The Linnaean fish collection in the Linnean Society of London

Linnaeus's personal collection of fishes was part of the material purchased by J. E. Smith in 1783–1784 from Linnaeus's widow and which became the property of the Linnean Society of London in 1828. There are extant 168 dried specimens of fishes, mostly skins mounted on paper in the manner of herbarium specimens. The spirit-preserved material which belonged to Linnaeus was never sent from Sweden.
The history of the collection is recounted, and the sources of the specimens discussed. A catalogue of the collection is presented with discussion of the type status of the specimens and the sources for the typification of each taxon.     

The Linnaean fish collection in the Zoological Museum of the University of Uppsala

Specimens of fishes preserved in the Zoological Museum, University of Uppsala, which are believed to have been examined by Linnaeus, are listed. Most of these were originally given to the University in several donations by benefactors of the Academy and were described by Linnaeus in dissertations defended by students. Some specimens, however, are believed to have originated from Linnaeus's own collection. Many of the specimens have type status and this is discussed together with notes on other surviving Linnaean fish specimens.     

The Linnaean species of the family Tephritidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Linnaeus described nine species of Musca now placed in the Tephritidae. The Linnaean Collection was examined; a syntype of Tephritis hyoscyami and a possible syntype of Urophora solstitialis were identified. Syntypes of Tephritis arnicae, Urophora cardui and Rhagolelis cerasi were not found; specimens illustrated by Aldrovandi and de Reaumur are designated as lectotypes. No syntypic material of Euleia heracleii, Oxyna parietina, Terellia serratulae or Ensina sonchi could be found.     

The Linnaean Species of the Families Fanniidae, Anthomyiidae and Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Linnaeus described eleven species in the genera Musca and Conops that are now placed in the Fanniidae, Anthomyiidae and Muscidae. A study is presented of the types and other material of these three families in his collection.     

An annotated catalogue of type specimens of the land snail genus Cyclophorus Monfort, 1810 (Caenogastropoda,Cyclophoridae) in the Natural History Museum,London

The collection of land caenogastropod snails in the genus Cyclophorus Monfort, 1810 housed in the Natural History Museum, London (NHM), includes 52 type lots. Lectotypes have been designated for 43 available species-level names to stabilize existing nomenclature, two previously designated lectotype, two holotypes, one paratype, one syntype, one possible syntype and two paralectotypes are also listed. A complete catalogue of the Cyclophorus types in NHM, London is provided for the first time.     

An annotated catalogue of the types of Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) at the Swedish Museum of Natural History,Stockholm, with brief historical notes

A critical and annotated catalogue of 72 types of Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) belonging to 53 species and subspecies housed in the Swedish Museum of Natural History is given. The lectotypes of Chrysis diversa Dahlbom, 1845, Chrysis soror Dahlbom, 1854, Chrysura sulcata Dahlbom, 1845 and Holopyga amoenula Dahlbom, 1845 are designated. The previous lectotype of Chrysis diversa Dahlbom, 1845 is set aside. Five new synonymies are proposed: Chrysis elegans var. smaragdula Trautmann, 1926 (currently Chrysis elegans ssp. interrogata Linsenmaier, 1959 repl. name for smaragdula Trautmann, nec Fabricius, 1775), syn. n. of Chrysis confluens (Dahlbom, 1845); Chrysis eximia Mocsáry, 1889, syn. n. of Chrysis poecila Mocsáry, 1889; Chrysis pyrrhina Dahlbom, 1845, syn. n. of Chrysis erythromelas Dahlbom, 1845; Chrysis separata Trautmann, 1926, syn. n. of Chrysis lateralis Dahlbom, 1845; Chrysis sicula Abeille de Perrin, 1877, syn. n. of Chrysis erythromelas Dahlbom, 1845. Chrysis serena Radoszkowski, 1891 is the first available name for Chrysis pyrrhina sensu auctorum. Chrysis erythromelas Dahlbom, 1845 is revaluated as valid species. The neotype of Chrysis inaequalis Dahlbom, 1845 is designated in the Linsenmaier collection (NMLS). Illustrations of 34 types are given.     

