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1.
Background and Aims
Soil flooding leads to low soil oxygen concentrations and thereby negatively affects plant growth. Differences in flooding tolerance have been explained by the variation among species in the extent to which traits related to acclimation were expressed. However, our knowledge of variation within natural species (i.e. among individual genotypes) in traits related to flooding tolerance is very limited. Such data could tell us on which traits selection might have taken place, and will take place in future. The aim of the present study was to show that variation in flooding-tolerance-related traits is present among genotypes of the same species, and that both the constitutive variation and the plastic variation in flooding-induced changes in trait expression affect the performance of genotypes during soil flooding.Methods
Clones of Trifolium repens originating from a river foreland were subjected to either drained, control conditions or to soil flooding. Constitutive expression of morphological traits was recorded on control plants, and flooding-induced changes in expression were compared with these constitutive expression levels. Moreover, the effect of both constitutive and flooding-induced trait expression on plant performance was determined.Key Results
Constitutive and plastic variation of several morphological traits significantly affected plant performance. Even relatively small increases in root porosity and petiole length contributed to better performance during soil flooding. High specific leaf area, by contrast, was negatively correlated with performance during flooding.Conclusions
The data show that different genotypes responded differently to soil flooding, which could be linked to variation in morphological trait expression. As flooded and drained conditions exerted different selection pressures on trait expression, the optimal value for constitutive and plastic traits will depend on the frequency and duration of flooding. These data will help us understanding the mechanisms affecting short- and long-term dynamics in flooding-prone ecosystems.Key words: Secondary roots, aerenchyma, genotypic variation, petiole length, plant performance, root porosity, selection, soil flooding, specific leaf area (SLA), Trifolium repens, white clover 相似文献2.
3.
Allie M Graham Michael D Munday Osman Kaftanoglu Robert E Page Gro V Amdam Olav Rueppell 《BMC evolutionary biology》2011,11(1):95
Background
The reproductive ground plan hypothesis of social evolution suggests that reproductive controls of a solitary ancestor have been co-opted during social evolution, facilitating the division of labor among social insect workers. Despite substantial empirical support, the generality of this hypothesis is not universally accepted. Thus, we investigated the prediction of particular genes with pleiotropic effects on ovarian traits and social behavior in worker honey bees as a stringent test of the reproductive ground plan hypothesis. We complemented these tests with a comprehensive genome scan for additional quantitative trait loci (QTL) to gain a better understanding of the genetic architecture of the ovary size of honey bee workers, a morphological trait that is significant for understanding social insect caste evolution and general insect biology. 相似文献4.
Ronald A Jenner Ciara Ní Dhubhghaill Matteo P Ferla Matthew A Wills 《BMC evolutionary biology》2009,9(1):21-20
Background
The phylogeny of Eumalacostraca (Crustacea) remains elusive, despite over a century of interest. Recent morphological and molecular phylogenies appear highly incongruent, but this has not been assessed quantitatively. Moreover, 18S rRNA trees show striking branch length differences between species, accompanied by a conspicuous clustering of taxa with similar branch lengths. Surprisingly, previous research found no rate heterogeneity. Hitherto, no phylogenetic analysis of all major eumalacostracan taxa (orders) has either combined evidence from multiple loci, or combined molecular and morphological evidence. 相似文献5.
Background
ECE-CYC2 clade genes known in patterning floral dorsoventral asymmetry (zygomorphy) in Antirrhinum majus are conserved in the dorsal identity function including arresting the dorsal stamen. However, it remains uncertain whether the same mechanism underlies abortion of the ventral stamens, an important morphological trait related to evolution and diversification of zygomorphy in Lamiales sensu lato, a major clade of predominantly zygomorphically flowered angiosperms. Opithandra (Gesneriaceae) is of particular interests in addressing this question as it is in the base of Lamiales s.l., an early representative of this type zygomorphy. 相似文献6.
Ben G. Holt Gabriel C. Costa Caterina Penone Jean‐Philippe Lessard Thomas M. Brooks Ana D. Davidson S. Blair Hedges Volker C. Radeloff Carsten Rahbek Carlo Rondinini Catherine H. Graham 《Journal of Biogeography》2018,45(1):225-237
Aim
To evaluate how environment and evolutionary history interact to influence global patterns of mammal trait diversity (a combination of 14 morphological and life‐history traits).Location
The global terrestrial environment.Taxon
Terrestrial mammals.Methods
We calculated patterns of spatial turnover for mammalian traits and phylogenetic lineages using the mean nearest taxon distance. We then used a variance partitioning approach to establish the relative contribution of trait conservatism, ecological adaptation and clade specific ecological preferences on global trait turnover.Results
We provide a global scale analysis of trait turnover across mammalian terrestrial assemblages, which demonstrates that phylogenetic turnover by itself does not predict trait turnover better than random expectations. Conversely, trait turnover is consistently more strongly associated with environmental variation than predicted by our null models. The influence of clade‐specific ecological preferences, reflected by the shared component of phylogenetic turnover and environmental variation, was considerably higher than expectations. Although global patterns of trait turnover are dependent on the trait under consideration, there is a consistent association between trait turnover and environmental predictive variables, regardless of the trait considered.Main conclusions
Our results suggest that changes in phylogenetic composition are not always coupled with changes in trait composition on a global scale and that environmental conditions are strongly associated with patterns of trait composition across species assemblages, both within and across phylogenetic clades. 相似文献7.
