恢复生态学与植被重建

恢复生态学是现代最重要的分支学科之一,其理论与方法均在不断发展之中。本文论述恢复生态学的理论、方法与实践,并探讨热带亚热带区域地带性植被的恢复途径及其效益     

腐烂与否—垃圾地下填埋场设计者对干与湿的填埋场的优点的争论

本世纪七十年代,考古学家们在挖掘阿利桑那大学垃圾工程的地下填埋场时,对掘出的东西大感困惑与惊奇。例如,工程的共同负责人 Wilson W.Hughes 回忆到,在芝加哥地区他们掘出灰色的、皱巴巴的20年前的热狗;他们将吊桶投放到一团灰色的粘液里,发现了在淤泥中浸泡了15年仍未腐烂的堆置的废物;他们从一个地下填埋场里找到一张1952年的报纸,它依然可以读,还有许多旧杂志、信封及其他的纸张。     

铜陵铜尾矿植被重建的调查研究

这次调查旨在研究铜尾矿堆置地理化性质与植被重建的关系,为铜矿的治理提供理论依据。     

德兴铜矿矿山废弃地植被恢复与重建研究

对德兴铜矿1号尾矿库库面纯尾砂立地植被恢复与重建进行了研究。结果表明：纯尾砂植被恢复与重建的主要是土壤因子,即土壤组成、结构、水分、养分和毒性。矿区自然植被的次生演替序列为：次生裸地→草丛→灌丛→针叶林→常绿与落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林→常绿阔叶林6个阶段。纯尾砂立地13种试验先锋草种的优劣热比较结果依次顺序为：水蜡烛1．06＞假俭草1．05＞苇状羊茅1．01＞芒草1．00＝弯叶画眉草1．00＞狗牙根0．98＝百喜草0．98＝香根草0．98＞象草0．87＞荩草0．85＞矮象草0．74＞节节草0．73＞苏丹草0．55。水蜡烛、假俭草、苇状羊茅、芒草、弯叶画眉草、狗牙根、百喜草、香根草、象草、荩草、矮象草、节节草被认为是纯尾砂植被恢复与重建的优良先锋草种。纯尾砂立地植被恢复与重建的途径主要包括植被恢复演替、土壤生物改良和客土复垦3种模式。     

科尔沁沙地植被重建对土壤固氮和固碳菌群的影响

为掌握风沙土固氮和固碳微生物多样性以及人工植被类型对菌群结构的影响,在科尔沁沙地典型植被重建区选择相同年限的小叶锦鸡儿、差巴嘎蒿、小黄柳、山竹岩黄蓍、小叶杨和樟子松人工固沙林以及毗邻的天然榆树疏林为对象,以nifH和cbbL基因为标记,采用高通量测序技术分别研究了不同固沙植被类型土壤固氮和固碳菌群结构和多样性。结果表明：植被类型对土壤理化性质、生物活性、固氮及固碳菌的多样性和菌群结构均有显著影响;小黄柳和小叶杨固沙林土壤固氮菌多样性显著高于其他植被;而樟子松和小叶杨固沙林土壤固碳菌多样性最高;斯克尔曼氏菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、固氮螺菌属和广泛固氮氢自养单胞菌属等是风沙土固氮菌群的优势菌属,平均相对优势度分别为22.3%、21.5%、20.8%和17.8%;假诺卡氏菌属、中慢生根瘤菌属、贪铜菌属、慢生根瘤菌属等是固碳菌群的优势菌属,平均相对优势度分别为22.4%、18.5%、10.5%和6.0%。小叶锦鸡儿植被区土壤固氮菌、小黄柳和小叶杨植被区固碳菌的群落结构已基本恢复到天然榆树疏林水平。影响固氮菌群结构的主要土壤因子为有机质、NH₄⁺-N和全磷,而影响固碳菌群的为pH、土壤含水率和速效磷。研究结果可为沙地植被重建生态效益的评估提供科学依据。     

江西省不同类型退化荒山生态系统植被恢复与重建措施

对江西省 5种不同类型退化荒山生态系统进行综合治理 ,开展植被恢复与重建技术及理论研究。研究结果表明 :优选的植物组合及合理的配置并辅以工程措施是快速启动植被恢复进程 ,控制水土流失、重建退化荒山生态系统的有效措施。一林多用的树种组合 ,合理的生物体系设计和针、阔叶树种混交是改良地力 ,改善环境 ,促进退化荒山生态系统进展演替的优良途径。先进造林技术的应用和林农牧业结合的复合经营方式是提高综合治理效益 ,促进并维持生态恢复过程稳定的先决条件     

