蚕豆监测大气SO2污染的指标筛选研究

熏气和暴露试验表明,蚕豆叶片可见伤害症状不宜作为监测指标,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量和游离氨基酸(AA)含量作为监测指标,其指示效果优于过氧化物酶(POD)活性和叶绿素含量,其中又以SOD活性为最好,而根据以上5个指标综合评价的效果又要优于任何单个指标。     

植物生理生态指标对大气CO2浓度倍增响应的整合分析

对 8 4篇文献有关植物对大气CO2 浓度倍增响应进行整合分析(一种对同一主题下多个独立实验进行综合的统计学方法),发现环境因素(土壤水分亏缺、土壤低氮、高温和高浓度O3 )显著地影响植物对高CO2 浓度的响应。无任何环境胁迫时,高CO2 浓度对C3 植物的 12个植物生理生态指标产生负效应,对另 12个则表现正效应,负响应最强的前 5个指标为:气孔导度(gs) >暗呼吸速率(Rd) >单位叶重中的氮含量(Nm) >单位叶重中蛋白质含量(Prm) >单位叶结构重量中氮含量(Ns);正响应最强烈的前 5个指标为:根生物量(Br) >地上部生物量(Bs) >单位叶重中淀粉含量(St) >光饱和时的光合速率(A) >总生物量(Bt)。可见植物的气体交换和生物量受高CO2 浓度影响较大,叶化学成分的变化则以淀粉、单位叶重含氮量和单位叶重蛋白质含量较为明显。无任何胁迫时,C3 植物的总生物量和光饱和时的光合速率分别提高 30.0 1%和 40.36 %;气孔导度下降 30.39%。     

污染区域大气环境质量生物监测的数学模式

以常规标准取样法、静态挂片吸收取样法分别测定了深圳南山区范围内大气二氧化硫、硫酸盐化速率和氟化物的含量,并同步测定了植物叶片的污染物含量。利用回归方法分析了3种测定结果的相互关系,并以植物叶片污染物含量为基础建立大气环境质量生物监测的数学模型,其中以叶片含硫量评价大气硫酸盐化速率的模型为夏季y=0.781x-0.754,冬季y=1.88x-2.283;以叶片含氟量评价大气氟化物的模型为夏季y=0.363x-7.511,冬季y=0.175x-3.461,这些模型均有很高的可信度(p<0.001)。     

4种金色叶树木对SO2胁迫的生理响应

近年来SO2污染比较严重,它对植物有着多方面的影响。因此,越来越多的学者开始关注这方面的问题。彩叶植物在丰富园林景观及降低环境污染方面占用重要的地位,它们也被认为是净化城市空气最有效的途径之一。旨在阐明4种彩叶树种耐SO2污染机制,对丰富植物耐SO2研究的理论、科学评价植物抗SO2污染能力以及指导园林绿化科学选择树种等具有重要理论和现实意义。研究采用人工模拟熏气的方法对金叶女贞、金叶莸、金叶风箱果和金叶红瑞木4种金色叶树种的2年生苗木进行不同浓度的SO2胁迫,研究了参试树种的外观受害症状及膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性等生理指标对SO2的反应,并采用模糊数学隶属函数法和灰色关联度法对其抗SO2能力进行了综合评价。结果表明:4种金色叶植物对SO2均具有一定的净化能力,表现为随着SO2浓度的增加膜透性增大,丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和硫含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶以及过氧化氢酶活性上升,叶绿素含量先增后降,叶液pH值下降。但4种金色叶树木对SO2的净化能力有差别,其中金叶红瑞木的净化能力强最大,金叶女贞和金叶风箱果的净化能力为中等,而金叶莸的净化能力最差。这与其含硫量的顺序一致,却与其对SO2的抗性大小即金叶女贞>金叶莸>金叶红瑞木>金叶风箱果完全不同,说明这四种植物对SO2的吸收能力与其对该气体的抗性不完全一致。但这不能表明抗性差的树种在兰州地区不能应用,因为,兰州市空气中的SO2实际污染程度与研究所设置的最低浓度相比仍属安全浓度。在所选的10个指标中,丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脯氨酸、过氧化物酶活性、叶绿素和可溶性糖等指标均可作为金色叶植物对SO2抗性的重要鉴定指标,而S含量和叶液pH值在评价植物对SO2抗性能力时并不具有重要性。4种植物的受害程度与其SO2抗性相反,说明受害症状可以作为判断其对SO2抗性大小依据。     