Heidi A. Waddell Richard J. Simpson Megan H. Ryan Hans Lambers Denys L. Garden Alan E. Richardson 《Plant and Soil》2017,412(1-2):7-19
Aims
Rytidosperma species are native Australian grasses which have different growth rates and phosphorus (P) requirements. This study examined the role of root morphology traits in response to P supply.Methods
Nine Rytidosperma species ranging from slow- to fast-growth were examined along with Lolium perenne and Bromus hordeaceus. Plants were grown in a glasshouse for 47 days in soil supplied with six levels of P between 0 and 60 mg P per pot. Root mass, length and diameter, root hair length and density, and extent of mycorrhizal colonisation were measured.Results
Across all species there was a positive correlation (P < 0.001) between P uptake and root mass, length and root hair cylinder volume (RHCV; estimated using root diameter, root hair length and root length) at all levels of P supply. An exception was the RHCV of B. hordeaceus, where expected P uptake was not achieved due to a markedly reduced root length at low-P supply. For the Rytidosperma species, morphological plasticity for specific root length, root mass fraction and root hair length ranged from 1.5-fold to 2.7-fold between high- and low-P supply. However, across all species and P levels no single root morphological trait was identified for universally increasing the size of the root system and P uptake.Conclusions
Fast-growing species took up more P as a result of an overall larger root mass, greater root length and larger RHCV.8.
Background and aims
Plant traits may characterize functional ecosystem properties and help to predict community responses to environmental change. Since most traits used relate to aboveground plant organs we aim to explore the indicative value of root traits.Methods
We examined the response of root traits (specific root length [SRL], specific root surface area [SRA], root diameter [RD], root tissue mass density [TMD], root N concentration) in six grassland species (3 grasses, 3 herbs) to four management regimes (low vs. high mowing frequency; no fertilization vs. high NPK fertilization). The replicated experiment in temperate grassland with long continuity simulated the increase in grassland management intensity in the past 50 years in Central Europe.Results
Increasing mowing frequency (one vs. three cuts per year) led to no significant root trait changes. NPK fertilization resulted in considerable trait shifts with all species responding in the same direction (higher SRL, SRA and N concentration, lower TMD) but at different magnitude. Fertilization-driven increases in SRA were mainly caused by lowered tissue density while root diameter reduction was the main driver of SRL increases.Conclusion
We conclude that root morphological traits may be used as valuable indicators of environmental change and increasing fertilization in grasslands. 相似文献9.
Background and Aims
We quantitatively relate in situ root decomposition rates of a wide range of trees and herbs used in agroforestry to root chemical and morphological traits in order to better describe carbon fluxes from roots to the soil carbon pool across a diverse group of plant species.Methods
In situ root decomposition rates were measured over an entire year by an intact core method on ten tree and seven herb species typical of agroforestry systems and were quantified using decay constants (k values) from Olson''s single exponential model. Decay constants were related to root chemical (total carbon, nitrogen, soluble carbon, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and morphological (specific root length, specific root length) traits. Traits were measured for both absorbing and non-absorbing roots.Key Results
From 61 to 77 % of the variation in the different root traits and 63 % of that in root decomposition rates was interspecific. N was positively correlated, but total carbon and lignin were negatively correlated with k values. Initial root traits accounted for 75 % of the variation in interspecific decomposition rates using partial least squares regressions; partial slopes attributed to each trait were consistent with functional ecology expectations.Conclusions
Easily measured initial root traits can be used to predict rates of root decomposition in soils in an interspecific context. 相似文献10.
Background
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping identifies genomic regions that likely contain genes regulating a quantitative trait. However, QTL regions may encompass tens to hundreds of genes. To find the most promising candidate genes that regulate the trait, the biologist typically collects information from multiple resources about the genes in the QTL interval. This process is very laborious and time consuming. 相似文献11.
