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Edward G. Brede Graham Rowe Jan Trojanowski Trevor J. C. Beebee 《Molecular ecology resources》2001,1(4):308-310
The Common Toad Bufo bufo is a wide‐ranging species, with a distribution encompassing much of Europe and Asia. Few molecular studies have been undertaken on this species, and only one polymorphic microsatellite locus has been identified. Therefore, little is known about the genetic variability within and between B. bufo populations. The value of such information is essential for monitoring the species and its environment. This paper reports the characterization of 15 B. bufo microsatellite loci using individuals from a Spanish and UK sample. 相似文献
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《Ethology, Ecology and Evolution》2012,24(1):1-8
During mate search male Bufo bufo do not discriminate between green frogs and conspecifics, between sexes or between gravid females that differ in body size. We studied mate recognition and the mating behaviour of male European common toads, B. bufo using field-based choice experiments. When given a simultaneous choice between R. perezi and B. bufo both matched in size, male toads did not discriminate between species and amplected a frog or a toad with equal frequency. When a male toad amplected a frog, the frog uttered a release call but the toad did not release the frog and the amplexus lasted from several seconds to a few minutes. Usually frogs fought to release the male toad but test toads were tenacious and usually attempted several times to clasp the frog when the frog slipped away from toad. When given a simultaneous choice between a male and a female of equal size, males did not discriminate between the sexes and attempted to amplex a male or a female with equal frequency. When a test male clasped a stimulus male, the stimulus male uttered a specific release call that caused the test male to release the stimulus male. Male-male amplexus never lasted more than 3 sec, and consequently, the search cost associated with mating with the wrong sex was relatively low. Males did not discriminate between gravid females that differed in body size. Moreover, there was no assortative mating by size. Male-female amplexus was tenacious and prolonged in the three experiments. 相似文献
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冬眠蟾蜍长足卵母胞胞,经手工剥除其卵巢膜、滤泡膜、透明带和质膜,包埋在琼脂块里,孕酮作用3小时(18±1℃)后,该细胞质团块中出现促成熟活性物质(MPF);将含有此MPF的微量卵质(约50毫微升),注入未经激素处理的卵球,能诱发后者恢复减数分裂,胚泡破裂,排出第一极体,正常抵达第二次成熟分裂中期。如果在去除上述卵外和卵表膜层结构的同时,剔除其细胞核(胚泡),然后包裹在琼脂中,经孕酮处理3小时左右,照样能够诱发产生促成熟活性物质;微量细胞质的转移,照样能使未经激素处理的受体卵正常成熟。随着供体卵质块与孕酮接触时间的延长,其诱发受体卵成熟的百分率逐渐增高。孕酮处理后9小时的供体卵质块,几乎全部能使受体卵正常成熟。上述结果表明,在本实验处理的条件下,孕酮诱发中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞形成促成熟活性物质的过程,既不依赖于卵表透明带与质膜,也不依赖于细胞核,而是细胞质自身活动的结果;显然,孕酮诱发蟾蜍卵母细胞成熟的初始作用部位是在细胞质。 相似文献
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过去,在精子的超显微结构方面的研究虽然已积累了很多资料,但在无尾的两栖类,蛙和蟾蜍方面的研究却不多。施履吉等(1981)结合他们的生化工作,曾用液面铺片法研究了这两种两栖类染色质在超显微结构方面的异同。发现黑斑蛙的精子染色质保留了体细胞染色质的核小体的结构,而在蟾蜍染色质中则无核小体结构,取而代之的则为由精蛋白和DNA组成的纤维状结构。然而在原位的情况下,黑斑蛙(Rana nigromacu-lata)和中华大蟾蜍(Bufo bufo asiaticus)的染色质呈何形态尚需做进一步的研究。 相似文献