Further notes on the fishes from the collection of Laurens Theodore Gronovius (1730–1777)

Previously unrecognized fish specimens from the collection of Laurens Theodore Gronovius (1730–1777) are catalogued and described. Five specimens of as many taxa are in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) and nine specimens of seven taxa preserved in alcohol are in the collection of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, With one exception all have been examined; they are identified, related to the literature and eight specimens are shown to be part of the type series of Linnaean fish taxa.     

Further notes on the fishes from the collection of Laurens Theodore Gronovius (1730–1777)

Previously unrecognized fish specimens from the collection of Laurens Theodore Gronovius (1730–1777) are catalogued and described. Five specimens of as many taxa are in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) and nine specimens of seven taxa preserved in alcohol are in the collection of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, With one exception all have been examined; they are identified, related to the literature and eight specimens are shown to be part of the type series of Linnaean fish taxa.     

Silurus anguillaris Linnaeus, 1758: designation as type species of Clarias Scopoli, 1777 and rediscovery of holotype (Pisces: Clariidae)

Silurus anquillaris Linnaeus, 1758 is designated as the type species of the catfish genus Clarias Scopoli, 1777. The holotype of this species was rediscovered in the Linnean fish collection of the Swedish Museum of Natural History.     

The identity of the European and Mediterranean species of Lithobiidae (Chilopoda) described by K. W. Verhoeff and now represented by material preserved in the British Museum (Natural History)

The status of the 15 European and Mediterranean species and subspecies of Lithobiidae described by Verhoeff which are represented by material in the Verhoeff Collection of Myriapoda in the British Museum (Natural History) is evaluated. It is concluded that Lithobius fasciatus graecus is a junior synonym of Eupolybothrus litoralis (L. Koch), Polybothrus cerberus brentanus a junior synonym of Eupolybothrus tridentinus (Fanzago) and Lithobius pachypus a junior synonym of Hessebius barbipes (Porat); Lithobius corcyraeus and Lithobius forjicatus calamatanus are both junior synonyms of Lithobius viriatus Sseliwanoff; Lithobius pusillus var. parvus and Lithobius audax jaqueti are both junior synonyms of, and Lithobius borisi a subspecies of, Lithobius erythrocephalus C. L. Koch; Lithobius leostygis and Lithobius herzegowinensis are both valid species of Eupolybothrus Verhoeff; and Lithobius forjicatus parietum, Lithobius erythrocephalus cerberi, Lithobius acuminatus cassinensis and Lithobius trebinjanus are all valid species of Lithobius Leach. The status of Lithobius vosseleri is still undecided. The specimens of all but the well-known species are fully described and, where appropriate, lectotypes are selected.     

中国高等植物数字化标本分析

传统上馆藏标本,主要用于植物分类学、植物资源学的研究。数字标本的出现将标本的使用拓展到从研究生物多样性时间空间分布到生态学和进化学理论、生物多样性保护、农业和人类健康等广泛领域。截至目前,从互联网上获取的采自中国的植物标本数量已有1 200多万份。该文通过整理和分析这些数据以了解中国植物标本的数字化精度、采集时间和采集地区规律以及采集空缺等状况。结果表明:中国标本采集形成了4个高峰,即20世纪30年代、60年代、80年代和21世纪初,中国植物标本采集和研究工作主要在20世纪50年代后由中国学者完成。标本采集地区覆盖度在省级较好,县级标本采集则很不平衡; 标本采集类群在科属层面覆盖率高,但近五分之一的物种采集不足; 标本的采集量既与植物分布幅度相关,也与采集地区的知名度、所获科研项目及采集者偏好有关。未来中国植物标本数字化方向应该在继续挖掘馆藏标本的同时,一方面开展对现有数字化标本信息再审核及补充,并加强与欧美大馆的信息共享以获取早期历史标本信息; 另一方面应用数字化标本信息分析结果,指导境内标本的精准采集,包括采集薄弱/空白地区、采集薄弱/空白属种的采集,以进一步增强实体标本馆能力,提高数字化标本质量,为进一步完善植物标本数字化和精准化采集提供依据,更好地服务科学和社会的发展。     

