Carnivora: the primary structure of hemoglobin from the Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata, Viverridae)

The primary structure of the alpha- and beta-chains of hemoglobin from the Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata, Viverridae) is described. The chains were separated directly from hemoglobin by RP-HPLC. After tryptic digestion of the chains, the peptides were separated by RP-HPLC. Amino acid sequences were determined by Edman degradation in liquid and gas-phase sequencers. The alignment of the tryptic peptides was made by homology with human and other Carnivora hemoglobins. Paguma and human hemoglobin differ with respect to 23 amino-acid residues. Some of these amino-acid substitutions, which occur in both the alpha- and beta-chains, occur at contact sites between the subunits, and at the binding sites of heme and of organic phosphate, as well as involving residues responsible for the alkaline Bohr effect.     

中国特有种爆杖花的微卫星分子标记开发与评价

爆杖花（Rhododendron spinuliferum）是中国西南地区特有的观赏和药用植物。为了研究爆杖花和碎米花之间的杂交物种形成过程,本研究利用FIASCO方法对爆杖花进行微卫星引物开发,从100对引物中筛选出28个微卫星标记,其中22个为多态。利用爆杖花两个居群共24个个体对22个多态性位点进行分析,结果显示：每个位点具有2~5个等位基因,平均为34个,其观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0083~0792和0153~0744。对筛出的28个微卫星标记在碎米花的两个自然居群中也做了检测,结果显示：有22个微卫星标记成功扩增,其中20个有多态性;每个多态位点有2~6个等位基因,平均为32个,其观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0000~0833和0117~0736。开发的微卫星标记可用于爆杖花及其近缘物种的居群遗传学分析和杂交物种形成研究。     

河南伏牛山北坡果子狸夏季巢穴生境特征

通过对伏牛山北坡果子狸夏季巢穴生境选择的研究,以海拔、植被类型、坡度、坡向、坡位、巢穴隐蔽程度、水源距离、干扰距离、郁闭度、乔木距离、灌木距离、灌木密度12个指标进行评估。分析结果表明,果子狸夏季巢穴生境的选择特征是:(1)地理分布因子:海拔900-1200m地带,以阔叶林为主,杂有少量针阔混交林。(2)干扰因子:距离人类活动较近的地方。(3)隐蔽因子:郁闭度高、灌木密度高、隐蔽程度好的巢穴。(4)地形因子:巢穴位于斜坡或陡坡的上坡位或中坡位的阳坡或半阳坡。(5)食物丰富度因子:巢穴选择在乔木个体发育较好的阔叶林中,有丰富的食物来源。(6)水源因子:水源距离在100m以内。     

Isolation and Characterization of 14 Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci in the Big-Headed Turtle (Platysternon megacephalum)

The big-headed turtle (Platysternon megacephalum) is critically endangered because of overharvesting, illegal trade, and habitat destruction. Assessment of genetic variability in existing populations becomes very important to the taxonomy and conservation of this species. Here we describe 14 microsatellite loci isolated from an enriched genomic library of the big-headed turtle, and the polymorphisms of these loci were assessed in 28 individuals from Huizhou, Heyuan, Zhaoqing, and Shaoguan of Guangdong, China. The range of polymorphism information content is 0.305–0.738, and no evidence of significant linkage disequilibrium was found among any pairs of loci. These 14 new polymorphic microsatellite loci can be used in population genetics, taxonomy, phylogeography, behavior ecology, and conservation efforts of Platysternon megacephalum.     

栲树微卫星分子标记的开发

采用基因组DNA富集法FIASCO对我国典型常绿阔叶林建群种栲树(Castanopsis fargesii Franch.)进行了微卫星分子标记的开发。从栲树基因组中分离和筛选了15个微卫星位点,并对江西九连山栲树自然分布居群的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明,栲树具有较高水平的遗传多样性,每个位点在28株栲树个体上的平均等位基因数(A)为6.7(4～8个),平均观察杂合度(HO)为0.690(0.250～1.000),平均预期杂合度(HE)为0.698(0.293～0.867)。每个位点的第一排除概率值Pr(Ex1)为0.043～0.527,位点综合值为0.9972。单个位点的第二排除概率Pr(EX2)为0.159～0.694,位点综合值为0.9999。这些微卫星标记可为研究栲树的遗传多样性及居群遗传结构提供有效的遗传工具。     

Low genetic diversity in the masked palm civet Paguma larvata (Viverridae)