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以腹腔注射法对蟾蜍(Bufo bufo gargarizans)给镉,处理一周后,观察了4种镉中毒浓度(0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8mg/kg)条件下的蟾蜍心、肝、肾和睾丸中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶的变化。结果表明:随着镉中毒浓度的升高,心脏LDH同工酶的活性明显升高,睾丸LDH同工酶的活性明显下降,肝中的LDH1、LDH2、LDH3、LDH5在0.4、0.8mg/kg浓度组酶活性明显增加,而LDH4则明显减弱,肾中LDH1的活性随镉浓度的升高而明显升高,其它各酶带活性出现先增强而后又逐渐减弱的现象。结果提示了镉对蟾蜍主要器官LDH同工酶的影响具有组织差异性。 相似文献
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本文采用双微电极电压钳方法研究了中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞内源性电压门控型离子通道的成分及其生理特性。卵母细胞去极化至 -30 mV 及更正电压时,有一持续的电压依赖性外向电流出现。钾离子通道拮抗剂四乙基氯化氨(tetraethy-lammonium chloride, TEA, 10 mmol/L)和 4- 氨基吡啶(4-aminopyridine, 4-AP, 10 mmol/L)协同作用时,该电流只能被抑制到最大电流幅度的(23.4±0.72)%。但是,上述浓度的TEA和4-AP 与氯离子通道拮抗剂5- 硝基-2, 3- 苯酚丙胺苯甲酸盐 (5-nitro-2,3-phenypropylamino benzoate, NPPB, 30 μmol/L)、无钙 Ringer 氏液或钙离子通道拮抗剂维拉帕米(40 μmol/L)协同作用时,可分别将此外向电流抑制到最大电流幅度的(2.1±0.08)%、(2.2±0.04)% 和(3.1±0.15)%。结果表明,中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞质膜上除有钾离子电流之外,还存在钙依赖性的氯离子电流。 相似文献
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Fanny Mira-Moser 《Cell and tissue research》1970,105(1):65-90
Résumé Les types cellulaires de l'adénohypophyse du Crapaud (Bufo bufo L.) ont été identifiés et étudiés avec deux fixateurs différents. La fixation au tétroxyde d'osmium permet l'identification de cinq types de cellules, alors que celle à la glutaraldéhyde suivie d'une postfixation met en évidence six catégories cellulaires.Les résultats différents obtenus avec ces deux fixateurs portent essentiellement sur la structure (forme et densité) des granulations; une meilleure conservation des grains de sécrétion est obtenue avec la glutaraldéhyde.La libération et l'élaboration des produits de sécrétion sont discutées. Le problème de la libération des granules des cellules hypophysaires a été abordé sous un angle nouveau. Il a été observé dans d'autres organes (pancréas endocrine, cellule à gastrine de l'intestin) que les grains de sécrétion subissent une lyse intracytoplasmique sans destruction de la membrane limitante du granule. Il est suggéré que le même processus pourrait aussi se réaliser au niveau de l'hypophyse.
On the ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo L.I. Identification of cell types and comparison of the results obtained with different fixations
Summary Two different fixatives have been used to identify the various cell types contained in the anterior pituitary of the toad (Bufo bufo L.) and to investigate their ultrastructure. Five cell types were distinguished after simple osmium tetroxid fixation, whilst glutaraldehyde fixation with postosmification revealed six distinct cell types.The results obtained by these two techniques differed mainly in the structure (shape and electrondensity) of the secretory granules, which seemed to be better preserved after combined glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation.The modes of synthesis and release of the secretory products are discussed. The problem of the mode of release of secretory granules from pituitary cells has been envisaged under a new aspect. It has been observed in other organs (endocrine pancreas, gastrin cells of the intestinal wall) that secretory granules may undergo intracytoplasmic lysis without destruction of their limiting membrane. It is suggested that the same process may operate in the pituitary.