高浓度CO2对树木生理生态的影响研究进展

大气CO2浓度升高已成为世界范围内的重要环境问题。CO2浓度升高势必会对植物的生理生态变化产生重要影响。综述了国内外有关高浓度CO2对树木生理生态影响研究的最新进展,具体包括高浓度CO2对树木生长发育、光合和呼吸作用、抗氧化系统、树木代谢物质、挥发性有机化合物以及树木凋落物等方面的影响。高浓度CO2一般会促进树木地上植株的生长和发育,但也因树种差异而有所不同。最新研究表明,高浓度CO2促进了树木细根周转,树木根系生长在大气CO2浓度升高条件下表现为促进作用,这种作用加快了全球森林生态系统的C循环。高浓度CO2虽然在一定程度上促进树木光合速率的增加,但长期熏蒸也往往会发生光合驯化,这种现象产生的生理学机制目前仍无定论。高浓度CO2对树木呼吸作用尤其是根系呼吸的影响将是未来研究的重点和难点。高浓度CO2一般会提高树木抗氧化酶活性与抗氧化剂含量,但不同树种响应高浓度CO2的过程和机理也有所差异。研究表明,高浓度CO2一般对树木凋落物的分解产生不利影响,但也因树种而异。需要强调的是,目前关于树木地下部分、树木对高浓度CO2的适应机理和重要过程(碳氮水耦合及基因调控等)以及多个树种包括不同类型树种及不同品种之间比较研究较少;关于某一重要生理生态机制(如根系生理代谢)尤其是多个生态因子复合条件下缺乏长期深入的研究。在此基础上给出了大气CO2浓度升高下树木生理生态学研究的未来发展方向,包括高CO2浓度条件下树木根系生理代谢及机制、树木碳氮水耦合的生理过程及机制、不同生态因子复合作用对树木生理影响机制以及树木分子作用机理等方面的研究。这些研究不仅将丰富森林树木应对未来气候变化的有关科学理论,也为全球气候变化背景下实现森林树种生态功能的优化选择及森林生态系统的可持续发展与经营提供重要的生理生态学理论依据和参考。     

Cu、As及其复合污染对小麦生理生态指标的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了Cu,As及其复合处理对小麦生理生态指标的影响,结果表明,少量低浓度的Cu,(500mg.kg^-1),As(5mg.kg^-1)对植物的生长无明显毒害作用,但随着其浓度的增加（Cu:1000-4000mg.kg^-1,As:15-60mg.kg^-1)则显示出一定的负效应,表现为小麦POD活性增加,叶片电导率增大,色素含量降低,根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,小麦生物量降低,而两者的复合处理则存在一定拮抗作用,此外,研究还表明,小麦生物量与As浓度的相关性大于Cu.     

园林绿化植物对大气二氧化硫和氟化物污染的净化能力及修复功能

研究32种盆栽于佛山市污染区的城市园林绿化植物对大气二氧化硫(SO2)和氟化物的净化能力及其对大气污染的修复功能。结果显示,竹节树、傅园榕等14种植物对SO2、氟化物等污染气体不但具有较强的抗性,而且具有较高的吸收净化能力,叶片平均含硫量达17442(11754—27658mg kg^-1 DW),是清洁区(5988mg kg^-1 DW)的2．9倍;平均含氟量达3725．9(1954．9—5331.7mg kg^-1 DW),是清洁区(1703：mg kg^-1DW)的21倍。表明这些植物对大气SO2、HF复合污染具有很好的净化能力和修复功能。是值得推广的城市园林绿化树种。     

