unlikely from exposure to tributyltin in market-bought seafood during 1989 to 1990, shortly after peak tributyltin usage in antifoulant bottom paints on vessels in the United States.     

The Analysis of Bacterial Results in the Kidney Perfusion Fluid and Bone Allografts in Human Multiorgan Donors

In 19 young human multiorgan donors, we simultaneously analyzed the bacterial contamination of the kidney perfusion fluid and all retrieved bone allografts. Donor exclusion criteria were done according to the American and European Association of Tissue Banks excluding all patients with perforating wounds. The kidney perfusate revealed a contamination in 17 of 19 (89.5%) donors. Allograft testing demonstrated positive bacterial growth in 34 of 76 allografts (44.7%). Microorganisms originated from the normal skin flora and could be related to contamination during the harvesting procedure. In 5 cases we cultured identical bacterial subspecies in both cultures as a possible sign for systemic bacterial spreading during the multiorgan harvesting procedure.     

Geographic patterns of change over time in mammography: Differences between Black and White U.S. Medicare enrollees

U.S. Black women have higher breast cancer mortality compared to White women while their rate of ever having a mammogram has become equal to or slightly surpassed that of Whites. We mapped the distribution of change in screening mammography for Black and White female Medicare enrollees ages 67–69 from 2008 to 2012 by hospital referral region across the contiguous U.S., performed cluster analysis to assess spatial autocorrelation, and examined the screening differences between these groups in 2008 and 2012 respectively. Changes in screening mammography are not consistent across the U.S.: Black and White women have increased and decreased their use of mammography in different regions and Black women’s change patterns vary more widely.     

Effects of wildfire ash on water chemistry and biota in South-Western U.S.A. streams

1. We monitored streams within the Gila River drainage in south‐western New Mexico, U.S.A., over a 5‐year period, to investigate the influence of ash input on water quality and stream biota following forest wildfires. 2. Nutrients [ammonium, nitrate, soluble reactive phosphate (SRP)], potassium and alkalinity were most affected by fires; all were increased in stream water following ash input. Concentrations of each returned to prefire conditions within 4 months. Ammonium and nitrate also increased in stream water as a result of atmospheric fallout (e.g. smoke) from fires outside the catchment. 3. Periphyton biomass was not affected significantly by wildfires, although there was a shift in diatom assemblage to smaller more adnate taxa. Cocconeis placentula was frequently the dominant postfire species. 4. The influence of wildfires on macroinvertebrates ranged from minimal to dramatic reductions in density depending upon the duration of ash flows and the characteristics of the ash material that entered each system. Macroinvertebrate densities returned to prefire conditions within 1 year. 5. An in‐situ ashing experiment was conducted on a first‐order stream in the Gila River drainage to monitor on‐site physiochemical and biotic responses during and after fire ash addition, for comparison with ash delivery from real wildfires on monitored streams. Physical–chemical parameters and algae and macroinvertebrates were monitored in an ashed and upstream reference reach for 13 months. Results generally substantiated findings from monitored streams. 6. Concentrations of major ions and nutrients, as well as turbidity, conductivity and pH, increased immediately in stream water below the point of ashing, while dissolved oxygen decreased. Changes in water chemistry were short‐lived (=24 h) except for SRP. The concentration of SRP in stream water was significantly higher in the ashed reach than the control reach for at least 1 month after ash input. 7. Periphyton biomass and diatom assemblages were not significantly altered in the ashing study, whereas macroinvertebrate density was measurably lower in the ashed reach for nearly a year. Macroinvertebrate drift was over 10‐fold greater in the ashed reach compared with the reference reach during ashing. Dissimilarity between macroinvertebrate communities in the reference and ashed reaches was significantly greater than variation within reaches for nearly a year.     

The coproduction of moral discourse in U.S. community psychiatry

Anthropologists often criticize the discipline of bioethics because its remote, abstract theories fail to capture how front-line clinicians experience and resolve moral uncertainty. The critique overlooks, however, the ways that everyday, emergent moral discourse is influenced—over time and through several mediations—by formal ethical notions. High-order ethical pronouncements become sedimented into the conditions of work, illustrated in this article by a two-year ethnographic study of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), a popular mode of outpatient psychiatric services. ACT clinicians' moral unease when they break the confidentiality of patients is connected to high-order debates, dating back 35 years, about ensuring patients' autonomy without abandoning them. These debates originally spurred the invention of ACT, and they get braided into today's moral discourse through several mediations: regulatory paperwork, the mandates and micropolitics of staff–patient interactions, and the idealized self-image of front-line staff. This article shows how everyday moral talk is coproduced by both the immediate contexts of clinical work and the categories of formal bioethics.     

综述与专论：膜上G蛋白偶联受体在运动影响骨代谢中的作用

膜上G蛋白偶联受体（GPCRs）是骨细胞感知外部信号刺激的关键跨膜蛋白,因其在成骨细胞（OB）、软骨细胞和破骨细胞（OC）分化和功能发挥上扮演的关键角色而在骨代谢研究领域备受关注。GPCRs功能缺失或异常升高后,骨细胞内环境稳态失衡,导致OB、软骨细胞和OC分化及代谢紊乱,骨组织微细结构退化。运动通过促进骨形成并抑制骨吸收来改善骨代谢,其机制与GPCRs （如GPR48、GPR54、GPR30等）介导的关键信号途径（cAMP/PKA/Atf4、JNK/AP-1、ERK1/2等）和细胞因子（T-PINP、Nkx3.2、Sox9和Cleaved-caspase-3等）调控下游级联反应来影响OB、软骨细胞和OC分化或功能密切相关。本文通过梳理GPCRs在运动改善骨代谢中的可能机制,有助于筛选出膜上敏感GPCRs来作为骨代谢疾病药物研发“效应器”以及运动干预中的力学刺激“明星蛋白”,为骨质疏松的研究和防治提供更多靶点或视角。     

新疆和静县察吾呼沟口四号墓地出土人骨化学元素的含量分析

近几十年来,古代人群的食谱研究已经成为现代科技考古学的一个重要组成部分,也是当前国际科技考古学研究领域的一项前沿性课题。人类骨骼的化学元素分析为重建古代居民的食谱提供了大量信息。本文采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES),对新疆和静县察吾呼沟口四号墓地出土人骨中的Sr、P、Zn、Ca、Cu、Mg、Fe、Ba、Mn等8种化学元素进行了测定,结果显示:察吾呼沟口四号墓地古代居民的饮食结构中以肉类食物为主,植物类食物为辅。