Simultaneous determination of olanzapine,clozapine and demethylated metabolites in serum by on-line column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography

An automated method for simultaneous routine quantification of the antipsychotic drugs clozapine, olanzapine and their demethylated metabolites is described. The method included adsorption on a cyanopropyl (CPS) coated clean-up column (10 μm; 10×2.0 mm I.D.), washing off interfering serum constituents to waste, and separation on C18 ODS Hypersil reversed phase material (5 μm; 250×4.6 mm I.D.) using acetonitrile–water–tetramethylethylenediamine (37:62.6:0.4, v/v/v) adjusted to pH 6.5 with concentrated acetic acid. UV-detection was performed at 254 nm. The limit of quantification was 10–20 ng/ml. Relative day to day standard variations ranged between 4.5 and 13.5%. The method is suitable for routine monitoring of olanzapine and clozapine including their demethylated metabolites.     

Simultaneous determination of haloperidol and bromperidol and their reduced metabolites by liquid-liquid extraction and automated column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography

This study describes a new simultaneous determination of haloperidol and bromperidol and their reduced metabolites by modification of automated column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography. The test compounds were extracted from 1ml of plasma using chloroform-hexane (30:70 (v/v)), and the extract was injected into a hydrophilic metaacrylate polymer column for clean-up and a C(18) analytical column for separation. The mobile phases consisted of phosphate buffer (0.02M, pH 4.6), perchloric acid (60%) and acetonitrile (54:1:45 (v/v)) and was delivered at a flow-rate of 0.6ml/min. The peak was detected using a UV detector set at 215nm. The method was validated for the concentration range 1-100ng/ml, and good linearity (r >0.999) was confirmed. Intra-day coefficient variations (CVs) for haloperidol, reduced haloperidol, bromperidol and reduced bromperidol were less than 2.5, 3.1, 2.4 and 2.5%, respectively. Inter-day CVs for corresponding compounds were 3.9, 5.1, 2.6 and 4.4%, respectively. Relative errors ranged from -5 to 10% and mean recoveries were 96-100%. The limit of quantification was 1.0ng/m for each compound. This method shows good specificity with respect to commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs, and it could be successfully applied for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring, particularly in patients receiving both haloperidol and bromperidol.     

Simultaneous determination of nefiracetam and its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed to simultaneously quantitate nefiracetam (NEF), a novel nootropic agent, and its three known oxidized metabolites (N-[(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)methyl]succinamic acid (5-COOH-NEF), 4-hydroxy-NEF and 5-hydroxy-NEF) in human serum and urine. The quantitative procedure was based on solid-phase extraction with Sep-Pak C₁₈ and ultraviolet detection at 210 nm. The calibration curves of NEF and the metabolites were linear over a wide range of concentrations (0.5–21.5 nmol/ml for NEF and 0.4–9.5 nmol/ml for metabolites in serum and 4–86 nmol/ml for NEF and 8–190 nmol/ml for metabolites in urine). Intra- and inter-day assay coefficients of variation for the compounds were less than 10%. The limit of detection was 0.1 nmol/ml for NEF, 5-COOH-NEF and 4-hydroxy-NEF, and 0.2 nmol/ml for 5-hydroxy-NEF in both serum and urine. This method is applicable for the determination of NEF and its metabolites in human serum and urine with satisfactory accuracy and precision.     

Simultaneous determination of oleuropein and its metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array detection system was developed and validated aiming at the simultaneous determination of oleuropein (OE) and its metabolites, hydroxytyrosol (HT) and tyrosol (T), in human plasma. These phenolic components are believed to play a vital role in the prevention of coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. The proposed method includes a clean-up solid-phase extraction procedure (using a C(18) column) with high recovery efficiency (85-100%). The statistical evaluation of the method reveals good linearity, accuracy and reproducibility for all the compounds analyzed with RSD values less than 6.5%, while the detection limit is 50 ng/ml for both OE and T and 75 ng/ml for HT. This assay can be employed in bioavailability studies of olive oil phenolic compounds, thus assisting the evaluation of their pharmacological role.     

