湖泊放养长江水系中华绒螯蟹的性成熟规律研究

于8－11月份,结合中华绒螯蟹捕捞期,即生死洄游期的到来,通过性腺发育的组织学和细胞学观察,重点观察了长江下游安徽杨赛湖等人工放养长江水系中华绒螯蟹的性成熟规律。结果表明：①在性成熟时期,性腺发育与肝脏变化极为密切,肝脏指数逐渐下降,而性腺指数逐渐上升;②雌、雄蟹的性成熟存在规律性差异,8－9月份,雄蟹的性腺指数和性／肝指数均高于雌蟹,而10－11月份,雌蟹的性腺指数和性／肝指数均高于雄蟹;③经性腺的组织学和细胞学观察,雄蟹的性腺发育略早于雌蟹;④洄游高峰期的出现是河蟹性细胞走向成熟的外在表现。作者建议把肝脏指数7.5作为捕捞长江水系河蟹最佳时机的指标。     

池养条件下中华绒螯蟹的若干生物学特征

开展中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)生物学研究,对指导养殖具有重要意义.1993年6月20日购于上海市崇明县的仔蟹放养于湖北省保安湖渔场的一个试验塘(2330m2),每天投喂小杂鱼和螺蚌肉.在试验期间,河蟹成活率为18.6%.协方差分析表明,性别对各月体重与壳长、体重与壳宽及壳宽与壳长回归方程的截距和斜率均无显著影响(p＞0.05);但是,两性数据混合后的不同月份间回归方程的截距却有显著差异(p＜0.01).在每次取样时,雄蟹与雌蟹的壳长、壳宽及体重均不存在显著差异(p＞0.05),这表明雄蟹与雌蟹可能具有相同的生长率.在各次取样时统计的性比(雄∶雌)均无异于理论值1∶1(X2检验,p＞0.10).在九月中旬发现大部分雌蟹开始青春期蜕壳,在11月下旬雌蟹性成熟比例为88%,性成熟雌蟹壳长变幅为26.2-49.8mm,均值为34.1mm.     

不同发育阶段中华绒螯蟹对底质的喜好性研究

为探究不同发育阶段中华绒螯蟹对底质类型的喜好性, 采用单因子实验方法, 研究不同发育阶段中华绒螯蟹个体和群体对泥、泥沙(泥﹕沙=1﹕1)、中沙(0.35—0.50 mm)和细沙(0.25—0.35 mm)等4种底质的喜好性。亲蟹个体出现在各底质上的时间百分比和群体出现在各底质上的数量百分比结果均表明亲蟹对泥底质的喜好性显著高于其他三种底质(P＜0.05); 扣蟹个体和群体实验结果均表明扣蟹对泥和中沙底质的喜好性显著高于其他两种底质(P＜0.05); 仔蟹群体实验结果表明仔蟹最喜好泥底质, 其次是泥沙, 两者显著多于中沙和细沙(P＜0.05)。昼夜研究结果表明, 亲蟹个体和群体、扣蟹群体及仔蟹群体在白天和夜晚对底质的选择均具有显著性差异(P＜0.05), 但扣蟹个体在夜晚对底质的选择无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。对栖息方式的研究表明, 亲蟹无显著的埋栖行为, 扣蟹喜好埋栖在泥和中沙里面, 仔蟹喜好埋栖在泥里面, 其次是泥沙。研究揭示, 中华绒螯蟹对不同底质的喜好性具有显著差异, 且不同发育阶段中华绒螯蟹对底质的喜好及栖息方式也不尽相同, 为其生境修复和资源养护提供了参考。     

长江口中华绒螯蟹放流亲蟹的繁殖力评估

在长江口中华绒螯蟹亲蟹生殖洄游期间, 通过研究中华绒螯蟹放流群体和自然群体繁殖力随壳宽的变化规律, 比较放流群体和自然群体繁殖力的差异, 从而评估人工增殖放流亲蟹的繁殖力。结果显示, 随着壳宽的增大, 中华绒螯蟹放流群体和自然群体的繁殖力都显著增加(P<0.05)。在相同壳宽范围内, 放流群体和自然群体的繁殖力之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。回归分析显示, 放流群体繁殖力(F)与壳宽(CW)呈幂函数关系: F=3.979CW6.208(R2=0.822);自然群体F与CW呈幂函数关系: F=1.696CW6.636(R2=0.673)。协方差分析显示, 放流群体与自然群体F与CW的两条曲线在显著性为0.05时拟合较好。研究结果表明, 放流群体与自然群体的繁殖力与壳宽之间无显著性差异, 推断放流亲蟹能够适应长江口天然水域环境, 并与自然群体的繁殖力水平相当。     