Diversity and distribution of type specimens deposited in the Invertebrate section of the Museum of Zoology QCAZ,Quito, Ecuador

The Invertebrate section of the Museum of Zoology QCAZ at the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador in Quito maintains nearly two million curated specimens, and comprises Ecuador’s largest collection of native taxa. We review 1902 type specimens from 6 subspecies and 320 species in 121 genera and 42 families, currently kept in the Museum. The list includes 116 holotypes, 10 allotypes, 1774 paratypes and 2 neoparatypes. The collection of type specimens is particularly strong in the Coleoptera (family Carabidae and Staphylinidae) and Hymenoptera. However, other insect orders such as Diptera and Lepidoptera and non-insect arthropods such as Acari, Aranea and Scorpiones, are moderately represented in the collection. This report provides original data from labels of every type specimen record. An analysis of the geographic distribution of type localities showed that collection sites are clustered geographically with most of them found towards the northern region of Ecuador, in Pichincha, Cotopaxi and Napo provinces. Sites are mainly located in highly accessible areas near highways and towns. Localities with a high number of type species include the cloud forest reserve Bosque Integral Otonga and Parque Nacional Yasuní in the Amazon rainforest near PUCE’s Yasuní Scientific Station. Type localities are not well represented in the Ecuadorian National System of Protected Areas. Future fieldwork should include localities in the southern region of Ecuador but also target less accessible areas not located near highways or towns. We discuss the value of the collection as a source of information for conservation and biodiversity policies in Ecuador.     

Type specimens of G. E. Post in Beirut and The Natural History Museum,London

The Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai, a pioneer Flora of the region, was published in 1896 by George Edward Post (1838–1909). Lesser known are his series of Diagnoses plantarum novarum orientalium, published in the Journal of the Linnean Society Botany, and 10 papers, Plantae Postianae, which appeared in Swiss journals from 1890 to 1900. A greatly expanded second edition of the Flora was prepared by John Edward Dinsmore and published in Beirut in 1932 and 1933. Post's plant collection is part of the Post Herbarium (BEI), with about 63 000 specimens, that has been well maintained, despite civil war and inadequate staffing. This work involves the identification of around 150 types in BEI and BM, and improvement of the accessibility of the specimens. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 315–321.     

Comparison of airborne pollen grains in Huddinge and Stockholm,Sweden

Summary Airborne pollen studies were carried out, by means of Burkard volumetric spore traps, at two different sites (the city of Stockholm and the suburb Huddinge) 15 km apart in the Stockholm region. Within the city of Stockholm the study was carried out in 1973–89 while in Huddinge the investigation period was 1977–82. In all the years under investigation the total pollen catch and the number of pollen types were higher in Stockholm than in Huddinge. The reason for this is not explained by the composition of the local vegetation surrounding the traps. It is concluded that parameters such as qualitative changes in the daily catches and occurrence during the main pollen season are more important than the absolute daily figures. The cyclic trends in the local annual sums over a long period of years do not show any periodicity that is altogether regular and reliable.     

Species of Turbellaria Acoela in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, with Remarks on Their Anatomy, Taxonomy and Distribution

The Turbellaria Acoela in the collection of slides in the Swedish Museum of Natural History have been subject to reexamination considering new taxonomic principles. In a list of 101 species contributions are given to the anatomy, taxonomy, distribution and habitats of the species. The list is at the same time a catalogue of the types in the collection. The main part of the species have been described in several papers by Einar Westblad and Ernst Marcus.     