含油废水对秋茄幼苗的几个生理生态指标的影响

研究了５种不同浓度的含油废水对 秋茄幼苗的叶片叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶活性、游离游离脯氨酸含量、含水量、相对电导率与生物量、存活率、茎高生长量等生理生态的指标的影响。结果表明：５０ｍｇ／Ｌ和１００ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度组不仅对植株无不良影响,而且能促进生长;２００ｍｇ／Ｌ组植株的某些生理生态 到影响,但整体上生长正常;４００ｍｇ／Ｌ和８００ｍｇ／Ｌ组则对植株各项指标产生显著或极显著影响,甚至引起个体死亡。因此     

CO2浓度增加和施氮对栓皮栎幼苗生理生态特征的影响

通过人为控制CO₂浓度(700、400 μmol·mol^-1)和氮素水平(120 kg N·hm^-2),研究了CO₂浓度增加和氮沉降及其交互作用对北界(辽宁庄河)栓皮栎幼苗生理生态特征的影响.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高使栓皮栎幼苗叶片的形态、光合色素含量和氮含量有减小的趋势,暗呼吸速率较对照降低63.3%,可溶性糖增加2.6%.氮沉降对栓皮栎叶片的形态和光合色素含量有明显的促进作用,叶N含量增加而K含量降低,N/K值增加26.7%.CO₂和N交互作用对幼苗叶形态和光合作用有明显的促进作用,叶片最大净光合速率和光饱和点分别是对照的1.4倍和2.6倍,暗呼吸速率和光补偿点分别降低65.9%和50.0%.CO₂浓度升高和N沉降均对栓皮栎幼苗生长有一定的促进作用,可能导致栓皮栎分布界线北移.     

马蹄金叶片中铜、铅含量及其对生理指标的影响

研究了草坪草马蹄金对不同污染土壤的Cu、Pb含量．结果表明,马蹄金体内Cu含量(44．8mg．kg^-1)高于Pb含量(25．59mg·kg^-1)．两种元素在体内的分布特征是根、茎>叶(P<0．05),并随着土壤内重金属含量增加而增加,但富集系数呈下降趋势;马蹄金对Cu的富集系数(0．784)高于Pb的富集系数(0．465)．自然状态下不同程度Cu、Pb复合污染对马蹄金叶片细胞膜及细胞保护系统的影响结果表明,随着Cu、Pb浓度增加,叶片内叶绿素a、叶绿素a／b分别由1．610mg·g^-1 FW和4．100．下降到1．017mg·g^-1 FW和2．299;SOD活性先升高至106．494U·g^-1 FW,随后下降至86．258U·g^-1 FW;POD活性则逐渐增加;而细胞膜透性变化不明显。     

低浓度SO2污染与桃蚜的生长和繁殖

用40或80ppbSO₂熏气处理过的油菜饲养桃蚜(Myzus persicae),研究低浓度SO₂污染对这种蚜虫的影响。与对照组相比,两个处理组若蚜的发育速率显著加快,5天内的平均相对生长速率(MRGR)分别增加22.3%和31.5%。成蚜的繁殖力提高40—90%,导致桃蚜种群的内禀增长率(r_m)分别升高17%和27%。比较了桃蚜和其它3种蚜虫对SO₂污染的反应强度,讨论了SO₂污染促进某些植食性昆虫生长的可能原因。     

Plant responses to H2S and SO2 fumigation. I. Effects on growth, transpiration and sulfur content of spinach