Determination of angiotensin metabolites in human plasma by fluorimetric high-performance liquid chromatography using a heart-cut column-switching technique

Fluorimetric column-switching HPLC method with naphthalene-2,3-dialdehyde (NDA) was developed for the determination of endogenous angiotensin (ANG) metabolites in human plasma. After one-step extraction to clean up the ultrafiltered plasma sample on the reversed HPLC system, the zone of the retention time of each ANG analyte was subjected to the NDA-derivatization. After putting into a first Phe-ODS (for ANG (3–4) and (5–8) determinations) or ODS column (for ANG I and II determinations), the heart-cut of the retention time of the NDA-ANG was separated on a second ODS column with a mobile phase containing 5 mM ion-pair reagent. Complete separation and good detection were accomplished within 2 h. Good linearity of the regression equation for all ANG analytes with the correlation coefficient of >0.993 as well as good reproducibility (C.V.<4.0%). Good agreement of the range of ANG II plasma level between the present (25–47 fmol/ml in plasma) and the radioimmunoassay methods (28–52 fmol/ml in plasma) indicated that the column-switching method could be applicable for the determination of endogenous smaller ANGs as well as for ANG I or II in plasma.     

Simultaneous determination of bile acids in rat liver tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography

A method for the simultaneous determination of bile acids in rat liver tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. Without prior fractionation and alkaline hydrolysis, 30 unconjugated, glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids were detected by post-column enzymatic reaction and fluorescence detection. They were separated on a reversed-phase column using a linear gradient solvent system of 10 mM tribasic ammonium phosphate–acetonitrile–methanol (44:12:5, v/v/v) and 20 mM dibasic ammonium phosphate–acetonitrile–methanol (2:1:2, v/v/v). The limits of detection were 1–5 pmol, and calibration curves were linear for concentrations ranging between 10 and 4000 pmol per 10 μl injection. This rapid and reliable method is effective for measuring bile acid levels in liver tissue not only of rats but also of patients with hepatobiliary and other diseases.     

Simultaneous determination of byak-angelicin and oxypeucedanin hydrate in rat plasma by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A simple and sensitive column-switching HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of two furocoumarin compounds, byak-angelicin and oxypeucedanin hydrate, which are the main components of hot water extract of Angelica dahurica root (AE), in rat plasma. Plasma sample was simply deproteinated with perchloric acid. After centrifugation, the supernatant was injected into a column-switching HPLC system consisting of a clean-up column (Symmetry Shield RP 8, 20×3.9 mm I.D.) and analytical column (Symmetry C₁₈, 75×4.6 mm I.D.) which were connected with a six-port switching valve. The flow-rate of the mobile phase (acetonitrile–water, 20:80) was maintained at 1 ml/min. Detection was carried out at wavelength 260 nm with a UV detector. The column temperature was maintained at 40°C. The calibration curves of byak-angelicin and oxypeucedanin hydrate were linear over the ranges 19.6 to 980 ng/ml (r²>0.997). The accuracy of these analytes was less than 4.4%. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations of byak-angelicin and oxypeucedanin hydrate were within 12.0% and 12.7%, respectively. The present method was applied for the analysis of plasma concentration from rats after administration of AE.     

Simultaneous determination of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

Here we describe a simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for the simultaneous detection and quantitation in standard solutions of 13 important metabolites of cellular energy metabolism, including 9 tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle components and 4 additional metabolites. The metabolites are detected by their absorbance at 210 nm. The procedure does not require prior derivatization, and an analysis can be carried out at ambient temperature within 15 min. The significance of the current work is that the current HPLC procedure should motivate the development of simplified TCA cycle enzyme assays, isotopomer analysis, and determination of selected TCA metabolite levels in plasma/tissues.     

Study of salivary catecholamines using fully automated column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography

Cortisol and catecholamines are major physiological markers of human stress. In order to establish a fully automated assay system for both cortisol and catecholamines in saliva, which can be sampled without imposing stress, the previously developed system for salivary cortisol [Okumura et al., J. Chromatogr. B, 670 (1995) 11] was modified. The practical sensitivity was around 0.1 pmol ml⁻¹ for norepinephrine and epinephrine and 0.5 pmol ml⁻¹ for dopamine. The established assay procedure provided R.S.D. values of 2∼3% and recoveries of 96∼104% at 0.5 pmol ml⁻¹. Measurement of salivary catecholamines in more than 300 samples taken from about 50 healthy volunteers indicated that the normal values of norepinephrine and dopamine were very low, about 0.1 pmol ml⁻¹ each. In contrast to cortisol, salivary catecholamine levels did not parallel those in plasma. Nevertheless, since levels of salivary catecholamines may reflect the sympathetic nerve activity in the salivary gland, they were assayed in volunteers making a scientific presentation before a large audience. Four out of eleven volunteers reported strong feelings of fear or anxiety, and their salivary catecholamine levels were about ten times higher than normal.     