Travail réalisé avec l'aide du Fonds national suisse de la Recherche scientifique (Crédit No 5344.3).Nous remercions tout particulièrement Mme Sidler-Ansermet, M. Oberson, photographes, et Mme Baumann, secrétaire, de l'aide qu'ils ont apportée à la réalisation de ce mémoire. 相似文献
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李光千 《中国组织化学与细胞化学杂志》2001,10(3):256-258
取中华蟾蜍心房后壁腔静脉窦部位组织作冰冻切片(30μm),以原位杂交和免疫组织化学双标法进行心内神经节细胞的血管加压素mRNA(VPmRNA)及血管加压素免疫反应(VP-IR)染色观察,结果在心内神经节发现了3种标记细胞;(1)VP-IR阳性神经元;(2)VPmRNA阳性神经元;(2)VPmRNA和VP-IR双阳性神经元,VPmRNA和VP-IR双标记神经元证明部分心内神经节的细胞元内既有血管加压素(VP)的基因表达,又储存VP,从而说明VP系心内神经节的一种内源性神经递质,为心内神经节以VP为递质直接参与血液循环的调节提供了直接的分子生物学和化学神经解剖学证据。 相似文献
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Summary Skin samples were taken from 17 toads (Bufo bufo) in various phases of the moulting cycle. The phase was determined by recording a number of moulting intervals prior to sacrifice and by study of the macroscopic appearance of the skin and the moulting behaviour at sacrifice. Eight of the toads were in the moult when the samples were taken.Characteristic morphological changes were found to be restricted to a period immediately prior to and after shedding of the slough. Chemical changes of the membranes of stratum corneum (or material adhered to them) were observed already prior to adoption of the moulting posture. The separation from the underlying epidermis prior to shedding was accompanied by a swelling of the stratum corneum cells. After final detachment of the slough the replacement layer was differentiated into a new stratum corneum within 24 hours. Significant changes in the morphology of the flask cells were not observed.The findings are discussed with emphasis on the processes of separation and differentiation of the stratum corneum. Based on the morphology of the epidermis the following terminology is proposed for the phases of the moulting cycle: Intermoult phase, preparation phase, early shedding phase, late shedding phase, and differentiation phase.The authors wish to thank professor C.B. Jørgensen, Dr. D. P. Knight and Dr. E.H. Larsen for valuable discussions. The technical assistance of Miss Susanne Binzer and Mrs. Grete Budtz is gratefully acknowledged. G.B. kept records of the moults. Without her patient and careful observations during several weeks it had not been possible to obtain the present material. 相似文献
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为了探讨亚成体端脑的形态学和组织学特点,充实比较发育神经生物学的研究资料,本文采用脊椎动物神经标本制作技术和常规HE染色法,初步研究了亚成体中华蟾蜍端脑的形态学和组织学结构.结果表明:嗅球位于大脑半球的腹前外侧,细胞从外到内大致可分为7层结构;大脑半球内原始海马较原始梨状区发达;隔区位于原始海马的下方,有外侧隔核和内侧隔核之分;侧脑室的侧壁有内侧界沟区将始海马和隔区分开,也有外侧界沟作为原始梨状区和纹状体的分界;少量脉络丛伸入侧脑室;杏仁核是位于第三脑室两侧的两个细胞核团;纹状体是位于原始梨状区下方和侧脑室底部的细胞团,在两个侧脑室连通时较明显.此外,亚成体端脑内细胞形态和大小分化较为单一.本实验在一定程度上填补了有关无尾两柄类神经系统资料的空白. 相似文献
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MilanVOGRIN AndrejaMIKLIC 《动物学报》2005,51(3):513-515