Exposure of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Monosa) to 0.25 μl l_?1 H₂S reduced the relative growth rate by 26, 47 and 60% at 15, 18 and 25°C, respectively. Shoot to root ratio decreased in plants fumigated at 18 and 25°C. Growth of spinach was not affected by a 2-week exposure to 0.10 or 0.25 μl l_?1 SO₂. Both H₂S and SO₂ fumigation increased the content of sulfhydryl compounds and sulfate. A 2-week exposure to 0.25 μl l_?1 H₂S resulted in an increase in sulfhydryl and sulfate content of 250 to 450% and 63 to 248% in the shoots, respectively, depending on growth temperature. Exposure to 0.15 and 0.30 μl l_?1 H₂S at 20°C for 2 weeks resulted in a 46% increase in sulfate content of the shoots at 0.30 μl l_?1 and no detectable increase at 0.15 μl l_?1 H₂S; the sulfate content of the roots increased by 195 and 145% at 0.15 and 0.30 μl l_?1 H₂S, respectively. Fumigation with 0.25 μl l_?1 SO₂ at 20°C for 2 weeks resulted in an increase in sulfhydryl content and sulfate content in the shoots of 285% and 300 to 1100%. H₂S fumigation during the 12 h light period or only during the dark period resulted in identical growth reduction and accumulation of sulfhydryl compounds; they were about 50 and 67% of those observed in continuously exposed plants. H₂S- and SO₂-exposed plants showed an increased transpiration rate, which was mainly caused by an increased dark-period transpiration. No effect of H₂S and SO₂ on the water uptake of the plants and the osmotic potential of the leaves was detected. Plants fumigated with 0.25 μl l_?1 H₂S for 2 weeks were smaller and differed morphologically from the control plants by slightly more abaxially curved leaf margins. Cross sections of the leaves showed smaller cells at the margins and smaller and fewer air spaces. The increased transpiration in the H₂S-exposed plants is discussed in relation to the observed morphological changes.     

二氧化硫对墨西哥豆瓢虫的影响

空气污染对害虫的影响,国内尚无研究报道。本文报道了作者在美国农业研究中心植物胁迫实验室进行的部分工作。实验结果表明,在0.30ppmSO_2的作用下,墨西哥豆瓢虫(Epilachna varivestis)的取食量和蛹重增加;与未受污染的寄主植物相比,豆瓢虫偏食受污染的植物;而且有嗜食含较高糖分寄主植物的倾向;在污染空气中长成的成虫可消耗更多的植物物质。     

Aphid response to elevated ozone and CO2

Numerous reports indicate that pollution stress caused by sulphur dioxide (SO₂), oxies of nitrogen or fluorides promote aphid growth on herbaceous and woody plants. At SO₂ exposures, the response curve of aphids is bell-shaped having the peak at 100 ppb. This curvilinear response is related to physiological stress responses of host plants exposed to pollutants. On the other hand, observations of aphid performance on ozone-exposed (O₃) or elevated carbon dioxide-exposed (CO₂) plants have given very variable results. Depending on the duration and concentration of O₃ or elevated CO₂ exposure or the age of the exposed plants, aphid growth on the same plants either decreased or increased in comparison to growth on control plants grown in filtered air. The results of these studies suggest that there is no general air pollution-induced plant stress that triggers aphid outbreaks on plants. Plants grown in elevated CO₂ usually have higher C/N ratios than plants grown in current ambient CO₂ atmosphere. A reduced proportion of nitrogen in the plant foliage decreases growth of chewing herbivorous insects, but the few studies of elevated CO₂ effects on sucking insects such as aphids have not yielded similar consistent effects. The present paper reviews recent studies of elevated CO₂ effects on aphids and discusses the effects of combined elevated O₃ and CO₂ exposures on aphid performance on woody plants using pine and birch aphids as examples.     

不同浓度氟对茶树幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨氟对茶树[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响,采用盆栽沙培法,用不同浓度的Na F溶液处理6周,对茶树叶片的叶绿素荧光特性进行研究。结果表明,用600 mg L–1的氟处理,茶苗叶片的OJIP曲线O相呈小幅度上升,P相下降得非常明显,IP相显著下降,出现清晰的L点(150μs)和K点(300μs);经过氟处理的茶苗叶片I点、J点的相对可变荧光和耗散能增加;荧光参数RC/CSo、ETo/ABS、PIabs、PIcs等明显下降,而DIo/RC、DIo/CSo和DIo/ABS等参数大幅度增加;叶片氟含量与ETo/TRo、REo/ABS、PICS呈负相关,与DIo/RC呈正相关。因此,氟胁迫处理削弱了茶树叶片的光合电子传递能力,影响了光合机构的作用,同时叶片以增加自身热耗散来防止受到光抑制和光破坏。     