Multi-environment QTL analysis of plant and flower morphological traits in tetraploid rose 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Peter M. Bourke Virginia W. Gitonga Roeland E. Voorrips Richard G. F. Visser Frans A. Krens Chris Maliepaard 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2018,131(10):2055-2069
Key message
Rose morphological traits such as prickles or petal number are influenced by a few key QTL which were detected across different growing environments—necessary for genomics-assisted selection in non-target environments.Abstract
Rose, one of the world’s most-loved and commercially important ornamental plants, is predominantly tetraploid, possessing four rather than two copies of each chromosome. This condition complicates genetic analysis, and so the majority of previous genetic studies in rose have been performed at the diploid level. However, there may be advantages to performing genetic analyses at the tetraploid level, not least because this is the ploidy level of most breeding germplasm. Here, we apply recently developed methods for quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection in a segregating tetraploid rose population (F1?=?151) to unravel the genetic control of a number of key morphological traits. These traits were measured both in the Netherlands and Kenya. Since ornamental plant breeding and selection are increasingly being performed at locations other than the production sites, environment-neutral QTL are required to maximise the effectiveness of breeding programmes. We detected a number of robust, multi-environment QTL for such traits as stem and petiole prickles, petal number and stem length that were localised on the recently developed high-density SNP linkage map for rose. Our work explores the complex genetic architecture of these important morphological traits at the tetraploid level, while helping to advance the methods for marker–trait exploration in polyploid species.12.
Mario Minguito-Frutos Jordi Boada Jordi F. Pagès Candela Marco-Méndez Rohan Arthur Matthew P. Adams Teresa Alcoverro 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2023,32(6):976-986
Aim
The global vertical depth distribution of seagrass species remains poorly understood. Locally, the abundance and distribution of seagrasses is determined by light penetration, but at global levels each seagrass species has very distinct maximum distributional depth ranges, indicating that plant-associated traits must also influence their specific depth ranges. Seagrass-specific attributes, such as plant size or architecture, growth or reproductive strategy and their physiological and/or morphological acclimatization potential, have been suggested to be responsible for this variety of vertical distributions. We investigate here whether these species-specific traits drive differences in the global maximum vertical distribution of seagrasses.Location
Global.Time period
Publications between 1982 and 2020.Major taxa studied
Seagrasses (order Alismatales).Methods
We tested whether the species-specific maximum vertical distribution of seagrasses can be predicted by (1) their rhizome diameter (a proxy for plant size); (2) their functional resilience (growth/reproductive strategy); or (3) their acclimatization capacity. For the last aspect, we used a systematic review followed by meta-analytical approaches to select key seagrass traits that could potentially acclimatize to extreme light ranges across different seagrasses.Results
We found that vertical distribution is best explained by the species-specific acclimatization capacity of various seagrass traits, including saturation irradiance (physiological trait), leaves per shoot (morphological trait) and above-ground biomass (structural trait). In contrast, our results indicate no predictive power of seagrass size or growth/reproductive strategy on the vertical distribution of seagrasses.Main conclusions
Across the globe, the ability of seagrass species to thrive at a wide range of depths is strongly linked to the species-specific acclimatization capacity of key traits at different organizational levels. 相似文献13.
Background
The characterization of the molecular changes that underlie the origin and diversification of morphological novelties is a key challenge in evolutionary developmental biology. The evolution of such traits is thought to rely largely on co-option of a toolkit of conserved developmental genes that typically perform multiple functions. Mutations that affect both a universal developmental process and the formation of a novelty might shed light onto the genetics of traits not represented in model systems. Here we describe three pleiotropic mutations with large effects on a novel trait, butterfly eyespots, and on a conserved stage of embryogenesis, segment polarity. 相似文献14.
Questions
Roots are responsible for essential plant functions including water uptake. However, the extent to which root traits (size and structure) determine plant presence in water-limited environments is still poorly understood. Here we investigated how root traits vary across water availability gradients within a dry South African biome.Location
South Africa.Methods
We measured six below-ground (root) and eight above-ground (leaf + stem) traits of 124 individuals of nine dominant woody shrub species from wetter and drier sites (600–700 vs 250–300 mm annual precipitation) in the Fynbos biome of the Cape Floristic Region. Within sites, we sampled from recently burnt and unburnt/more mature vegetation and at three locations along topographical gradients.Results
Drier regions showed greater maximum rooting depth, length, root dry matter content and root to shoot ratio. These trait patterns were consistent at an intraspecific level, along locally drier topographical locations and in post-fire environments. Roots accounted for significant whole-plant trait variation. Additionally, in drier conditions, we found increased root allocation deviating from expected global allometric relationships. Our study also demonstrates that the combination of fire and drought in the driest locations results in poor above-ground vegetation recovery in terms of plant size, cover and individual counts with only resprouters persisting.Conclusions
Our research suggests that root investment in Fynbos shrubs will likely be key for coping with a drier and warmer future and should be a focus of more research for dryland biomes. 相似文献15.