The masked palm civet is distributed through south-east Asia, China and the Himalayas. Because of its potential role in the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic, it has become important to gather information on this species, and notably to provide a tool to determine the origin of farm and market animals. For this purpose, we studied the genetic variability and the phylogeographic pattern of the masked palm civet Paguma larvata . First, two portions of mitochondrial genes, cytochrome b and the control region, were sequenced for a total of 76 individuals sampled from China, the Indochinese region and the Sundaic region. Results indicated a low genetic variability and suggested a lack of a phylogeographic structure in this species, which do not allow inferring the geographic origin of samples of unknown origin, although it is possible to distinguish individuals from China and the Sundaic region. This low variation is in contrast to the well-marked morphological differentiation between the populations in the Sundaic and Chinese–Indochinese regions. We also used five microsatellite loci to genotype 149 samples from two wild and four farmed populations in China, where the masked palm civet is farmed and where the SARS coronavirus was isolated. These analyses also showed a reduced variability in Chinese civets and showed that farmed populations did not exhibit a lower genetic diversity than wild populations, suggesting frequent introductions of wild individuals into farms.     

果子狸的麻醉试验和血常规检查

用眠乃宁麻醉果子狸 ,取血并作血常规检查 ,目前未见有关报道。笔者在这方面做了一些工作 ,现将情况总结如下。1　材料与方法1 1　材料　试验用果子狸由湖南省野生动物救护繁殖中心提供。麻醉药和苏醒药为解放军农牧大学兽医研究所生产的眠乃宁和和苏醒灵。1 2　方法　对 1 4只健康狸根据不同重量从后肢注射不同剂量的眠乃宁 ,待果子狸麻醉后 ,从其前肢静脉抽取 0 5ｍｌ血液送试验室检测 ,注射苏醒灵使果子狸解除麻醉 ,观察并记录麻醉和解除麻醉情况。 3只患细小病毒病的果子狸因无力反抗 ,采用人工直接保定从前肢抽血检测。2　结果和讨…     

Isolation and Characterization of Nine Microsatellite Markers for Red-backed Ratsnake,Elaphe rufodorsata

The red-backed ratsnake(Elaphe rufodorsata) is widely distributed in East Asia, especially China. This species is a common snake in plain river network region. In the past several decades, E. rufodorsata has dramatically declined due to the effect of human activities and over hunting for traditional Chinese medicine. We developed nine species-specific microsatellite loci in 190 individuals collected from Huzhou, Zhejiang province in China. These markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity(13–41 alleles per locus) and heterozygosity(H O ranged from 0.266 to 0.941, and H E ranged from 0.851 to 0.937). No locus exhibited significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. There was no evidence of linkage disequilibrium among pairs of loci. These microsatellite markers were described in our study will be valuable tools for the long term management and population-level studies(e.g. the population structure, genetic diversity and variation, individual paternity and evolutionary history) of the species.     

Ovarian cycle of the captive formosan gem‐faced civets (Paguma larvata taivana)

Formosan gem‐faced civets are classified to be endemic sub‐species of Paguma larvata in Taiwan. Little about their reproductive physiology has been reported. This study was designed to characterize the ovarian activity throughout the year and define ovarian cycle length and the lengths of its component phases. Serum samples were collected for enzyme immunoassay (progesterone and estradiol) from seven captive civets twice weekly for 1 year. Meanwhile, periodic changes in external genitalia (vulva swelling) and vaginal cytology were examined and recorded. Results showed estrous cycles exhibited two types: 18‐day (18.5±1.1, n=64) and 28‐day (27.6±1.0, n=28) as shown by progesterone and estradiol fluctuations and corresponding changes in vulva morphology and vaginal cytology. Both types showed a similar 7‐day follicular phase, peaking progesterone at Day 7. The 18‐day cycle type prevails in the spring and summer whereas the 28‐day cycle type is significant in the autumn. In summary, female gem‐faced civets are polyestrous (approximately 13 cycles/year), and non‐typical seasonal breeders, with follicular phase and two distinct durations of luteal phases (diestrus) cycling throughout the year, but the frequency of ovarian cycles was remarkably gradually decreased from September to February of next year. Zoo Biol 0:1–11, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

鲤鱼微卫星分子标记的筛选

微卫星 (ｍｉｃｒｏｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ)是近十几年来发展起来的一种新的分子标记 ,它是指以少数几个核苷酸 ( 1～ 6个 )为单位多次重复的简单序列 ,以双核苷酸重复最为常见 ,而其中又以 (ＣＡ/ＧＴ) ｎ 居多。由于微卫星在真核生物基因组中是随机分布的 ,而作为分子遗传标记又有着非常高的多态性和共显性 ,因此在构建遗传连锁图谱时备受青睐 (Ｂｒｏｏｋｅｔａｌ ,1994 )。目前 ,在人类和多种动物中已经构建了以微卫星为主的遗传连锁图谱。但在鲤鱼等水产动物的遗传连锁图谱中 ,微卫星分子标记还较少 (孙效文和梁利群 ,2 0 0 0 )。为了摸索…     