SO2 and assimilatory sulfate reduction in beech leaves

The effect of SO₂ on the extractable activity of ATP sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4.). adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase, ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase, chlorophyll, protein, sulfate, and amino acids was examined in leaves of potted grafts of beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) treated in outdoor fumigation chambers. Addition of 0.025 and 0.075 μl SO₂ 1⁻¹ to unfiltered ambient air caused a decrease in the extractable activity of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase to about 20 to 30% of the controls. Neither the extractable activity of ATP sulfurylase and ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase nor the content in chlorophyll, total amino acids and protein were significantly affected by SO₂, but there was an increase in the sulfate content. Leaves treated with 0.075 μl SO₂ 1⁻¹ contained more alanine and cysteine and less serine than the controls. After transfer of the SO2-treated beech trees to control chambers there was an increase in adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase activity, but no significant decrease in SO₂₋⁴-sulfur.     

大庆市6种绿化树种对SO2、NO2的消减及滞尘效应

城市森林在吸收、滞留大气污染物,改善城市生态环境方面具有重要意义。以大庆市6种常见绿化树种为研究对象,采用水洗-滤膜法和熏气试验探究不同树种对总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、大颗粒物(PM_>10)、粗颗粒物(PM_3—10)和细颗粒物(PM_1—3)的滞留规律以及对大气中SO₂、NO₂的消减效果。研究结果表明：(1)不同树种的滞尘能力差异显著(P<0.05),对TSP的滞留量从大到小依次为：油松(3.82±0.40)g/m²>红瑞木(1.45±0.12)g/m²>紫丁香(1.22±0.17)g/m²>梣叶槭(1.21±0.13)g/m²>大叶杨(0.93±0.17)g/m²>旱柳(0.54±0.14)g/m²;(2)树种间对不同颗粒物的滞留量具有显著差异(P<0.05),供试树种对不同粒径颗粒物滞留的质量占比表现...     

Physiological effects of a long term exposure to low concentrations of NH3, NO2 and SO2 on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

The above-ground parts of two years old seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were exposed to filtered air, NH₃, NO₂₊, SO₂ (66, 96 and 95 μg m^?3, respectively), to a mixture of NO₂+NH₃ (55 + 82 μg m^?3) or SO₂+NO₂ (128 + 129 μg m^?3), for 8 months in fumigation chambers. Both chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange measurements were carried out on shoots which had sprouted at the beginning of the exposure period. The chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were performed after 3 and 5 months of exposure (average shoot age 70 and 140 days, respectively). Light response curves of electron transport rate (J) were determined, in which J was deduced from chlorophyll fluorescence. In addition, light response curves of net CO₂ assimilation were determined after 5 months of exposure. After 3 months of exposure (average shoot age 70 days) all exposure treatments showed a lower maximum electron transport rate (J_max) as compared to the control shoots (filtered air). A large reduction (45%) was observed for shoots exposed to SO₂+NO₂. During the exposure period between 3 and 5 months (average shoot age 70 and 140 days, respectively) a decrease of J_max was observed for all treatments. J_max had further declined some time after termination of the exposure, when average shoot age was 310 days. Shoots exposed to SO₂ and SO₂+NO₂ also showed a reduction in maximum net CO₂ assimilation (P_max) as compared to the control shoots. However, shoots exposed to NO₂ showed no reduction and even a higher P_max was observed for shoots exposed to NH₃ or NO₂+NH₃. Needles of these treatments also showed a higher chlorophyll content which might explain the contradictory results obtained for these treatments: the increased amount of photosynthetic units counteracts the reduction in J_max and consequently no reduction in P_max is measured. Shoots exposed to SO₂ and SO₂+NO₂ also showed a reduction in maximum stomatal conductance (g_s). However, the stomatal opening was larger than could be expected on basis of their (maximum) CO₂ assimilation rate. Consequently, water use efficiency of these shoots was lower than that of the control shoots. Also shoots exposed to NO₂ had a lower water use efficiency due to a significantly higher maximum g_s. Shoots exposed to NH₃ showed a high transpiration rate in the dark, indicating imperfect stomatal closure.