中频X线机的发展趋势及国产化

现行X线设备的绝大多数都采用工频变压器式结构的高压发生装置。作为X线管的高压电源,它已有近90年的历史。所以能长存不衰的原因主要是由于它的结构、材料和生产工艺大体上与动力变压器相似,具有良好的通用性和经济性。但是随着X线机的应用领域不断扩展和自身规范的进步。已发现工频变压器在许多场合成为不可克服的障碍。例如,早在50年代,由于当时造船、特别是石油工业的急剧发展,许多作业现场急需移动式的X线探伤设备,而150～400 KV工频变压器式高压发生器,在体积和重量上根本无法满足要求,于是利用提高变压器工     

DRX500型直接数字化X射线成像装置设计特点与应用分析

目的分析DRXS00型直接数字化X射线成像装置的设计与应用特点。方法运用自动化控制技术对X射线机与数字化X射线成像装置有效控制。结果DRXS00直接数字化X射线成像装置控制更加准确,使用更加快捷。结论DRXS00直接数字化X射线成像装置应用准确性与可靠性提高。     

高频高压发生器逆变电路的控制方法

高频高压发生器是X线设备的核心部件之一。根据西班牙SEDECAL、美国QUANTUM、日本SHIMADZU与加拿大CPI四大公司生产的高频高压发生器的高压主回路逆变电路,结合高频高压发生器主电路的结构,分析了串联谐振逆变电路的各种控制方式及特点。它将为该类设备的维修、维护提供相应的技术指导。     

医用中频X射线管

医用X射线机采用中频技术和微机控制,乃是80年代以来的新事物。它将使X射线机的元器件组成结构、X射线管更新、生产工艺等设计思想产生重大的变革。本文叙述了传统X射线管在中频X射线机中使用存在局限性和中频X射线管发展由来和特点。传统X射线管在中频使用的局限性1.温度限制的局限性传统X射线管无论是固定阳极还是旋转阳极X射线管,均运用于工频X射线机,这类X射线管的工作状态都处于阴极温度限制状态下工作,并依赖于工频X射线机KV和     

低剂量辐射激活小鼠脾细胞CREB及NF-κB

采用凝胶电泳迁移率变化分析和寡核苷酸竞争抑制方法检测低剂量X射线整体照射对小鼠脾细胞基因转录调控的影响.75 mGy X射线全身照射小鼠后4 h,脾细胞核蛋白提取物的CREB及NF-κB与其基因启动部位增强子控制序列的结合活性较相同浓度的对照核蛋白提取物分别增强7倍及5倍.竞争抑制试验证实CREB及NF-κB与其控制序列特异地结合.提示低剂量X射线全身照射选择性地激活脾细胞CREB及NF-κB,通过与增强子控制序列位点的结合,特异地诱导基因转录,从而引起功能激活.     

应用原位杂交技术检测X射线诱发的特定染色体的微核率

为了研究X射线与X染色体的微校率之间的关系．本实验利用原位杂交技术同时检测了经X射线诱发人双核淋巴细胞的7号和X染色体的微核率。结果发现：经2．5Gy的X射线照射后．X和7号染色体的微核率男性分别为3．4％和7．1％;女性分别为6．6％和6．0％。X和7号染色体微核率的实验观察值与理论预期值之间在统计学上无显著性差异。实验结果提示：X射线并不特异性引起X染色体的微核率增高。     

定量组织学研究——Ⅲ.Ⅹ射线对小白鼠器官的细胞核总数的影响

本文用器官组织匀浆法计数小白鼠某些器官细胞核总数的方法,研究了X射线全身照射对这些器官的效应。1200r X射线照射后二十四小时肝、肾和大脑的细胞核总数及600r X射线照射后肝和大脑的细胞核总数与对照无显著差别,而脾脏的细胞核数在分别以上述两种剂量或以300r X射线照射后均有显著的下降。     

同步辐射(软X射线)辐照玉米的细胞学效应研究

利用同步辐射(软X射线)辐照玉米自交系H65和H14D种子,研究其M1代的细胞学效应,并以60Co-γ射线作对照。结果表明,软X射线辐照处理后,不仅能够诱发玉米M1代根尖细胞内核畸变和染色体畸变,而且还能够诱发染色体多种类型的变异,其变异频率随辐照剂量的增加而增大,辐照剂量与细胞总畸变率呈正相关。软X射线对玉米根尖细胞的有丝分裂具有明显地抑制作用,辐照剂量与细胞分裂指数呈负相关。软X射线辐照的细胞学效应与γ射线基本相似,但在诱发的细胞畸变率和染色体变异类型上存在一定的差异。两个供试品系对辐射的敏感性为H14D>H65。     