为了解大蟾蜍( Bufo bufo)的配对成功是否与身体大小有关,在蟾蜍产卵之前,我们在斯洛文尼亚捕捉和测量了2 224只成体样本。在这些捕获的个体中, 1 772只为雄性, 452只为雌性,其中355对处于抱对状态。雌性的体长(从吻端到泄殖腔的距离)一般比雄性稍长。无论雄性还是雌性,抱对者的体长均大于未抱对者。抱对的雄性和雌性的体长具有显著的正相关。我们所发现的大小匹配的交配模式,与从其它普通蟾蜍种群得到的结果一致[动物学报51 (3) : 513 -515 , 2005]。 相似文献
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铅对蟾蜍肝、肾过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶的影响 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
以腹腔注射法对蟾蜍 (Bufobufogargarizans)给铅 ,处理 7d后 ,使用聚丙烯凝胶垂直平板电泳法 ,研究了不同浓度 (按铅计 1、2、4、8mg·kg-1 体重 )的铅对蟾蜍肝脏、肾脏过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶的影响。结果表明 ,不同浓度的铅均可使肝、肾组织过氧化物酶同工酶带强弱发生明显变化 ;对肝、肾酯酶同工酶的影响表现出一定的组织差异性 ,且在一定范围内主要表现为应激性 ,即低剂量的铅可诱导酶活性的提高。 相似文献
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目的:探索两栖类动物消化道黏液细胞的类型与分布规律。方法:利用阿利新蓝与过碘酸雪夫试剂染色法对中华蟾蜍(Bufo bufo gargazizans)、黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)消化道黏液细胞进行石蜡切片和染色。结果与结论:黏液细胞表现为4个类型:Ⅰ型玫瑰红色;Ⅱ型蓝绿色;Ⅲ型紫红色;Ⅳ型蓝紫色。两种动物食管黏膜上皮中黏液细胞主要是杯状细胞,其中中华蟾蜍的黏液细胞主要为Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型细胞,黑斑蛙的黏液细胞主要Ⅲ型细胞。胃体柱状黏膜上皮细胞与胃腺颈细胞主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型细胞,黏原颗粒主要集中在细胞的核上区。胃腺浅部有成团分布并着色较浅的黏液细胞,其中黑斑蛙胃腺黏液细胞主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型细胞,中华蟾蜍胃腺黏液细胞主要为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型细胞。小肠杯状细胞主要为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型细胞。大肠杯状细胞主要为Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型细胞。 相似文献
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Glow-worm larvae bioluminescence (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) operates as an aposematic signal upon toads (Bufo bufo) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
It is an established fact that the spectacular bioluminescentdisplays of adult fireflies and glow-worms are used as courtshipsignals; however, the survival value of the glowing behaviorof their larvae remained the subject of speculation for manyyears. Our study is the first that demonstrates that lampyridlarvae use luminescence to signal unpalatability to nocturnal,visually guided predators. Wild-caught toads (Bufo bufo) weremore reluctant to attack luminescent artificial prey, and weshow that avoidance learning increased this reluctance. Afterbeing exposed to glow-worm larvae (Lampyris noctiluca), whichthe toads experienced as disagreeable, attack latencies to luminescentprey increased, but not those to nonglowing prey. Not all toadsshowed avoidance learning to the same extent, because of eitherdifferences in previous experience with glow-worms or differencesin memory. 相似文献
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Cd、Pb对蟾蜍肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性及其同工酶的影响 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
以腹腔注射法分别对蟾蜍(Bufobufogargarizans)给Cd和Pb (按镉计0 . 2、0 . 4、0 . 8、1 .6mg/kg体重;按铅计2、4、8、16mg/kg体重) ,连续染毒7d后,观察不同浓度Cd、Pb染毒条件下的蟾蜍肝超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及其同工酶的变化。结果表明:在0 . 2mg/kg、0 4mg/kgCd和4mg/kg、8mg/kg和16mg/kgPb染毒,下蟾蜍肝SOD活性被显著诱导(P <0 . 0 5 ) ;前者酶带2 (Rf=0 . 4 3)活性增强,且均比对照增加1条新酶带(Rf=0 . 38) ;后者只表现为酶带1(Rf=0 . 5 1)和酶带2 (Rf=0 . 4 3)活性的增强,无新酶带的出现。 相似文献