植被重建对露天煤矿排土场土壤酶活性的影响

植被重建是露天煤矿排土场生态恢复的关键措施,深入了解植被建设对土壤酶活性的影响,对于合理选择适宜于矿区生态恢复的人工植被和加速矿区土壤生态恢复具有重要意义。通过野外调查采样和室内分析,研究了黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场植被重建和恢复对浅层(0—20 cm)土壤酶活性(包括3种氧化还原酶:过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶,4种水解酶:蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶)的影响。结果表明:相比未进行植被建设的新排土场裸地,植被重建显著改善了土壤酶活性和理化性质,建植18a后土壤酶活性可恢复到天然植被区的65%—76%,水解酶恢复速率(平均为86.9%)快于氧化还原酶(平均为42.7%),其中土壤磷酸酶恢复速率最快(平均为天然植被区的154.7%),其次为蔗糖酶(74.3%)、纤维素酶(59.9%)、脲酶(58.5%)、过氧化氢酶(52.1%)和脱氢酶(38.1%),多酚氧化酶恢复最慢(为37.8%)。植被恢复进程中,建植10a期土壤酶活性年均恢复速率最快(平均为6.0%/a),15a变缓(4.8%/a),18a迅速降低(3.2%/a)。同时植被配置类型对土壤酶活性影响显著,土壤酶活性与土壤主要理化因子具有较高的相关性。上述结果反映了植被重建能显著改善矿区排土场的土壤酶活性,植被恢复进程中水解酶恢复速率快于氧化还原酶,恢复初期快于后期,但土壤酶活性的恢复需要一个漫长的过程。     

江西省不同类型退化荒山生态系统植植被恢复与重建措施

对江西省5种不同类型退化荒山生态系统进行综合治理,开展植被恢复与重建技术及理论研究,研究结果表明：优选的植物组合及合理的配置并辅以工程措施是快速启动植被恢复进程,控制水土流失、重建退化荒山生态系统的有效措施。一林多用的树种组合,合理的生物体系设计和针、阔叶树种混交是改良地力、改善环境,促进退化荒山生态系统进行演替的优良途径。先进造林技术的应用和林农牧业结合的复合经营方式是提高综合治疗效益,促进并持续生态恢复过程稳定的先决条件。     

武汉莲花湖水生植被重建的实践与启示

通过截污、控制养鱼、控藻和科学种植等措施,2~3年内,在长江中游地区水质为劣Ⅴ类的重富营养湖泊武汉小莲花湖重建了以伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)为优势种的沉水植物先锋群落,2004和2005年春季的沉水植被盖度分别达到98%和95%,抑制了水华的发生,改善了水质。利用冬季水位低、透明度相对高的时机种植伊乐藻、菹草(Potamogeton crispu)等这些适合冬春季生长的沉水植物是建立沉水植物先锋群落的一个有效途径。由于以伊乐藻或菹草为优势种的先锋群落不稳定,必须配备丰富物种、优化结构、增加群落稳定性等后续措施。水生植被重建初期是最脆弱的时期,某些生态因子的较大波动很容易破坏植物群落,在这一时期要尽量保持关键因子的稳定,如禁止养鱼、防止污染负荷突然增加、稳定水位是必需的。     

鹤山重建植被的几种优势种叶解剖学研究

对南亚热带鹤山恢复植被5种优势种湿地松（Pinus elliottii）,马占相思（Acacia mangium）,大叶相思（Acacia auriculaeformis）,九节（Psychotria rubra）和南洋楹（Albizia falcata）进行了叶解剖学研究。结果显示,变化表现在表皮角质膜的厚度、细胞壁的厚度和形状,叶肉组织中海绵组织和栅栏组织的分化,内皮层维管束的构造等。为以后进一步探讨植被恢复过程中叶解剖结构的变化提供了实验基础。     

卫生填埋场渗滤液及其处理研究

卫生填埋被认为可能是最简便、最经济的城市固体废物处理方式并被世界上越来越多的国家所推广,然而其渗滤液对周围环境的污染也成为全球范围内所普遍面临的难题．简要介绍垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生的原因、渗滤液的主要成分及其生态影响,并对各国学者陆续开展的渗滤液处理方法的研究作了详细描述     