不同发育阶段斑马鱼胚胎对X射线辐射敏感性差异

目的:考察X射线对斑马鱼早期胚胎发育的影响,探讨其影响机制.方法:用X射线照射不同发育时段的斑马鱼胚胎,统计死亡率和畸形率;应用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术检测X射线对胚胎DNA损伤的影响;采用DCFH-DA测定胚胎活性氧;总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)测定;结果:X射线照射对斑马鱼胚胎发育有明显的影响,能够导致胚胎发育畸形如围心腔水肿、脊柱扭曲、尾部弯曲等多种畸形甚至死亡;检测X射线对斑马鱼胚胎DNA损伤时,发现X射线照射对胚胎中的DNA能够产生明显的损伤,且DNA损伤程度随胚胎发育的进行而减弱;胚胎经X射线照射后活性氧的产生增加;胚胎总抗氧化能力随着胚胎发育的进行而逐渐增强;结论:X射线照射明显影响斑马鱼胚胎发育,并造成胚胎细胞DNA损伤,发育早期胚胎敏感性高;发育后期胚胎对X射线敏感性降低,可能与胚胎细胞抗氧化能力增强有关.     

低剂量超软X射线对染色体的损伤效应

用~(60)Coγ-射线或深部治疗的X光机的“硬”X射线照射微生物及动植物,引起细胞染色体的突变,并用于育种工作,这已成为常规的育种手段。有关硬X射线引起的植物细胞染色体的辐射损伤效应,报道甚多,而低剂量的X射线,尤其是超软X射线的辐射染色体损伤效应,报道却寥寥无几。本工作利用上海新跃仪表厂生产的DGX-4型软X射线机,钼靶、波长为0.62—0.71的X射线(根据这一波段范围应属     

Serotonin and whisking

Rhythmic whisker movements, called "whisking," are produced by a brainstem central pattern generator (CPG) that uses serotonin to induce periodic firing in facial motorneurons. During active touch, motor cortex could regulate whisking frequency by controlling the rate of firing of the serotonergic neurons.     

Repetitive electrical stimulation of X-area and parabrachial lateral nucleus: effects upon ponto-geniculo-occipital activity in the reserpinized cat

The ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) activity is a characteristic field potential of paradoxical sleep, that can be continually induced by reserpine administration. It has been postulated that the X area (XA) and parabrachial lateral nucleus (Pbl) contain the generator cells for the PGO activity. In this study, repetitive electrical stimulation in the XA and Pbl was applied, with the aim of inducing progressive plastic changes in PGO activity, which was recorded from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Reserpinized cats were used; they were curarized and maintained with artificial respiration. We analyzed the PGO spike frequency at one, five and sixty minutes after stimulation, which was given every 30 minutes for at least 8 consecutive hours. Stimulation of the XA did not produce changes, while that of the Pbl induced a relatively poor progressive increment in the PGO spike frequency. The findings obtained with XA stimulation discard the possibility of inducing functional plastic changes in this region. On the other hand, the response to Pbl stimulation indicates an activation of the PGO spike generator system. These differences suggest that these nuclei have different influence on PGO activity, although it is possible that the responses found in the Pbl were indirect effects, given its anatomical relationships.     

Formal analysis of resonance entrainment by central pattern generator

The neuronal circuit controlling the rhythmic movements in animal locomotion is called the central pattern generator (CPG). The biological control mechanism appears to exploit mechanical resonance to achieve efficient locomotion. The objective of this paper is to reveal the fundamental mechanism underlying entrainment of CPGs to resonance through sensory feedback. To uncover the essential principle, we consider the simplest setting where a pendulum is driven by the reciprocal inhibition oscillator. Existence and properties of stable oscillations are examined by the harmonic balance method, which enables approximate but insightful analysis. In particular, analytical conditions are obtained under which harmonic balance predicts existence of an oscillation at a frequency near the resonance frequency. Our result reveals that the resonance entrainment can be maintained robustly against parameter perturbations through two distinct mechanisms: negative integral feedback and positive rate feedback.     

Internal and external determinants of the timing of puberty in the female

A working hypothesis is proposed to account for the timing of puberty in female sheep. In the immature female, the frequency of LH pulses is low, and ovarian follicles do not develop to an advanced stage. During the pubertal transition, the frequency of LH pulses increases to drive follicular development and the production of oestradiol which evokes the gonadotrophin surge and ovulation. Central to the hypothesis is the hypothalamic pulse generator for GnRH that directs the pattern and level of LH secretion. Growth-related cues are monitored to regulate the activity of the GnRH pulse generator. When a sufficient body size is attained, the frequency of LH pulses increases both because the sensitivity to oestradiol inhibitory feedback decreases and because the GnRH pulse generator can be accelerated by the steroid. This increase in LH pulse frequency occurs provided the female has experienced the requisite exposure to photoperiod, i.e. the long days of summer followed by the short days of autumn. These photoperiodic cues are transduced by the pineal gland into a humoral signal which is an increased nocturnal production of melatonin. Failure to grow to the appropriate body size or to experience the appropriate exposure to photoperiod leads to a maintenance of the prepubertal anovulatory condition because the GnRH pulse generator operates at low frequency.     