Isolation and Characterization of Twelve Microsatellite Loci for Rockfish (Sebastes)

We describe the first microsatellites for rockfishes in the diverse genus Sebastes. Clones containing microsatellites were isolated from the genomic library of a quillback rockfish, Sebastes maliger. Twelve microsatellites are characterized; six of these are polymorphic in quillback rockfish, and eight are polymorphic in at least one rockfish species on which they were tested. The number of alleles per variable locus ranged from 4 to 15 and averaged 6.8. The expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.38 to 0.79 and averaged 0.60 in these loci. These loci should prove valuable in studies examining species identification, population genetics, hybridization, paternity, kinship, and microsatellite evolution. Received September 8, 1998; accepted November 23, 1998.     

林麝微卫星座位的分离和鉴定

利用改进的磁珠富集法从林麝(Moschus berezovskii)的基因组中分离到10个新的(AC)n重复微卫星座位,并分析其在24个林麝个体(取样于中国四川金凤山群体)中的多态性。其中,5个位点在24个林麝个体中具有4—13个等位基因,观察杂合度和期望杂合度分别是0.429—0.957和0.587—0.902,平均多态信息含量是0.730。表明这5个微卫星位点具有高度的多态性,可以用于林麝遗传多样性研究,对林麝的保护具有很重要的意义。     

基于转录组测序的大熊猫多态性微卫星标记筛选

结合已公布的大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca基因组和本实验室所测6只大熊猫的转录组数据,筛选多态性微卫星位点并分析其组成及特征。结果显示:共获得326个多态性微卫星位点,其中二碱基多态性微卫星最多,共228个,占69.93%;三、四、五、六碱基所占比例分别为9.51%、14.11%、5.21%、1.22%。根据分析结果中缺失率与标准差2项指标以及位点序列长度,选取20个多态性二碱基微卫星位点,用于25只大熊猫个体血液DNA进行PCR验证并做后续分析。结果表明:不同位点的等位基因数为2～8,平均等位基因数为3.70,观测杂合度、期望杂合度分别为0～1.000、0.280～0.784,平均值分别为0.472和0.532。在Bonferroni校正后,证实4个位点显著偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡,所有位点未观察到显著连锁不平衡(P>0.01)。20个位点多态信息含量(PIC)在0.246～0.734,其中具有高度多态性的位点9个(PIC>0.50),11个位点呈中度多态性(0.25相似文献   

Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite Loci for Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)

Genetic variation has been difficult to detect in striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Therefore, we identified and characterized 13 microsatellite loci to provide additional genetic markers for striped bass. Microsatellites were identified by screening a striped bass genomic library or by using primers developed for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) microsatellite loci. We found that 6 of the 13 microsatellite loci were polymorphic in DNA samples obtained from wild populations of striped bass. The number of alleles per locus varied from 3 to 12, and the observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.55 to 0.78. These results indicate that microsatellite loci provide more alleles and higher heterozygosities than other genetic markers developed for striped bass. Received November 9, 1999; accepted February 11, 2000.     

青鱼微卫星标记的开发与特性分析

青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)是中国最为重要的淡水养殖鱼类。开发青鱼的微卫星标记能为青鱼的遗传多样性分析提供更多工具。本研究使用磁珠富集法,利用生物素探针(CA)10和(GACA)6,富集得到青鱼基因组微卫星片段,进一步通过设计微卫星引物检验其在青鱼原种群体中的有效性和多态性水平。结果显示,所构建文库中849个克隆含有微卫星序列,通过利用PCR技术在吴江原种青鱼36个个体中进行多态性筛选,获得了25个多态性微卫星位点。其平均等位基因数(Na)和有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为7.08和3.526,平均观测杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.602和0.619,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.568。其中,Mp23、Mp27和Mp35这3个位点极显著偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡(P 0.01)。本研究开发的微卫星标记能为青鱼种质资源的评价和保护等研究提供工具。     

果子狸年产两胎及人工哺幼初步试验

果子狸在野生条件下一年产一胎。在人工驯养条件下 ,为了提高果子狸的繁殖力 ,我们进行了年产两胎的试验和幼狸人工哺育的初步试验 ,现报告如下。1　材料与方法1 1　试验动物　年产两胎试验用母狸由湖南省野生动物救护繁殖中心果子狸驯养繁殖基地提供。人工哺育研究用幼狸为年产两胎试验的母狸所产的第一胎仔狸。1 2　催情药物　选用三合激素作为受试母狸第 2次发情交配的催情药物。1 3　方法1 3 1　年产两胎试验　选择 2 2只于 4月～ 5月初产第一胎的母狸 ,仔狸分别于不同的日龄进行人工哺育 ,5天以后母狸注射三合激素 1 5ｍｌ/只 ,并…