中华绒螯蟹窦腺的显微和超微结构

借助光学和电子显微镜观察了养殖河蟹 1龄蟹种、早熟蟹种和 2龄成蟹窦腺的形态结构和神经分泌物质释放方式。河蟹窦腺位于眼柄视神经节内髓与终髓交界处背侧 ,活体为乳白色 ,扁球状 ,大小约为 0 5 5mm×0 45mm× 0 2 3mm。窦腺呈囊状 ,腺体壁由膨大的神经分泌细胞末梢和胶质细胞组成 ,神经末梢内充满电子致密的分泌颗粒。根据颗粒的大小、形态和电子致密度等特征 ,区分出 6种不同类型的神经分泌末梢。河蟹窦腺中的神经分泌物质以胞吐作用方式释放 ,一些现象表明 ,神经胶质细胞参与神经分泌颗粒的释放。 1龄蟹种、早熟蟹种和 2龄成蟹窦腺的形态、结构无明显差异 ,但神经激素颗粒释放情况明显不同 ,从形态结构上证实了窦腺对养殖河蟹性腺发育的调控作用。     

中华绒螯蟹亲蟹的饥饿代谢研究

1998年 10～ 12月 ,对体重为 5 4 .5 9(± 2 .37) g的亲蟹在 2 0 (± 0 .5 )℃温度条件下进行饥饿实验 ,研究了饥饿对中华绒螯蟹亲蟹代谢的影响 .结果表明 ,经过 30d的饥饿处理 ,亲蟹的耗氧率降低为摄食状态的 5 0 .0 % ;CO2 排出率减小为摄食状态的 6 3.4 % ;NH3 N排泄率减小为 5 9.1% .耗氧率和CO2 排出率、NH3 N排泄率的变化差别较大 ,耗氧率的减小可分为 4个阶段 ,而CO2 排出率和NH3 N排泄率的减小仅可分 3个阶段 .与此同时 ,亲蟹的标准代谢水平同样受到饥饿的影响 ,饥饿 30d后 ,由 4 .4 5J·g-1·h-1减小为 2 .36J·g-1·h-1;在饥饿亲蟹的代谢中 ,脂肪消耗最多 ,其次是碳水化合物 .     

利用微卫星分子标记分析四个中华绒螯蟹群体的遗传多样性

利用本实验室克隆的16个和国际上发表的8个微卫星标记，对4个中华绒螯蟹群体（江苏、安徽、辽宁、天津）的遗传多样性进行检测。所检测到的扩增片段长度为80—445 bp，在群体间扩增出2—10个等位基因，共计155个等位基因，平均等位基因6.458个。4个中华绒螯蟹群体的平均有效等位基因数(Ne) 为4.3491—4.7234，平均观察杂合度(Ho) 为0.5690—0.6722，平均期望杂合度(He) 为0.7238—0.7546，并通过基因型的P值, 确定了7个座位处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡；同时对4个群体的遗传距离进行了估算, 聚类分析结果表明，安徽、江苏、天津聚为一支，属于长江河蟹类型，辽河种群单独聚为一支。     

利用微卫星分子标记分析四个中华绒螯蟹群体的遗传多样性

利用本实验室克隆的16个和国际上发表的8个微卫星标记,对4个中华绒螯蟹群体(江苏、安徽、辽宁、天津)的遗传多样性进行检测。所检测到的扩增片段长度为80—445bp,在群体间扩增出2—10个等位基因,共计155个等位基因,平均等位基因6.458个。4个中华绒螯蟹群体的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为4.3491—4.7234,平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.5690—0.6722,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.7238—0.7546,并通过基因型的P值,确定了7个座位处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡;同时对4个群体的遗传距离进行了估算,聚类分析结果表明,安徽、江苏、天津聚为一支,属于长江河蟹类型,辽河种群单独聚为一支。     

河蟹的人工养殖

河蟹学名中华绒螫蟹,又称毛蟹、螃蟹,属节肢动物门,甲壳纲,十足目,方蟹科,绒毛蟹属。河蟹历来是珍贵的水产品,且有药用功能。中医认为,蟹性寒味咸,蟹肉有清诸热,散血结、理经脉、滋阴,蟹壳具清热解毒破淤消积止痛功能。河蟹适应性强、食性杂、饵料来源广、养殖技术容易掌握,并可与水稻等多种水生作物共生,与鱼虾等水产动物混养,可利用废弃的沼泽地、芦苇荡,种植业不宜利用的低畦地等开展养殖,是一种致富的副业,正在各地蓬勃发展。l河蟹的生活习性河蟹是一种回游性动物,在近海繁殖,淡水中生长,一生要经多次变态蜕皮,寿…     