Streptomyces antibioticalis, a Novel Species from a Sanitary Landfill Soil

A novel isolate belonging to the genus Streptomyces, strain SL-4^T, was isolated from soil sample collected from a sanitary landfill, New Delhi, India. The taxonomic status of this isolate was studied by polyphasic approach including morphological, physiological and chemo-taxonomic characterization. Spore chains of SL-4^T were open loops, hooks or extended spirals of wide diameter (retinaculiperti). The cell wall peptidoglycan of the isolate SL-4^T contained L,L-diaminopimelic acid, suggesting that the strain has a cell wall of chemotype-I. The polar lipid profile of the isolate was of Type II, with phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The 16SrRNA gene sequence similarity between SL-4^T and its phylogenetic relatives Streptomyces atrovirens NRRLB 16357^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ026672","term_id":"68137786","term_text":"DQ026672"}}DQ026672), S. albogriseolus NRRLB 1305^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AJ494865","term_id":"21742835","term_text":"AJ494865"}}AJ494865), S viridodiastaticus NBRC 13106^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB184317","term_id":"90960133","term_text":"AB184317"}}AB184317), S. caelestis NRRL 2418^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"X80824","term_id":"587528","term_text":"X80824"}}X80824), S. flavoviridis NBRC 12772^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB184842","term_id":"90960663","term_text":"AB184842"}}AB184842), S. pilosus NBRC 12807^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB184161","term_id":"90959977","term_text":"AB184161"}}AB184161) and S. longispororuber NBRC 13488^T ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB184440","term_id":"90960256","term_text":"AB184440"}}AB184440) was 99.65, 99.65, 99.64, 99.23, 99.15, 99.14 and 99.13 % respectively. Subsequent DNA–DNA hybridization experiments with the test strain and its clade members showed 55.27, 44.27, 36.86, and 15.65 % relatedness between SL-4^T and its relatives S. atrovirens,S. albogriseolus, S. viridodiastaticus and S. longispororuber respectively. The genotypic and phenotypic data was analyzed to verify possibility of the isolate SL-4^T representing novel member of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name S. antibioticalis is being proposed. The type strain is SL-4^T (=CCM 7434^T=MTCC 8588^T).     

The Application of the Environmental Product Declaration to Waste Disposal in a Sanitary Landfill - Four Case Studies (10 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background

The aim of the present study is to evaluate, through LCA, the potential environmental impact associated to urban waste dumping in a sanitary landfill for four case studies and to compare different technologies for waste treatment and leachate or biogas management in the framework of the EPD® system. Specific data were collected on the four Italian landfills during a five-year campaign from 2000 to 2004. This work also analyses the comparability of EPD results for different products in the same product category. For this purpose, a critical review of PSR 2003:3, for preparing an EPD on ‘Collection, transfer and disposal service for urban waste in sanitary landfills', is performed.

Methods

PSR 2003:3 defines the requirements, based on environmental parameters, that should be considered in an LCA study for collecting and disposal service of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in a sanitary landfill. It defines functional unit, system boundaries towards nature, other technical systems and boundaries in time, cut-off rules, allocation rules and parameters to be declared in the EPD. This PSR is tested on four case studies representing the major landfills located from the farthest west to the farthest east side of the Ligurian Region. Those landfills are managed with different technologies as concerns waste pre-treatment and leachate or biogas treatment. For each landfill, a life cycle assessment study is performed.

Results and Discussion

The comparison of the LCA results is performed separately for the following phases: Transport, Landfill, Leachate and Biogas. The following parameters are considered: Resource use (Use of non-renewable resources with and without energy content, Use of renewable resources with and without energy content, Water consumption); Pollutant emissions expressed as potential environmental impact (Global Warming Potential from biological and fossil sources, Acidification, Ozone depletion, Photochemical oxidant formation, Eutrophication, Land use, Hazardous and other Waste production). The comparison of the LCA results obtained for alternative landfill and biogas management techniques in the case studies investigated shows that the best practicable option that benefits the environment as a whole must be identified and chosen in the LCA context. For example, a strong waste pre-treatment causes a high biological GWP in the Landfill phase, but a low GWP contribution in the Biogas phase, due to the consequent low biogas production, evaluated for 30 years since landfill closure.