Automated column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of aflatoxin M1

An extractionless method for determining aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), in human urine was developed. The biological fluid is injected directly into the chromatographic system after simple dilution and centrifugation. A pre-column, packed with a cation-exchange phase and coupled on-line to a column-switching liquid chromatography (LC) system, is used for sample pre-treatment and concentration. The analytes are non-selectively desorbed with the LC eluent and cleaned by means of a column-switching procedure. Pre-treatment and analysis were performed within 40 min. Average AFM1 recovery reached 97% in the 10–100 ng/l range of urine. The detection limit of AFM1 in urine and milk was 2.5 ng/l for 1 ml of injected sample. A comparison with an immunoaffinity column clean-up and LC method was performed. The method was applied to determine AFM1 in the urine of AFB1 gavaged rats, and in the urine of both potentially exposed and supposedly unexposed workers. The method was also extended to milk.     

Simultaneous determination of moricizine and its sulphoxidation metabolites in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography

A simultaneous assay for moricizine, its two sulphoxidation metabolites, morizine sulphoxide and moricizine sulphone, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The drug and metabolites and clozapine (internal standard) in biological fluids were extracted using pentanesulphonic acid into diethyl ether. The ethereal extract was evaporated to dryness and the residue was redissolved in the mobile phase (methanol-water-triethylamine, 65:35:0.5, v/v). The analyses were performed on a μBondapak reversed-phase C₁₈ column housed in a Waters Z-module, linked to a C₁₈ pre-column, with a run-time of 12 min. The retention times were 2.7, 3.5, 6.2 and 9.7 min for moricizine sulphone, moricizine sulphoxide, moricizine and clozapine, respectively. The recovery of the compounds from plasma ranged from 89.9% for the sulphoxide to 98.1% for clozapine. The limits of detection of the assay for moricizine, moricizine sulphoxide and moricizine sulphone were 20, 10 and 5 ng/ml, respectively.     

Simple determination of mycophenolic acid in human serum by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography

A column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis was established to monitor the serum concentration of mycophenolic acid, the active metabolite from mycophenolate mofetil administered for the prophylaxis of acute organ rejection in renal transplantation. The system consisted of two pumps for solvent delivery, a column-switching valve, a precolumn, and a reversed-phase analytical column. The present method enabled us to determine MPA by injecting serum samples directly into HPLC without any pretreatment. The mobile phases with different amounts of organic solvent were delivered to the precolumn and analytical column by separate lines, and samples were applied to the precolumn. The column switching valves were switched automatically following the processes for the elimination of protein and the drug analysis. The peak heights of MPA were linearly related to the concentrations (r=0.999) in the range of 0.1-20 micro g/ml, and the limit of quantification was 0.1 micro g/ml (S/N ratio=3). This method was accurate and reproducible on the basis of the results of recovery (94.0-98.0%) and small coefficient of variations of intra and inter-assay (less than 8.3%).     

Simultaneous determination of phenylbutazone and its metabolites in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of phenylbutazone and its metabolites, oxyphenbutazone and γ-hydroxyphenylbutazone, in plasma and urine. Samples were acidified with hydrochloric acid and extracted with benzene—cyclohexane (1:1, v/v). The extract was redissolved in methanol and chromatographed on a μBondapak C₁₅ column using a mobile phase of methanol—0.01 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.0) in a linear gradient (50 to 100% methanol at 5%/min; flow-rate 2.0 ml/min) in a high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with an ultra-violet absorbance detector (254 nm). The detection limit for phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone and for γ-hydroxyphenylbutazone was 0.05 μg/ml.A precise and sensitive assay for the determination of phenylbutazone and its metabolites was established.     