不同水系河蟹在长江中游湖泊养成后的日产量动态

作者研究了不同水系河蟹在长江中游湖泊养成后于秋冬捕捞期间成蟹日产量动态特点。结果表明,盘锦苗种、天津苗种、长江苗种日产量高峰时间分别为９月上旬、９月中旬、１０月上旬、瓯江苗种的高峰时间最早在１０月１９日,最晚出现在１１月１７日。苗种来源水系纬度（Ｙ）与成蟹日产量高峰出现时间（Ｘ：天８月２８日为第一天）呈线性相关：Ｙ＝４３．１８２－０．２３２Ｘ（ｎ＝１３,ｒ＝－０．９６）。     

蟹类精子超微结构的比较研究

应用光镜和电镜,比较研究了三疣梭子蟹,中华绒螯蟹和长江华溪蟹的成熟精子。揭示３种蟹精子都是不能游动的无鞭毛精子,呈球形,前后略扁,精子前端出现一光滑的小圆面,圆面四周有内陷的沟环。沟环之后,精子表面凹凸不平,并伸出多数辐射臂。３种蟹精子均为高度特化的细胞,外被质膜,内含细胞核,顶体及退化的细胞质。     

海南3种蟹蛛记述

记述海南尖峰岭3种蟹蛛:海南泥蟹蛛Borboropaclus hainanus Song(雌蛛新发现),大东斜蟹蛛Lox obales dailoensis Ono(中国新纪录)和海南花蟹蛛Xysticus hainanus sp.nov.(新种)。同时对各种的分类地位作简短的讨论。     

河蟹过度放养对湖泊底栖动物群落的影响

通过对河蟹养殖的代表湖泊黄湖与参照水体即黄湖围栏外、天然捕捞湖泊龙感湖以及鱼类放养湖泊牛山湖的比较研究 ,探讨河蟹过度放养对湖泊底栖动物群落结构和功能的影响。结果表明 ,河蟹影响底栖动物群落的途径有两条 ,一是直接摄食 ,二是破坏沉水植物的间接作用。在蟹苗放养强度约 1kg·hm-2 的条件下 ,底栖动物的种类多样性明显下降 ,密度和生产量减少 6 0 %以上 ,其中对小型螺类的影响尤甚。作者认为目前最适的养殖模式应是河蟹与非草食性鱼类的轮作经营。     

Why small hermit crabs have large shells

Frequent shell exchanges among hermit crabs imply the enigmatic circumstance that large crabs frequently obtain large shells from smaller crabs. This seeming anomaly is explored as a key to the shell resource system. It is hypothesized to reflect how, where, and how often shells become available to the crabs. Shells become available infrequently, as snails die, and are available to the crabs for only a brief time before they become inaccessible. The standing crop of empty shells is almost always low and is irrelevant to rates of shell turnover in the crab population. Crabs are most likely to encounter shells of the wrong size, and the chance of encountering a shell of the desired size decreases as a crab grows. Snails and crabs are usually found on different portions of the shore; thus, crabs must make “foraging trips” for shells. Under this regime of shell supply, a crab will get a suitable shell the fastest when it accepts any fresh shell that is larger than its initial shell. It can then trade with other crabs to improve its shell fit. This behavior will make small crabs into a regular source of large shells for large crabs, and a shell exchange ritual will be strongly favored because both participants will benefit. Shells are an unusual resource because they are the object of both competitive and mutualistic interactions. This ambiguous quality is revealed in the intraspecific and interspecific responses of crabs to each other and to shells.     

中国树蛛属(蜘蛛目:蟹蛛科)一新种

本文记述蜘蛛目蟹蛛科一新种——新疆树蛛Diaea xinjiangensis sp. nov.。本新种与Diaeadorsata(Fabricius)和D. pictilis(Banks)相近似,但其外雌器和触肢器的构造与后两种有明显区别。     

Bacterial diseases of crabs: a review

Bacterial diseases of crabs are manifested as bacteremias caused by organisms such as Vibrio, Aeromonas, and a Rhodobacteriales-like organism or tissue and organ tropic organisms such as chitinoclastic bacteria, Rickettsia intracellular organisms, Chlamydia-like organism, and Spiroplasma. This paper provides general information about bacterial diseases of both marine and freshwater crabs. Some bacteria pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus occur commonly in blue crab haemolymph and should be paid much attention to because they may represent potential health hazards to human beings because they can cause serious diseases when the crab is consumed as raw sea food. With the development of aquaculture, new diseases associated with novel pathogens such as spiroplasmas and Rhodobacteriales-like organisms have appeared in commercially exploited crab species in recent years. Many potential approaches to control bacterial diseases of crab will be helpful and practicable in aquaculture.     