Conclusion

The analysis of four case studies showed that, through the EPD tool, it is possible to make a comparison among different declarations for the same product category only with some modification and integration to existent PSR 2003:3. Results showed that different products have different performances for phases and impact categories. It is not possible to identify the \best product\ from an environmental point of view, but it is possible to identify the product (or service) with the lowest impact on the environment for each impact category and resource use.

Recommendation and Perspective

In consequences of the verification of the comprehensiveness of existent PSR 2003:3 for the comparability of EPD, some modifications and integration to existent rules are suggested.

     

Revegetation of a wetland following control of the invasive woody weed, Mimosa pigra, in the Northern Territory, Australia

Summary Methods for floodplain revegetation using native species were investigated, following clearance of the invasive shrub Mimosa pigra L. (Mimosaceae) in the Northern Territory of Australia. Prolific revegetation occurred naturally and several species were identified that have potential for revegetation at sites where natural regeneration is poor, namely: Spiny Mud Grass, Pseudoraphis spinescens, Awnless Barnyard Grass, Echinochloa colona, and an unidentified Panicum species. However, it may still be desirable to plant native perennial grasses, of which most species did not establish naturally. Stolons of the native floodplain grass Hymenachne acutigluma (Steud) Gilliland (Poaceae) established well when planted in wet mud and shallow water during the early dry season, as seasonal floodwaters subsided. Similar plantings during the early wet season were less successful. Sowing seed of several floodplain grasses and Eliocharis dulcis was unsuccessful in both seasons. Planting stolons of H. acutigluma as seasonal floodwaters subside may provide a reliable alternative to exotic floodplain grasses, Para Grass (Urochloa mutica), and Amity Aleman Grass (Echinochloa polystachya), which are also currently propagated vegetatively in Australia. However, planting H. acutigluma stolons had no tangible benefits in terms of suppressing Mimosa establishment, which was low in all treatments. Revegetation should not be considered an alternative to the diligent control of Mimosa seedlings; regenerating following control of Mimosa thickets.     

Sourcing Seed for Acacia acinacea, a Key Revegetation Species in South Eastern Australia

Intensive large-scale revegetation programs are a major activity in degraded landscapes. The collection and deployment of seed for revegetation is primarily based on local seed sources to preclude concerns associated with local adaptation as well as outbreeding depression in small remnant populations. For most species however, little is known about the levels of genetic diversity being sourced and deployed, or even of the levels of adaptively significant variation present across the species range. Acacia acinacea (Gold Dust wattle) is a key revegetation species widely distributed across south eastern Australia. Levels of variation in terms of morphology, fitness, ploidy level and AFLPs were assessed using seed lots from 35 populations across the Murray Darling Basin in south eastern Australia. Multivariate analysis indicated that three of the populations were misidentified while the remaining populations were differentiated into three groups. One of these groups (Bendigo) was highly geographically localised and tetraploid while the other two (Group1 and Group2) were both diploid with overlapping distributions. Fitness differences were also evident among these three groups while AFLPs indicated that they were genetically differentiated and that lower levels of diversity were captured from some populations. A major finding of this study was that no one technique was able to fully describe the variation present in A. acinacea and seed sourcing guidelines based on any single approach could have resulted in erroneous decisions being made. Information generated from this study has been used to refine seed sourcing guidelines.     

Review: Anaerobic treatment of municipal sanitary landfill leachates: the problem of refractory and toxic components

The wide use of municipal sanitary landfills has drawn attention to the leaching effluent generated, this may be problematic to the site's environment, whether by infiltration or other contaminating modes. Anaerobic digestion has been shown to be one of the most efficient systems with which to treat this type of effluent. This article reviews the techniques used by different authors for leachate characterization, specifically related to refractory and toxic components and their effect on anaerobic treatability. In addition, it covers the treatment of refractory organics, organic and inorganic toxic materials and the nutrient balance for adequate system operation. The main conclusions are that there is ample availability of methods by which to identify the different components present in leachates as well as for their toxicity assessment and that nutrients are in general available in sufficient amounts. Treatability studies are presented which are shown to be of general value and can be used in a straightforward manner.     