Sensitive column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of propiverine in human plasma

A sensitive column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for the determination of propiverine in human plasma. Propiverine and internal standard, oxybutynin, were extracted from human plasma that had been made basic with 5N sodium hydroxide into methyl tert-butyl ether. The extracted plasma sample was injected onto the HPLC system consisting of a pretreatment column, a concentrating column, and an analytical column, which were connected with a six-port switching valve. The assay was linear in concentration ranges of 2-200 ng/ml for propiverine in human plasma. This method showed excellent sensitivity (a limit of detection of 0.5 ng/ml), good precision and accuracy. This method is suitable for bioequivalence studies following single dose in healthy volunteers.     

Simultaneous quantitative determination of cilostazol and its metabolites in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of cilostazol, a quinolinone derivative, and its known metabolites OPC-13015, OPC-13213, OPC-13217, OPC-13366, OPC-13269, OPC-13326 and OPC-13388 in human plasma was developed and validated. Cilostazol, its metabolites and two internal standards, OPC-3930 and OPC-13112, were extracted from human plasma by a combination of liquid–liquid and liquid–solid phase extractions, with combined organic solvents of n-butanol, methanol, chloroform, methyl-tert.-butyl ether, and a Sep-Pak silica column. The combined extract was then evaporated and the residue was reconstituted in ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.5). The reconstituted solution was injected onto a HPLC system and was subjected to reversed-phase HPLC on a 5 μm ODS-80TM column to obtain quality chromatograph and good peak resolution. A gradient mobile phase with different percentages of acetonitrile in acetate buffer (pH 6.5) was used for the resolution of analytes. Cilostazol, its metabolites and the two internal standards were well separated at baseline from each other with resolution factor being 74 and 138. This HPLC method was demonstrated to be specific for all analytes of interest with no significant interference from the endogenous substances of human plasma. The lower limit of quantitation was 20 ng/ml for cilostazol and all metabolites. The method was validated initially for an extended linear range of 20–600 ng/ml for all metabolites and cilostazol, and has been revised later for a linear range of 20–1200 ng/ml for cilostazol and two major and active metabolites OPC-13015 and OPC-13213. The overall accuracy (relative recovery) of this method was established to be 98.5% to 104.9% for analytes with overall precision (CV) being 1.5% to 9.0%. The long-term stability of clinical plasma samples was established for at least one year at −20°C. Two internal standards of OPC-3930 and OPC-13112 were evaluated and validated. However, the data indicated that there was no significant difference for all accuracy and precision obtained by using either OPC-3930 or OPC-13112. OPC-3930 was chosen as the internal standard for the analysis of plasma samples from clinical studies due to its shorter retention time. During the validation standard curves had correlation coefficients greater than or equal to 0.998 for cilostazol and the seven metabolites. These data clearly demonstrate the reliability and reproducibility of the method.     

Simultaneous determination of felbamate and four metabolites in rat cerebrospinal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography

An isocratic liquid chromatographic method for direct sample injection has been developed for the quantitation of felbamate and four metabolites in rat cerebrospinal fluid. The method uses 0.050- or 0.025-ml aliquots of cerebrospinal fluid diluted with equal volumes of internal standard. Chromatography is performed on a 150 mm × 4.6 mm I.D. Spherisorb ODS2, 3-μm HPLC column eluted with a phosphate buffer—acetonitrile—methanol (820:120:60, v/v/v) mobile phase and ultraviolet absorbance detection at 210 nm. The linear quantitation ranges are: felbamate and the 2-hydroxy metabolite 0.195–200 μg/ml, the propionic acid metabolite 0.195–50.0 μg/ml, the p-hydroxy metabolite 0.781 to 50.0 μg/ml, and the monocarbamate metabolite 0.098–50.0 μg/ml.     

Simultaneous determination of quinine and four metabolites in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography

The determination of quinine, (3S)-3-hydroxyquinine, 2′-quininone and (10R)- and (10S)-10,11-dihydroxydihydroquinine in plasma and urine samples is described. This is the first time the R and S configurations have been correctly assigned to the two metabolites of 10,11-dihydroxyquinine. One hundred microliter-plasma samples were protein precipitated with 200 μl cold methanol. Urine samples were 10–100× diluted and then directly injected into the HPLC. A reversed-phase liquid chromatography system with fluorescence detection and a Zorbax Eclipse XDB phenyl column and gradient elution was used. The within and between assay coefficients of variation of the method for quinine and its metabolites in plasma and urine was less than 13%. The lower limit of quantitation was in the range of 0.024–0.081 μM.