Background
A controversial topic in evolutionary developmental biology is whether morphological diversification in natural populations can be driven by expansions and contractions of amino acid repeats in proteins. To promote adaptation, selection on protein length variation must overcome deleterious effects of multiple correlated traits (pleiotropy). Thus far, systems that demonstrate this capacity include only ancient or artificial morphological diversifications. The Hawaiian Islands, with their linear geological sequence, present a unique environment to study recent, natural radiations. We have focused our research on the Hawaiian endemic mints (Lamiaceae), a large and diverse lineage with paradoxically low genetic variation, in order to test whether a direct relationship between coding-sequence repeat diversity and morphological change can be observed in an actively evolving system. 相似文献16.
Dean C Adams 《BMC evolutionary biology》2010,10(1):72
Background
Parallel evolution can occur when common environmental factors exert similar selective forces on morphological variation in populations in different geographic localities. Competition can also generate morphological shifts, and if competing species co-occur in multiple geographic regions, then repeated instances of competitively-driven morphological divergence (character displacement) can occur. Despite the importance of character displacement for inferring the role of selection in morphological evolution however, replicated instances of sympatric morphological divergence are understudied. 相似文献17.
Beth E. Gerstner Patrick Bills Phoebe L. Zarnetske 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2023,32(9):1466-1484
Motivation
Biodiversity in many areas is rapidly declining because of global change. As such, there is an urgent need for new tools and strategies to help identify, monitor and conserve biodiversity hotspots. This is especially true for frugivores, species consuming fruit, because of their important role in seed dispersal and maintenance of forest structure and health. One way to identify these areas is by quantifying functional diversity, which measures the unique roles of species within a community and is valuable for conservation because of its relationship with ecosystem functioning. Unfortunately, the functional trait information required for these studies can be sparse for certain taxa and specific traits and difficult to harmonize across disparate data sources, especially in biodiversity hotspots. To help fill this need, we compiled Frugivoria, a trait database containing ecological, life-history, morphological and geographical traits for mammals and birds exhibiting frugivory. Frugivoria encompasses species in contiguous moist montane forests and adjacent moist lowland forests of Central and South America—the latter specifically focusing on the Andean states. Compared with existing trait databases, Frugivoria harmonizes existing trait databases, adds new traits, extends traits originally only available for mammals to birds also and fills gaps in trait categories from other databases. Furthermore, we create a cross-taxa subset of shared traits to aid in analysis of mammals and birds. In total, Frugivoria adds 8662 new trait values for mammals and 14,999 for birds and includes a total of 45,216 trait entries with only 11.37% being imputed. Frugivoria also contains an open workflow that harmonizes trait and taxonomic data from disparate sources and enables users to analyse traits in space. As such, this open-access database, which aligns with FAIR data principles, fills a major knowledge gap, enabling more comprehensive trait-based studies of species in this ecologically important region.Main Types of Variable Contained
Ecological, life-history, morphological and geographical traits.Spatial Location and Grain
Neotropical countries (Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Belize, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela and Chile) with contiguous montane regions.Time Period and Grain
IUCN spatial data: obtained February 2023, spanning range maps collated from 1998 to 2022. IUCN species data: obtained June 2019–September 2022. Newly included traits: span 1924 to 2023.Major Taxa and Level of Measurement
Classes Mammalia and Aves; 40,074 species-level traits; 5142 imputed traits for 1733 species (mammals: 582; birds: 1147) and 16 sub-species (mammals).Software Format
.csv; R. 相似文献18.
Joachim T Haug Carolin Haug Andreas Maas Verena Kutschera Dieter Waloszek 《BMC evolutionary biology》2010,10(1):290
Background
We describe new specimens of Mesozoic mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda, Malacostraca) that exhibit morphological and developmental information previously unknown. 相似文献19.
Genomic selection and complex trait prediction using a fast EM algorithm applied to genome-wide markers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Background
The information provided by dense genome-wide markers using high throughput technology is of considerable potential in human disease studies and livestock breeding programs. Genome-wide association studies relate individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from dense SNP panels to individual measurements of complex traits, with the underlying assumption being that any association is caused by linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNP and quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting the trait. Often SNP are in genomic regions of no trait variation. Whole genome Bayesian models are an effective way of incorporating this and other important prior information into modelling. However a full Bayesian analysis is often not feasible due to the large computational time involved. 相似文献20.
Kenyon B Mobley Daniel Lussetti Frank Johansson Göran Englund Folmer Bokma 《BMC evolutionary biology》2011,11(1):1-18