Revegetation patterns and seedbank structure on abandoned pastures in northern Japan

To compare revegetation patterns between native and exotic species on abandoned pastures in northern Japan, we surveyed the vegetation structure and the seedbank using a flotation technique in 140 1 1 m plots. Previously introduced grasses such as Poa pratensis, Phleum pratense, and Dactylis glomerata were abundant 20 yr after the pasture abandonment, while Sasa senanensis, native shrub species, regenerated from propagation that had spread from the surrounding forests. S. senanensis shrublands and P. pratensis/P. pratense grasslands established on deep soils while D. glomerata grasslands established on shallow soils. Trees rarely became established on abandoned pastures. The seed density in the seedbank, representing 19 species, ranged from 542 to 2957 seeds/m². The dominant species in the vegetation (P. pratensis, Trifolium repens, and Rumex acetosella) were also common in the seedbank, whereas Cerastium holosteoides var. angustifolium, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, and Erigeron canadensis were widespread in the seedbank but did not occur in the extant vegetation. S. senanensis regenerated by vegetative propagation, and P. pratensis and P. pratense developed a seedbank. We concluded that for native species, particularly S. senanensis, vegetative reproduction has an important role on revegetation rather than regeneration from the seedbank, and the dwarf bamboo may be a keystone species in the ecosystems.     

Methane Oxidation in Landfill Cover Soil

Methane oxidation in the cover soil of the Khmet'evo municipal landfill in Moscow oblast was investigated. Methane emission from the experimental site of the landfill was highly heterogeneous. At a depth of 45–60 cm, the pore gas mainly consisted of CH₄ (60–70%) and CO₂ (30–40%). In the upper layers of the cover soil, the concentration of these gases sharply decreased. Methods for estimation of the methane-oxidizing activity in the cover soil of the landfill were tested. The rate of methane oxidation in the soil correlated with the cell number of culturable methanotrophic bacteria and was the factor limiting methane emission from the surface of the landfill. The method of indirect immunofluorescence revealed ten known species of methanotrophic bacteria in enrichment cultures obtained from samples of the cover soil. Our results also indicate the presence of unknown psychrotolerant methanotrophs that are active at the low temperatures characteristic of Moscow oblast.     

Factors Affecting Revegetation of Oil Field Access Roads in Semiarid Grassland

We assessed vegetation recovery on access roads removed after well abandonment in an active oil‐producing region of northern Great Plains grasslands. We compared extant vegetation on 58 roads, restored 3–22 years previously, to records of species seeded on each and to adjacent, undisturbed prairie, to evaluate main differences between the restored and adjacent community and to explore patterns in the restored plant community over time. The restored plant community was dominated by low richness of seeded non‐native and native grasses and forbs, whereas adjacent prairie had numerous, abundant native graminoids and shrubs and higher richness of native forbs. Cover of seeded species on roads was double that of colonizing species. Disparity in cover of dominant native grasses between the adjacent community and relatively narrow restored roadway suggests that conditions for germination and survival in roadbeds are poor. This is at least partly due to persistence of seeded species. Differences in restored plant composition over time were best explained by changes in species seeded, from non‐natives to natives, and secondarily by successional shifts from ruderal to perennial non‐seeded species. Of the 30 species seeded at least once on these roads, only 10 were commonly used. The long‐term influence of seeding choices in grassland road restorations implies that improvements in these practices will be critical to reversing ecological impacts of roads.     

Evaluation of Natural Attenuation of Benzene and Dichloroethanes at the KL Landfill

Natural attenuation of benzene and dichloroethanes in groundwater contaminated by leachate from the West KL Avenue landfill in Kalamazoo, Michigan, was evaluated in three phases. Existing data from the previous site investigations were used to locate a series of high-resolution vertical profile samples. By analyzing data from the discrete vertical profile samples, the rates of attenuation of benzene and dichloroethanes in the plume were forecasted. Permanent monitoring wells were installed over the depth intervals associated with high concentrations in the vertical profile sampling. These wells were monitored over time to extract independent estimates of the rates of degradation of benzene and dichloroethanes. Estimates of first-order attenuation rate constants were obtained using two methods: a method due to Buscheck and Alcantar (1995), which is based on a one-dimensional steady-state analytical solution, and the tracer correction method of Wiedemeier et al. (1996). The rates of attenuation predicted from the vertical profile sampling were found to be in good agreement with the rates obtained from the permanent monitoring well data, indicating that the long-term behavior of the contaminant plumes is consistent with the initial forecast. The results also indicated that the natural attenuation of benzene, 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA), and 1,2-DCA was statistically significant (at the 0.05 level).