丹江口水库鱼类群落特征及其历史变化

为了解丹江口水库鱼类群落现状及历史变化, 作者于2018-2019年采用多网目复合刺网采样和渔民渔获物调查的方式对丹江口水库进行了鱼类群落调查。本次调查共采集鱼类33种, 隶属5目11科29属, 以鲤科鱼类为主, 占总数的63.6%。基于多网目复合刺网采样的鱼类群落多样性指数和单位努力捕捞量(catch per unit effort, CPUE, g·day ^-1·m ^-2)在各采样点间具有一定的差异。目前丹江口水库以定居性、喜静缓流、杂食性和肉食性鱼类为主。与20世纪50年代和80年代的历史资料相比, 丹江口水库鱼类物种丰富度先升高后下降; 而生态类型则呈现杂食性鱼类、喜流水性鱼类和洄游性鱼类比例持续下降的趋势。2018-2019年丹江口水库鱼类组成与20世纪80年代的相似性指数为0.35 (中等不相似), 与20世纪50年代的相似性指数为0.29 (中等不相似)。调查结果表明半个世纪以来丹江口水库鱼类群落结构发生了较大变化, 目前趋于小型化和简单化。这些变化可能是由大坝建设、渔业放养、不合理捕捞、外来鱼类引入等人类活动所致。     

Natural variations in estuarine fish,fish odor,and zooplankton photobehavior

ABSTRACT

Fish odor induces predator avoidance behaviors in zooplankton, like vertical migration, by making zooplankton more responsive to light. Odor cues that alter behavior in marine crustacean zooplankton in the laboratory include sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) derived from fish body mucus. Few studies quantify these cues in estuarine/marine environments or assess whether laboratory studies reflect natural scenarios. We collected fish and water samples weekly in Broadkill River, Delaware, USA. We used field-collected water in colorimetric assays to determine the concentration of sGAG-equivalent molecules and in behavioral assays with a zooplankton model, brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) nauplii, which only descend in response to downwelling light after fish odor exposure. Fish quantity was positively related to sGAG-equivalents and zooplankton photosensitivity, indicated by descent responses at lower light levels and across a broad intensity range. Our results support that fish odor concentrations used in previous laboratory assays are consistent with levels found in an estuary.     

Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus.

During the third decade of the 19th century, 21 authors described 35 Recent and 11 fossil species of Conus , in 26 separate publications. This brought to 532 the number of species-group names in the genus introduced up to 1830. Only five fossil and seven Recent species are now considered valid. Two additional valid Recent species were described but were given preoccupied names. The remaining nominal species are concluded to be junior or contemporaneous synonyms (19), nomina dubia (11), of infrasubspecific rank (1), or not now considered Conus (1). At present 160 valid species of Conus are recognized from the species-group names described between 1758 and 1830. Of these, 138 are extant and 22 are known only as Tertiary fossils. Nine otherwise valid species, six Recent and three fossil, were described but were given preoccupied names.     

Illustrated type catalogue of Amphidromus Albers, 1850 in the Natural History Museum,London, and descriptions of two new species

The collection of the Southeast Asian tree snail genus Amphidromus Albers, 1850 at the Natural History Museum, London includes more than 100 lots of type specimens representing 85 name-bearing types, 9 paratypes and 6 paralectotypes, and one nomen nudum. Lectotypes are here designated for Amphidromus cambojiensis, Amphidromus perakensis globosus, Amphidromus columellaris gloriosa, Amphidromus maculiferus inflata, Amphidromus lepidus, Amphidromus sinistralis lutea, Amphidromus moniliferus, Amphidromus maculiferus obscura, Amphidromus sinistralis rosea and Amphidromus sinensi vicaria. In addition, the missing types of A.A. Gould were discovered and their type status is discussed. A complete catalogue of these types, including colour photographs is provided for the first time. After examining these type specimens, two new Amphidromus species, Amphidromus (Syndromus) globonevilli Sutcharit & Panha, sp. n. and Amphidromus (Syndromus) principalis Sutcharit & Panha, sp. n. were recognized and are described herein.