Purification and Some Properties of Two Carboxypeptidases from the Hepatopancreas of the Crab Paralithodes camtschatica

High activity of carboxypeptidases was detected in the hepatopancreas of the crab Paralithodes camtschatica, while aminopeptidase activity in this tissue was low. Two crab carboxypeptidases were purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose, and Sephadex G-75 to homogeneity. The molecular weight values of carboxypeptidases I and II were 40,000 and 37,000, respectively. The isoelectric point value for both carboxypeptidases was 4.5. The crab carboxypeptidases were activated by NaCl, with maximal activity of carboxypeptidases I and II at 1.0 M and 0.6 M NaCl, respectively. Using 19 N-blocked dipeptides with the general structures Bz-Gly-X and Z-Gly-X, broad substrate specificity of the purified enzymes was demonstrated. Under optimal conditions the values of K _m and k _cat for the hydrolysis of Bz-Gly-l-Phe, Bz-Gly-l-Arg, and Bz-Gly-l-Lys by crab carboxypeptidases were determined. Inhibition data led to classification of the crab enzymes as metallopeptidases. Both carboxypeptidases were stable under neutral and mildly alkaline conditions. In addition, the presence of 1 M NaCl decreased the thermostability of the crab carboxypeptidases. Received August 13, 1999; accepted November 19, 1999.     

Postsettlement growth of two estuarine crab species, Chasmagnathus granulata and Cyrtograpsus angulatus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Grapsidae): laboratory and field investigations

The estuarine grapsid crabs Chasmagnathus granulata and Cyrtograpsus angulatus belong to the most typical and dominant inhabitants of brackish coastal lagoons in southeastern South America. In a combined laboratory and field investigation of juvenile growth, we measured the increase in body size in these species under controlled conditions as well as in field experiments (in Mar Chiquita lagoon, Argentina), seasonal changes in size frequency distribution of a natural population, and growth related changes in selected morphometric traits of male and female juveniles (relations between carapace width, carapace length, propodus height and length of the cheliped, and pleon width). At 24°C, Cy. angulatus grew faster than Ch. granulata; it reached the crab-9 instar (C9; 13 mm carapace width) after 92 days, while Ch. granulata required 107 days to reach the C8 instar (7.4 mm). At 12°C, growth ceased in both species. The pleon begins to show sexual differences in the C5 (Cy. angulatus) and C8 instar (Ch. granulata), respectively, while the chelae differentiate earlier in Ch. granulata than in Cy. angulatus (in C4 vs C6). In the field, growth was maximal in summer, and was generally faster than in laboratory cultures. However, there is great individual variability in size (about 25% even in the first crab instar) and in size increments at ecdysis, increasing throughout juvenile growth. Our data indicate that, in the field, small-scale and short-term variations in feeding conditions, temperature, and salinity account for an extremely high degree of variability in the absolute and relative rates of growth as well as in the time to sexual differentiation. Received in revised form: 20 September 2001 Electronic Publication     

Potential effects of physiological plastic responses to salinity on population networks of the estuarine crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chasmagnathus granulata</Emphasis>

Chasmagnathus granulata is a South American crab occurring in estuarine salt marshes of the Brazilian, Uruguayan and Argentine coasts. Life history is characterized by an export strategy of its larval stages. I reviewed information on experimental manipulation of salinity during embryonic and larval development (pre- and posthatching salinities), and on habitat characteristics of C. granulata in order to determine potential effects of larval response to salinity in the field and to suggest consequences for the population structure. Local populations are spread over coastal areas with different physical characteristics. Benthic phases occupy estuaries characterized by different patterns of salinity variation, and release larvae to coastal waters characterized by strong salinity gradients. The zoea 1 of C. granulata showed a strong acclimatory response to low salinity. This response operated only during the first weeks of development (during zoeae 1 and 2) since subsequent larval survival at low posthatching salinities was consistently low. Larvae developing at low salinity frequently followed a developmental pathway with five instead of four zoeal stages. The ability to acclimate and the variability in larval development (i.e. the existence of alternative developmental pathways) could be interpreted as a strategy to buffer environmental variability at spatial scales of local or population networks. Early survivorship and production of larvae may be relatively high across a rather wide range of variability in salinity (5–32‰). Plastic responses to low salinity would therefore contribute to maintain a certain degree of population connectivity and persistence regardless of habitat heterogeneity. Electronic Publication     

The Impact of Biomedical Bleeding on Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus , Movement Patterns on Cape Cod, Massachusetts

The purpose of this study was to determine if bleeding, for biomedical purposes, influenced the behavior of horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus . In the summer of 2001, ten bled and ten control (unbled) female horseshoe crabs were tracked for 26 days using acoustic telemetry in a small estuary on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. All but three crabs, two bled and one control, were located during the study period. No mortality was observed in the control group, while 20% mortality was observed within the bled group. There was no significant difference in the average rate of movement or in the spatial distribution within the estuary between the two groups. However, a difference was detected in the movement patterns. Horseshoe crabs from the bled group had a random direction of movement compared to the directional movement pattern of the control group, suggesting that the bled crabs experienced more disorientation.