The effect of intracerebroventricular administration of substance P fragment and met-enkephalin on the transmission of nervous impulses between the midbrain reticular formation and two generators of the hippocampal theta rhythm in rabbits

The effect of intracerebroventricular administration of Substance P fragment and met-enkephalin on the excitability of two generators of hippocampal theta rhythm was investigated in the experiments performed on chronic rabbits. Substance P had a strong facilitatory effect on the threshold of the generator of the hippocampal theta rhythm of the frequency 4-7 c/s and an inhibitory effect on the threshold of the generator of the 7-12 c/s frequency evoked by stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation. These effects were dose dependent. The effects of met-enkephalin were opposite. They increased the threshold of the 4-7 c/s hippocampal generator and decreased the threshold of the other generator. The effect of these two compounds was evaluated according to the energy of electrical trains of pulses maintaining the continuous arousal pattern in the hippocampus.     

Generator processes of repetitive activity in a pacinian corpuscle

Response patterns resulting from repetitive mechanical stimulation of the corpuscle depend on (1) the time course of recovery of the generator potential, on (2) the recovery of critical firing height, and on (3) the stimulus strength/generator potential function. By either augmenting stimulus frequency at constant strength, or by reducing strength at constant frequency, a sequence of propagated potentials is turned into a pattern of alternating regenerative and generator responses. In such a pattern an extra impulse can be set up whenever an extra stimulus produces a generator potential of enough amplitude to reach the firing height of the corresponding period. The new requirements of firing height introduced by the refractory trail of the extra impulse determine resetting of periodicity and appearance of a "compensatory pause." The decay time of the single generator potential is independent of stimulus duration. This is interpreted as a factor determining receptor adaptation. Upon repetitive stimulation at intervals above ½ decay time of the single generator potential, a compound generator potential is built up which shows no spontaneous decline. However, in spite of being considerably greater than the firing height for single impulses, the constant level of depolarization of the compound generator potential is unable to produce propagated potentials. A hypothesis is brought forward which considers the generator potential to arise from membrane units with fluctuating excitability scattered over the non-myelinated nerve ending.     

Mental retardation linked to fragility of chromosome X: current knowledge

The association of the fragile X chromosome with X-linked mental retardation is now well established. The main clinical features are mental retardation, typical facial dysmorphism and macroorchidism. Cytogenetically there is a fragile site in band Xq27-28 which can be demonstrated using specific techniques. The genetic studies are compatible with a X-linked dominant inheritance with an incomplete penetrance. A preliminary estimation of an overall frequency of 1: 2000 males for the fra(X)(q) condition is suggested.     

视网膜神经节细胞感受野的一种新模型 I.含大周边的感受野模型

感受野是视觉系统信息处理的基本结构和功能单元。Ｘ、Ｙ细胞是两类主要的视网膜神经节细胞。生理实验发现,在经典感受野之外还存在一个大范围的在周边去抑制区。文中采用周边去抑制区对经典外周的去抑制非线性使用方式,建立一个二维的与实验结果联系紧密的Ｘ、Ｙ细胞统一的复合感受野模型。该模型不仅能模拟Ｘ细胞的ｎｕｌｌ－ｔｅｓｔ反应和Ｙ细胞的ｏｎ－ｏｆｆ反应,还模拟了Ｙ细胞在低空频刺激时的信频反应、圆面积空间的倍频     

Founder effect of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">C9</Emphasis> R95X mutation in Orientals

A nonsense mutation at codon 95 (R95X) in the C9 gene is responsible for most Japanese C9 deficiency (C9D) cases, with a carrier frequency of 6.7%. Upon analysis of microsatellite markers and newly identified dinucleotide repeat number polymorphisms in the 3' flanking region of the C9 gene, a founder effect was demonstrated for the R95X mutation of the C9 gene in Japanese. Screening for the R95X mutation in Korean and Chinese individuals showed that the R95X carrier frequencies in Koreans and Chinese were 2.0% and 1.0%, respectively. Although homozygotes for the R95X mutation were not found in Korea or China, the shared haplotype of the dinucleotide repeat number polymorphisms appeared to be associated with the R95X mutation in the heterozygotes in Korea and China. The founder effect found in East Asians (Japanese, Koreans and Chinese) but not in Caucasians, as well as the haplotype sharing in only a small chromosomal interval, suggested that the R95X mutation of C9 gene was ancient and had occurred after the divergence of East Asians and Caucasians, and before migration of the Yayoi people to Japan. Since the mortality of meningococcal infections in complement-deficient patients is lower than that in normal individuals, a founder effect and a selective advantage in isolation might be the main reasons for the high frequency of the R95X mutation in Japan.